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French frigate Créole (1797)

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For other ships with the same name, see French ship Créole and HMS Creole.

History
French Navy Ensign (1794-1815)France
NameCréole
BuilderLouis and Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indres, Nantes
Laid down5 January 1794[1]
Launched27 June 1797
In serviceJanuary 1799
Captured30 June 1803 by the Royal Navy
United Kingdom
NameHMS Creole
Acquired30 June 1803
FateWrecked on 2 January 1804
General characteristics [2]
Displacement1,350 tons (French)
Length48.93 m (160.5 ft)
Beam11.91 m (39.1 ft)
Draught5.8 m (19 ft)
Complement
  • 340 (wartime)
  • 260 (peaceime)
Armament

Créole was a 40-gun frigate of the French Navy, a one-off design by Jacques-Augustin Lamothe.[1] The French Navy loaned her to a privateer in 1797. Later, she served in the Brest squadron, took part in Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801 to Egypt, and was involved in the French acquisition of Santo Domingo (also known as the Era de Francia) and briefly detained Toussaint Louverture before he was brought to France. The 74-gun ships HMS Vanguard and HMS Cumberland captured her in Santo Domingo on 30 June 1803. The Royal Navy took her into service but she foundered soon afterwards during an attempt to sail to Britain; her crew were rescued.

Career

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Early career

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After her launch, Créole was fitted for four months before being lent 19 October 1797 to a privateer from Nantes. She was commissioned in the Navy on 29 April 1798 and started patrolling off Brest in February 1799.[1]

On 12 April, capitaine de vaisseau Pierre-Paulin Gourrège took command. On 26 April 1799, Créole departed Brest with the oceanic fleet and took part in Bruix' expedition of 1799 into the Mediterranean.[3] She was detached to Oneglia, along with Romaine and Vautour, to support the French invasion of Italy.[4]

The British hired armed cutter Sandwich was under the command of Lieutenant George Lempriere and cruising off the coast of Barcelona on 14 June 1799 when she sighted a large fleet. Lempriere believed the vessels to be a British fleet and sailed towards them. When the strange vessels did not reply to the recognition signals, Lempriere realized that they were enemy vessels and attempted to sail away.[5] The French fleet detached a lugger, possibly Affronteur,[6] to pursue Sandwich. A frigate joined the lugger in pursuit and towards evening the lugger opened fire with her bow chasers. The frigate then too opened fire, with Sandwich returning fire as best she could. By 1a.m. the frigate was within musket shot of Sandwich and any further resistance would have been futile. Lempriere then struck to Créole.[5]

In 1800, Créole was part of a division under contre-amiral Lacrosse, tasked to cruise off Morbihan and cut off the royalists from their British support. In order to avoid the British blockade, the squadron anchored to Camaret, but attracted the attention of the British and sailed back to harbour to avoid engagement. The division was retasked to ferry 4600 troops to Santo Domingo, but again ran into the British blockade, turned back and adjourned its mission.[7] During the cruise, Créole sustained some damage in a collision with Fidèle.[8]

Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801

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Main article: Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801

On 27 January 1801, Créole departed Brest with a division under contre-amiral Ganteaume, tasked to ferry ammunitions and reinforcements to the Armée d'Égypte, taking part in Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801. After several false starts due to unfavourable weather or to the British blockade, Ganteaume eventually set sail on 23 February on a heavy sea which soon dispersed his squadron.[9] The next day, Créole rejoined Indivisible, and the two ships sailed together until they finally made contact with their division.[10]

Ganteaume reached Toulon on 18 February;[11] Gourrège left Créole to take command of the flagship Indivisible on 9 March.[12] The squadron set sail on 25 April. His crew much weakened by an epidemic, Ganteaume managed to establish a blockade of Elba on 1 May and bombard Portoferraio on 6 May, supporting the Siege of Porto Ferrajo, but he had to detach Formidable, Indomptable, Dessaix and Créole to ferry the sick to Livorno and return to Toulon.[13]

Créole took an incidental part in the action of 24 June 1801, where the lone British 74-gun HMS Swiftsure met the French squadron and was captured after a running battle.[14]

Santo Domingo

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On 9 January 1802, Créole departed Toulon with a division under contre-amiral Ganteaume, ferrying troops to Santo Domingo to consolidate the French occupation of Santo Domingo.[15] After Toussaint Louverture surrendered, he was embarked on Créole[16] before being transferred on Héros and ferried to France, where he died in prison. Boarding the frigate,[17] Louverture stated:

In overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint-Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are many and they are deep.[18]

In 1803, Créole ferried troops to Port-au-Prince under Commander Jean-Marie-Pierre Lebastard,[1] travelling to Jean-Rabel from Cap-Français with 530 soldiers under General Morgan.[19][a] Her crew suffered from the yellow fever that was endemic to the campaign, so that only 150 men were fit and the frigate was 177 short of her usual complement.[21] In the morning of 30 June, Créole met five British ships of the line, who closed in to investigate and gave chase.[21] Créole was unable to escape the ships of the line as Vanguard and Cumberland came up and flanked her. Vanguard opened fire, and after a single token gunshot, Créole struck to her overwhelmingly better-armed opponents.[19]

Fate

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A prize crew conveyed Créole to Port Royal in Jamaica for repair. There the Royal Navy commissioned her as HMS Creole under Captain Austin Bissell.

In the closing months of 1803, the vessel Créole embarked towards Britain, manned by a prize crew alongside a contingent of French prisoners. The state of Créole was notably deteriorated, and on December 26, it was discovered that she had developed a leak. Efforts by both crew and prisoners to operate the pumps were insufficient to halt the rising water levels, which by December 30 were increasing at a rate of two feet per hour. The discovery of two significant leaks, one located forward and the other aft of the hold, prompted the crew to jettison the ship's armaments, ammunition, iron ballast, and certain supplies overboard, in addition to rigging a sail beneath the hull in an attempt to slow the ingress of water. However, by January 2, the situation had not improved, and the combined efforts of the crew and prisoners to manage the pumps were once again overwhelmed. With exhaustion setting in among all aboard, the decision was made by Bissell, the officer in charge, to evacuate the ship. The Cumberland arrived to facilitate the rescue of all individuals from the Créole. The evacuation was completed by January 3, shortly before Créole succumbed to the sea at the coordinates 40°42′N 51°24′W / 40.700°N 51.400°W / 40.700; -51.400.[22]

An eyewitness report states that the crew set fire to Creole as they abandoned her. Her magazine exploded when the fire reached it, shattering her. She sank soon thereafter.[23]

Notes

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  1. ^ Troude gives a figure of 450.[20]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e Roche (2005), p. 134.
  2. ^ Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 141.
  3. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 155
  4. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 157
  5. ^ a b Hepper (1994), p. 91.
  6. ^ Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 246.
  7. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 188
  8. ^ Fonds Marine, p. 237
  9. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 228
  10. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 229
  11. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 230
  12. ^ Quintin, Dictionnaire des capitaines, p. 157
  13. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 231
  14. ^ Clowes, p. 453
  15. ^ Troude, Batailles navales, p. 270
  16. ^ TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE TOUSSAINT dit (1743-1803)
  17. ^ Le rêve américain et caraïbe de Bonaparte : Le destin de la Louisiane française. L'expédition de Saint-Domingue, Napoleon.org
  18. ^ Abbott (1988), p. viii.
  19. ^ a b James, p. 188
  20. ^ Troude (1867), p. 288.
  21. ^ a b Troude, Batailles navales, p. 288
  22. ^ Hepper (1994), p. 103.
  23. ^ Robinson (1867), pp. 122–123.

References

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  • Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: An insider's history of the rise and fall of the Duvaliers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68620-8.
  • Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. "London". The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V. Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-014-0.
  • Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations ; divisions et stations navales ; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 1 à 482 (1790-1826) [1]
  • Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.
  • James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-907-7.
  • Quintin, Danielle et Bernard (2003). Dictionnaire des capitaines de Vaisseau de Napoléon. S.P.M. ISBN 2-901952-42-9.
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours 1 1671 - 1870. p. 134. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
  • Robinson, Samuel (1867). A Sailor Boy's Experience Aboard a Slave Ship. G.C. Book Publishers.
  • Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France. Vol. 3. Challamel ainé.
  • Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786–1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848322042.
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