Electrotherapy
 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (February 2009) |  |
| Electrotherapy | |
|---|---|
 SIS Super Inductive System electromagnetic therapy; used at a hospital in Budapest, Hungary | |
| MeSH | D004599 |
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment.[1] In medicine, the term electrotherapy can apply to a variety of treatments, including the use of electrical devices such as deep brain stimulators for neurological disease. The term has also been applied specifically to the use of electric current to speed wound healing. The use of EMS is also very wide for managing muscular pain. Additionally, the term "electrotherapy" or "electromagnetic therapy" has also been applied to a range of alternative medical devices and treatments. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of electrotherapy is limited.
Medical uses
[edit]Electrotherapy is primarily used in physical therapy for:
- relaxation of muscle spasms
- prevention and retardation of disuse atrophy
- increase of local blood circulation
- muscle rehabilitation and re-education
- electrical muscle stimulation
- maintaining and increasing range of motion
- management of chronic and intractable pain including diabetic neuropathy[2]
- acute post-traumatic and post-surgical pain
- post-surgical stimulation of muscles to prevent venous thrombosis
- wound healing[citation needed]
- drug delivery[citation needed]
There is limited evidence supporting electrotherapy.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Some of the treatment effectiveness mechanisms are little understood, with claims of their effectiveness and best practices for their use still anecdotal.
Musculoskeletal conditions
[edit]In general, there is little evidence that electrotherapy is effective in the management of musculoskeletal conditions.[3] In particular, there is no evidence that electrotherapy is effective in the relief of pain arising from osteoarthritis,[4] and little to no evidence available to support electrotherapy for the management of fibromyalgia.[5]
Neck and back pain
[edit]A 2016 review found that, "in evidence of no effectiveness," clinicians should not offer electrotherapy for the treatment of neck pain or associated disorders.[6] Earlier reviews found that no conclusions could be drawn about the effectiveness of electrotherapy for neck pain,[11] and that electrotherapy has limited effect on neck pain as measured by clinical results.[12]
A 2015 review found that the evidence for electrotherapy in pregnancy-related lower back pain is "very limited".[7]
Shoulder disorders
[edit]A 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine whether electrotherapy was better than exercise at treating adhesive capsulitis.[8] As of 2004, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about any intervention for rotator cuff pathology, including electrotherapy;[13] furthermore, methodological problems precluded drawing conclusions about the efficacy of any rehabilitation method for impingement syndrome.[14]
Other musculoskeletal disorders
[edit]There is limited, low quality evidence for a slight benefit of noxious-level electrotherapy in the treatment of epicondylitis. [15]
A 2012 review found that "Small, single studies showed that some electrotherapy modalities may be beneficial" in rehabilitating ankle bone fractures. [9][needs update] However, a 2008 review found it to be ineffective in healing long-bone fractures.[16]
A 2012 review found that evidence that electrotherapy contributes to recovery from knee conditions is of "limited quality". [17]
Chronic pain
[edit]A 2016 Cochrane review found that supporting evidence for electrotherapy as a treatment for complex regional pain syndrome is "absent or unclear."[18]
Chronic wounds
[edit]A 2015 review found that the evidence supporting the use of electrotherapy in healing pressure ulcers was of low quality,[19] and a 2015 Cochrane review found that no evidence that electromagnetic therapy, a subset of electrotherapy, was effective in healing pressure ulcers.[10] Earlier reviews found that, because of low-quality evidence, it was unclear whether electrotherapy increases healing rates of pressure ulcers.[20][21] By 2014 the evidence supported electrotherapy's efficacy for ulcer healing.[22]
Another 2015 Cochrane review found no evidence supporting the user of electrotherapy for venous stasis ulcers.[23]
Mental health and mood disorders
[edit]Since the 1950s, over 150 published articles have found a positive outcome in using cranial electrostimulation (CES) to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia.[24]
Contraindications
[edit]Electrotherapy is contraindicated for people with:[25]
- medical implants or stimulators like a cardiac pacemaker
- certain cardiovascular diseases
- women who are pregnant
- deep vein thrombosis
- cognitive impairment
History
[edit]
The first recorded treatment of a patient by electricity was by Johann Gottlob Krüger in 1743. John Wesley promoted electrical treatment as a universal panacea in 1747 but was rejected by mainstream medicine. Giovanni Aldini treated insanity with static electricity 1823–1824.[26]
The first recorded medical treatments with electricity in London were in 1767 at Middlesex Hospital in London using a special apparatus. The same apparatus was purchased for St. Bartholomew's Hospital ten years later. Guy's Hospital has a published list of cases from the early 19th century.[27] Golding Bird at Guy's brought electrotherapy into the mainstream in the mid-19th century.[28] In the second half of the 19th century the emphasis moved from delivering large shocks to the whole body to more measured doses, the minimum effective.[26]
Apparatus
[edit]
Electrotherapy equipment has historically included:
- The electric bath for high-voltage static induction
- Oudin coil, a high-voltage induction coil, in use around 1900
- Faradic Battery, a device to provide localised electric stimulation
- Pulvermacher's chain, a wearable electrochemical device mostly used by quacks, in use second half of 19th century
- Leyden jars, an early form of capacitor, for storing electricity
- Electrostatic generators of various sorts
People
[edit]Some important people in the history of electrotherapy include;
- Luigi Galvani, a pioneer of medical electricity
- Benjamin Franklin, an early proponent of electrotherapy who made it widely known, but mostly taken up by quacks and charlatans
- Golding Bird, mentioned above
- Charles Grafton Page
- Duchenne de Boulogne
- Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval
- George Miller Beard
- Margaret Cleaves, a promoter of ozone therapy
- Many of the forms of electricity used in electrotherapy were named after scientists
Notable historic fringe practitioners
[edit]Muscle stimulation
[edit]In 1856 Guillaume Duchenne announced that alternating was superior to direct current for electrotherapeutic triggering of muscle contractions.[29] What he called the 'warming effect' of direct currents irritated the skin, since, at voltage strengths needed for muscle contractions, they cause the skin to blister (at the anode) and pit (at the cathode). Furthermore, with DC each contraction required the current to be stopped and restarted. Moreover, alternating current could produce strong muscle contractions regardless of the condition of the muscle, whereas DC-induced contractions were strong if the muscle was strong, and weak if the muscle was weak.
Since that time almost all rehabilitation involving muscle contraction has been done with a symmetrical rectangular biphasic waveform. During the 1940s, however, the U.S. War Department, investigating the application of electrical stimulation not just to retard and prevent atrophy but to restore muscle mass and strength, employed what was termed galvanic exercise on the atrophied hands of patients who had an ulnar nerve lesion from surgery upon a wound.[29] These galvanic exercises employed a monophasic (single-pulse) direct current waveform.
The American Physical Therapy Association, a professional organization representing physical therapists, accepts the use of electrotherapy in the field of physical therapy.[30][31]
See also
[edit]- Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
- Electrical brain stimulation
- Electroanalgesia
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Electrotherapy (cosmetic)
- Galvanic bath
- Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulator
- Neuromuscular diagnostics
- Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
- Transcranial direct-current stimulation
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
- Vagus nerve stimulation
References
[edit]- ^ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "The IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronics terms". 6th ed. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1997. IEEE Std 100-1996. ISBN 1-55937-833-6 [ed. Standards Coordinating Committee 10, Terms and Definitions; Jane Radatz, (chair)]
- ^ Pieber K, Herceg M, Paternostro-Sluga T (2010). "Electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy – a review". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 42 (4): 289–295. doi:10.2340/16501977-0554. PMID 20461329.
- ^ a b Hurley MV, Bearne LM (2008). "Non-exercise physical therapies for musculoskeletal conditions". Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 22 (3): 419–433. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2008.01.001. PMID 18519097.
- ^ a b Sarzi-Puttini P, Cimmino MA, Scarpa R, Caporali R, Parazzini F, Zaninelli A, Atzeni F, Canesi B (2005). "Osteoarthritis: an overview of the disease and its treatment strategies". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 35 (1 Suppl 1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.01.013. PMID 16084227.
- ^ a b Sim J, Adams N (1999). "Physical and other non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia". Baillière's Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 13 (3): 507–523. doi:10.1053/berh.1999.0041. PMID 10562382.
- ^ a b Côté P, Wong JJ, Sutton D, Shearer HM, Mior S, Randhawa K, Ameis A, Carroll LJ, Nordin M, Yu H, Lindsay GM, Southerst D, Varatharajan S, Jacobs C, Stupar M, Taylor-Vaisey A, van der Velde G, Gross DP, Brison RJ, Paulden M, Ammendolia C, David Cassidy J, Loisel P, Marshall S, Bohay RN, Stapleton J, Lacerte M, Krahn M, Salhany R (2016). "Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration". European Spine Journal. 25 (7): 2000–2022. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4467-7. PMID 26984876. S2CID 4417594.
- ^ a b Gutke A, Betten C, Degerskär K, Pousette S, Olsén MF (2015). "Treatments for pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain: a systematic review of physiotherapy modalities". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 94 (11): 1156–1167. doi:10.1111/aogs.12681. PMID 26018758.
- ^ a b Page MJ, Green S, Kramer S, Johnston RV, McBain B, Buchbinder R (2014). "Electrotherapy modalities for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (10): CD011324. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011324. PMC 10898218. PMID 25271097.
- ^ a b Lin CW, Donkers NA, Refshauge KM, Beckenkamp PR, Khera K, Moseley AM (2012). Lin CW (ed.). "Rehabilitation for ankle fractures in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11: CD005595. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005595.pub3. PMID 23152232.
- ^ a b Aziz Z, Flemming K (2015). "Electromagnetic therapy for treating pressure ulcers" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 (9): CD002930. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002930.pub6. PMC 7138036. PMID 26334539.
- ^ Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, Burnie SJ, Szeto G, Goldsmith CH, Haines T, Forget M (2013). "Electrotherapy for neck pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (8): CD004251. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5. PMC 10696490. PMID 23979926.
- ^ Borenstein DG (2007). "Chronic neck pain: how to approach treatment". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 11 (6): 436–439. doi:10.1007/s11916-007-0230-4. PMID 18173978. S2CID 46620725.
- ^ Grant HJ, Arthur A, Pichora DR (2004). "Evaluation of interventions for rotator cuff pathology: a systematic review". Journal of Hand Therapy. 17 (2): 274–99. doi:10.1197/j.jht.2004.02.013. PMID 15162111.
- ^ Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Burnet EN (2004). "Effectiveness of rehabilitation for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review". Journal of Hand Therapy. 17 (2): 152–164. doi:10.1197/j.jht.2004.02.004. PMID 15162102.
- ^ Dingemanse R, Randsdorp M, Koes BW, Huisstede BM (2014). "Evidence for the effectiveness of electrophysical modalities for treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (12): 957–965. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091513. PMID 23335238. S2CID 11549940.
- ^ Mollon B, da Silva V, Busse JW, Einhorn TA, Bhandari M (November 2008). "Electrical stimulation for long-bone fracture-healing: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 90 (11): 2322–2330. doi:10.2106/JBJS.H.00111. PMID 18978400.
- ^ Button K, Iqbal AS, Letchford RH, van Deursen RW (2012). "Clinical effectiveness of knee rehabilitation techniques and implications for a self-care treatment model". Physiotherapy. 98 (4): 288–299. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2011.08.003. PMID 23122433.
- ^ Smart KM, Ferraro MC, Wand BM, O'Connell NE (2022-05-17). "Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (8): CD010853. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010853.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 9112661. PMID 35579382.
- ^ Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés M, Lozano-Montoya I, Abraha I, Cherubini A, Soiza RL, O'Mahony D, Montero-Errasquín B, Cruz-Jentoft AJ (2015). "Nonpharmacologic interventions to heal pressure ulcers in older patients: an overview of systematic teviews (The SENATOR-ONTOP Series)". Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 16 (6): 448–469. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.01.083. PMID 25737261. S2CID 28533912.
- ^ Reddy M (2011). "Pressure ulcers". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011. PMC 3217823. PMID 21524319.
- ^ Cullum N, Petherick E (2008). "Pressure ulcers". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2008. PMC 2907959. PMID 19450317.
- ^ Barnes R, Shahin Y, Gohil R, Chetter I (April 2014). "Electrical stimulation vs. standard care for chronic ulcer healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44 (4): 429–440. doi:10.1111/eci.12244. PMID 24456185. S2CID 35060756.
- ^ Aziz Z, Cullum N, Flemming K (2015). "Electromagnetic therapy for treating venous leg ulcers" (PDF). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD002933. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002933.pub6. PMC 6885063. PMID 26134172.
- ^ Cantor DS, Evans JR, eds. (2014). Clinical Neurotherapy. doi:10.1016/C2011-0-07624-X. ISBN 978-0-12-396988-0.[page needed]
- ^ Wu C (2018). "Physical Agent Modalities". Braddom's Rehabilitation Care: A Clinical Handbook. pp. 119–125.e11. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-47904-2.00017-9. ISBN 978-0-323-47904-2.
- ^ a b Chalovich JM (23 January 2012). Franklinization: Early Therapeutic Use of Static Electricity. hdl:10342/3929.
- ^ Steavenson, William Edward (1892). Medical electricity. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, Son & Company. pp. 3–4.
- ^ Morus IR (1998). Frankenstein's Children: Electricity, Exhibition, and Experiment in Early-nineteenth-century London. Princeton University Press. pp. 234–237. ISBN 978-0-691-05952-5.
- ^ a b Licht S (1967). "History of Electrotherapy". Therapeutic electricity and ultraviolet radiation. Waverly. pp. 1–70. OCLC 901158561.
- ^ Electrotherapeutic terminology in physical therapy. American Physical Therapy Association. 2001. ISBN 978-1-887759-88-5. OCLC 756896404. Archived from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08.[page needed]
- ^ Robinson AJ, Snyder-Mackler L (2008). Clinical electrophysiology: electrotherapy and electrophysiologic testing. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 151–196, 198–237, 239–274. ISBN 978-0-7817-4484-3. OCLC 141177550.
External links
[edit]
- Irmak R (2020). Atlas of Electrotherapy -I : Waveforms and Electrode Placements for Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbosacral Regions. Rafet Irmak. ISBN 978-605-89408-7-1.
- Tim Watson's site
