The HADH gene is located on the 4th chromosome, with its specific location being identified as 4q22-q26. The gene has 10 exons.[7] The HADH gene encodes a 34.3 kDa protein that has 314 amino acids and 124 observed peptides.[8][9]
This gene is a member of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene family. The encoded protein functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidation of straight-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs as part of the beta-oxidation pathway. Its enzymatic activity is highest with medium-chain-length fatty acids.[7]
Mutations in this gene cause one form of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.[10] A deficiency is associated with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Mutations also cause 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. There are a wide variety of mutations that have been identified to cause this disease. Among them are missense mutations (A40T, P258L, D57G, Y226H) and nonsense mutations (R236X) in the protein, and splicing mutations (261+1G>A, 710-2A>G) and some small deletions (587delC) in the cDNA.[11] One mutation, 636+471G>T in the HADH gene, was shown to create a cryptic splice donor site and an out-of-frame pseudoexon.[12] Most of the described cases have homozygous mutations. This disease has fairly homogenous clinical presentation across cases. The symptoms first appear in early life, between 1.5 hours post birth and 3 years of age, and the most common symptoms are hypoglycemia and seizures/convulsions directly related to the hypoglycemia. There are other clinical presentations that have been identified, namely: myoglobinuria, dicarboxylic aciduria, feeding difficulties in infancy, muscular hypotonia, hepatic steatosis, growth delay, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hepatic necrosis, and fulminant hepatic failure. The disorder may be diagnosed by either the analysis of the molecular genetics of the individual, or by detection of abnormal metabolite levels in blood and/or plasma. Individuals with this deficiency have an elevated amount of 3-hydroxyglutarate excreted through the urine; a heightened level of C4-OH acylcarnitine in the blood plasma is also a characteristic of this FAO disorder. Most documented cases thus far have shown that individuals are responsive to diazoxide treatment, and highlight the need for diagnosis and treatment administration as early as possible in order to correct hypoglycemia and avoid irreversible brain damage.[11]
HADH has been shown to interact with Vpr, such that HIV-1 Vpr regulates mitochondrial respiration and enhances the activity of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) through PPARbeta/delta.[13]
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Craig I, Tolley E, Bobrow M (1976). "A preliminary analysis of the segregation of human hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 16 (1–5): 114–7. doi:10.1159/000130568. PMID975867.
^ abMartins E, Cardoso ML, Rodrigues E, Barbot C, Ramos A, Bennett MJ, Teles EL, Vilarinho L (Jun 2011). "Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: the clinical relevance of an early diagnosis and report of four new cases". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 34 (3): 835–42. doi:10.1007/s10545-011-9287-7. PMID21347589. S2CID36618116.
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q16836 (Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial) at the PDBe-KB.
3had: BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF HUMAN HEART SHORT CHAIN L-3-HYDROXYACYL COA DEHYDROGENASE PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO CATALYTIC MECHANISM
1m75: Crystal Structure of the N208S Mutant of L-3-Hydroxyacyl-COA Dehydrogenase in Complex with NAD and Acetoacetyl-COA
2hdh: BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF HUMAN HEART SHORT CHAIN L-3-HYDROXYACYL COA DEHYDROGENASE PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO CATALYTIC MECHANISM
1lsj: Crystal Structure of the E110Q Mutant of L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase in Complex with NAD
1f0y: L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH ACETOACETYL-COA AND NAD+
1f14: L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE (APO)
1m76: Crystal Structure of the S137C Mutant of L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA Dehydrogenase in Complex with NAD and Acetoacetyl-COA
1lso: Crystal Structure of the S137A mutant of L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase in Complex with NAD
3hdh: PIG HEART SHORT CHAIN L-3-HYDROXYACYL COA DEHYDROGENASE REVISITED: SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION
1f12: L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH 3-HYDROXYBUTYRYL-COA
1f17: L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEXED WITH NADH
1il0: X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE E170Q MUTANT OF HUMAN L-3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE
