Guozijian
| Guozijian | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國子監 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国子监 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Quốc tử Giám ‧ Quốc Học viện | ||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 國子監 ‧ 國學院 | ||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 국자감 | ||||||||||||||||
| Hanja | 國子監 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||||||||||||
| Manchu script | ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠵᡠᠰᡝ ᠪᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ | ||||||||||||||||
| Möllendorff | gurun-i juse be hūwašabure yamun | ||||||||||||||||
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The Guozijian,[1] sometimes translated as the Imperial College, Imperial Academy, Imperial University, National Academy, or National University,[2] was the highest level academic and educational institution throughout most of imperial China's history. It was created under the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin (r. 265–289) and became the highest level academic institution in China over the next 200 years. After the demise of the Song dynasty (960–1279), it became synonymous with the previous highest level academic institution, the Taixue. The Guozijian was abolished in 1907 during the Qing dynasty.
History
[edit]Origin
[edit]The Guozijian (Directorate of Education) was founded under Emperor Wu of Jin (r. 265–289) to educate the nobility.[3] After the nine rank system was introduced for grading bureaucrats in the Chinese government, the Guozijian was created for persons rank five and above, effectively making it the educational institution for nobles, while the Taixue was relegated to teaching commoners. The Taixue was subsumed under the Guozijian and taught the Gongsheng (tribute students), the top scorers of the college/academy examination, while the Guozijian educated the nobles. Over the next 200 years, the Guozijian became the primary educational institute in the Southern Dynasties. The Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties also created their own schools but they were only available for sons and relatives of high officials. The Northern Wei dynasty founded the Primary School of Four Gates.[4][5]
Development
[edit]During the Sui dynasty, a Law School, Arithmetics School, and Calligraphy School were put under the administration of the Guozijian. These schools accepted the relatives of officials rank eight and below while the Taixue, Guozijian, and Four Gates School served higher ranks. By the start of the Tang dynasty (618–907), 300 students were enrolled in the Guozijian, 500 at the Taixue, 1,300 at the Four Gates School, 50 at the Law School, and a mere 30 at the Calligraphy and Arithmetics Schools. Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 649–683), founded a second Guozijian in Luoyang. The average age of admission was 14 to 19 but 18 to 25 for the Law School. Students of these institutions who applied for the state examinations had their names transmitted to the Ministry of Rites, which was also responsible for their appointment to a government post.[4]
Under the Song dynasty, the Guozijian became the central administrative institution for all state schools throughout the empire. Among its duties were the maintenance of the buildings, the construction of new facilities, and the promotion of students. The Guozijian itself was equipped with a library and printing shop to create model printing blocks for distribution.[3]
End of the Taixue
[edit]In 1104, the prefectural examinations were abolished in favor of the three-colleges system, which required each prefecture to send an annual quota of students to the Taixue. This drew criticism from some officials who claimed that the new system benefited the rich and young, and was less fair because the relatives of officials could enroll without being examined for their skills. In 1121, the local three-college system was abolished but retained at the national level.[6] For a time, the national examination system was also abandoned in favor of directly appointing students of the Taixue to government posts. The Taixue itself did not survive the demise of the Song dynasty and ceased to exist afterwards, becoming a synonym for the Guozijian.[4]
End
[edit]During the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor promoted the study of law, math, calligraphy, equestrianism, and archery at the Guozijian.[7]
The Guozijian was abolished in 1907.[3]
Locations
[edit]Guozijian were located in the national capital of each Chinese dynasty, such as Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Hangzhou. In early years of the Ming, the Guozijian was in Nanjing. Afterwards, the Ming had two capitals, so there were two Guozijian: one in Nanjing (which later became Nanjing University) and one in Beijing. During the Qing dynasty, the Guozijian was in Beijing.
The Beijing Guozijian, located on Guozijian Street in the Dongcheng District, was the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties; most of the current buildings were built during the Ming dynasty.[8] It was the last Guozijian in China and the predecessor of Peking University.
Vietnam
[edit]
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In Vietnam, a year after the first Confucian examinations established by Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗), the Guozijian (Vietnamese: Quốc tử giám, chữ Hán: 國子監) was built in 1076 on the site of the Temple of Literature.[9] It was Vietnam's first university, it lasted from 1076 to 1779. In 1802, the Nguyễn dynasty founded the Huế capital where they established a new imperial academy in the new capital. Several notable rectors of the Quốc tử giám in Hanoi were Chu Văn An, Nguyễn Phi Khanh, and Vũ Miên.
See also
[edit]- Academies (Shuyuan)
- Ancient higher-learning institutions
- Peking University
- Nanjing University
- Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University)
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Yuan, 194.
- ^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
- ^ a b c "Guozijian 國子監 (WWW.chinaknowledge.de)".
- ^ a b c "Taixue 太學 (WWW.chinaknowledge.de)".
- ^ Yuan, 193.
- ^ "Sanshefa 三舍法 (WWW.chinaknowledge.de)".
- ^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
- ^ "Guozijian". James P. Geiss Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ Ngô, Tự Lập (2016). "Higher education internationalization in Vietnam: unintended socio-political impacts of joint programs seen as special free academic zones" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2024.
Sources
[edit]- Chang, Che-chia. "The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its institutions and the physicians shaped by them." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 41.1 (2015): 63–92. online[usurped]
- Sivin, Nathan. "Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field." Journal of Asian Studies (1988): 41–90. online
- Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," History of Education Quarterly (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.
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