Grotrian-Steinweg: Difference between revisions

Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf. GmbH & Co
Company type	Private
Industry	Musical instruments
Founded	1835
Founder	Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg,; C.F. Theodor Steinweg,; Georg Friedrich Karl Grotrian
Headquarters	Braunschweig, Germany
Area served	Worldwide
Products	Pianos
Website	http://www.grotrian.de

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 17:16, 19 January 2012

Grotrian-Steinweg, known as Grotrian in the U.S., is a German manufacturer of luxury pianos. The company is based in Braunschweig, Germany, commonly known as Brunswick in English. Grotrian makes premium grand pianos and upright pianos.

Grotrian's earliest history dates back to 1835 as the first Steinweg piano factory, founded by Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg who was later known as Henry Steinway in America. In 1858, Friedrich Grotrian became a partner, then in 1865 Wilhelm Grotrian bought the factory and the rights to the Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf brand.

Trademark friction between Grotrian-Steinweg and Steinway & Sons resulted in a landmark 1975 decision made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The case set a precedent defining "initial interest confusion". The brand Grotrian-Steinweg was thought to cause piano buyers to have an unconscious association with the brand Steinway & Sons. The court ordered Grotrian-Steinweg to stop selling pianos in the U.S. under the "Steinweg" name. Afterward, the company formed a business entity named Grotrian Piano Company, through which it sells pianos in North America.

19th century

In 1803, Georg Friedrich Karl Grotrian, called Friedrich, was born in Schöningen, Germany.^[1] He settled in Moscow, Russia, to sell pianos, beginning around 1830. He joined a partnership in a small piano making firm based in Saint Petersburg, and included these pianos among those he sold.

Back in Germany, Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg started making pianos in 1835 from his house in Seesen at the edge of the Harz mountains;^[2] a source of fine beech and spruce wood for the instruments. For Grotrian, Steinweg built a square piano in 1835, one designed by Grotrian.^[3]^[4] (This instrument is in the Braunschweig museum.^[5]) H.E. Steinweg entered three of his pianos in a state fair in 1839, two of them square pianos, but his grand piano brought wide notice.^[6] In 1850, H.E. Steinweg took most of his large family to America, leaving the piano factory to his eldest son C.F. Theodor Steinweg who stayed behind to run it under his own name. In New York City, the Steinweg family changed their surname to Steinway and in 1853 founded the piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons.^[7]

Soon after taking ownership of his father's old factory, Steinweg moved it to Wolfenbüttel near Braunschweig. Grotrian met Steinweg in Wolfenbüttel.^[8] In 1854, G.F.K. Grotrian's uncle left him an inheritance, so Grotrian moved back to Germany to manage it.^[1]

In 1857, Steinweg and Grotrian moved the piano factory to Braunschweig, setting up shop in a former mayor's mansion at 48 Bohlweg Street in the inner, medieval part of the city.^[9] The company employed about 25 people at this time. Grotrian became a partner in the business in 1856,^[10] but he died four years later, leaving his share to his son Wilhelm. In 1865, Steinweg was need by his family in America after his brothers Henry and Charles died. Wilhelm Grotrian joined with two of the piano workmen—Adolph Helfferich and H.D.W. Schulz—to buy out Steinweg's share of the building. The new partnership paid for the right to use the trademark "C.F. Th. Steinweg Nachf.", meaning "successor to C.F. Theodor Steinweg". (Nachf. is an abbreviation for Nachfolger which is German for successor.) The company name became "Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf."^[10]

In New York City, C.F. Theodor Steinweg changed his name to C.F. Theodore Steinway and served as the leader and chief technician of Steinway & Sons for fifteen years. He did not like living in America, so he kept his home in Braunschweig and traveled back and forth as needed. In 1880 he stopped traveling overseas and started a new Steinway piano factory in Hamburg. After establishing the business, he retired to Braunschweig for his last years. He died in 1889, leaving his collection of pianos to the city's museum. The Hamburg factory was successful in competing against Grotrian-Steinweg—both companies known for producing premium pianos.^[11]

In the 1880s, Wilhelm "Willi" Grotrian Jr studied piano making with Wm. Knabe & Co. in the U.S. city of Baltimore, Maryland, and with Pleyel, Wolff et Cie in Paris, France.^[9] Kurt Grotrian also studied with piano makers in other countries. Their father Wilhelm Grotrian Sr made them partners in the business in 1895.^[8] He told the two brothers, "Lads, build good pianos and the rest will take care of itself."^[12] The Grotrian brand was well known as being of the highest quality: the company was named purveyor to the king and to noble houses.^[1] At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Grotrian won an award for fine quality.^[9] Pianists Eugen d'Albert, Ignacy Jan Paderewski and Clara Schumann expressed a preference for Grotrian pianos.^[9] Grotrian-Steinweg was counted among the top German piano manufacturers such as Bechstein, Blüthner, Feurich, Ibach, Lipp and the Hamburg division of Steinway.^[13]

20th century

Grotrian grew to a workforce of 550 by 1913, producing about 1,600 pianos annually.^[8] The Grotrian-Steinweg Orchestra was active in Leipzig under the baton of young conductor Hermann Scherchen. Grotrian-dedicated salesrooms were operating in Leipzig, Hanover, Königsberg, Düsseldorf and Berlin.

During World War I, Kurt Grotrian left the factory to serve in the German Army. He was soon wounded and taken prisoner of war. The elder Wilhelm Grotrian died in 1917.^[8] Willi Grotrian led the company but it was greatly reduced in manpower and in orders for pianos. After the war, the company resumed as before, expanding sales in 1920 by establishing a London shop under the brand name Grotrian-Steinweg. The workforce increased to 1,000.^[8]

In 1924, Grotrian built an unusual piano for microtonal music composer Ivan Wyschnegradsky. The piano had three manuals, and strings tuned a quarter tone apart.^[14]

By 1927, Grotrian was making about 3,000 pianos annually. This number dropped significantly in the 1930s during the Great Depression; fewer than 500 pianos were made in 1931.^[15]

Kurt Grotrian was seriously ill in the late 1920s, and in 1928 he made his two sons Helmut and Erwin shareholders. In 1929, Kurt Grotrian died of complications from his old war wound.^[1] Willi Grotrian died in 1931.

In World War II, the Grotrian factory (like many others) was ordered to switch to fabricating parts for aircraft. The factory was destroyed in 1944 by the bombing of Braunschweig, as was the founder's mansion in the center of town.^[1] Afterward, Helmut and Erwin Grotrian rebuilt the factory.^[12] By 1948, production had resumed; composer and pianist Wilhelm Kempff went on record as an admirer of the "sonority and exquisite execution" of the post-war work.^[1]

Grotrian piano performance competition

In 1954, Grotrian initiated a piano-playing competition known as Grotrian-Steinweg Klavierspielwettbewerb, featuring young pianists from music schools. The competition took place in the Braunschweig location of the Hertie department store, with audience applause used as the gauge to determine the winner. In 1968, Grotrian entered into talks with the German National Music Council and the Hannover University of Music to increase the scale of the competition. It increased in odd years to encompass a national and international scope. Pianists such as Ragna Schirmer and Lars Vogt gained notice as winners of the competition.

Trademark conflict

The first trademark friction between Steinway & Sons came in 1895 when Steinway sued to stop Grotrian-Steinweg from using the name "Steinweg" on its pianos. Steinway lost the case, but in 1919 the Grotrian family changed its surname to Grotrian-Steinweg in order to protect the trademark of the family business, in the hope of preventing further lawsuits.^[2] In 1925, the company established a sales presence in the U.S. as a Delaware corporation called Grotrian-Steinweg Company.^[16] Over the next three years, Grotrian-Steinweg sold only 15 pianos in the U.S., in addition to a few sold by an independent dealer in New York City.^[16] Upon discovering the sales in 1928, Steinway & Sons complained to the distributor and to Grotrian, but in 1929 Grotrian sent 47 pianos to America. A family representative of Steinway went to Germany to discuss the problem directly with Grotrian. Arriving at a private agreement, the two men smoked a "peace cigar" and Grotrian subsequently stopped using the names "Steinweg" and "Grotrian-Steinweg" in the U.S.^[16] In 1930 the Delaware corporation was dissolved, and in the next three years exports from Grotrian to the U.S. decreased then halted completely. In 1950, Grotrian-Steinweg relinquished its old 1926 trademark application, which had never been published.^[16]

In 1966, Knut Grotrian formed a contract with Wurlitzer to sell Grotrian-Steinweg pianos in the U.S., but the Steinway company brought suit in New York.^[2] This case stretched on for nine years through district courts, counterclaims and appeals. In 1975, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit heard the arguments. Grotrian-Steinweg argued that their brand was long established, predating Steinway's in Germany. Steinway & Sons argued that their brand, well known and strongly positive in the U.S., was weakened by consumers' confusion as to whether the pianos were related. The court decided that piano buyers would be confused in their "initial interest" in the two piano brands, that the consumer might unconsciously associate the two modern piano manufacturers.^[17] The court felt that Grotrian-Steinweg—a brand not very well known in the U.S.—was unfairly given an extra measure of credibility based on the strong reputation that Steinway & Sons had built up.^[17] Even though premium piano buyers were understood to be sophisticated and knowledgeable, and would not be confused at the time of purchase about which manufacturer produced which piano, the court held that a "subliminal confusion" might be present at the initial attraction to the Grotrian-Steinweg brand.^[17] The company was forbidden to sell pianos in the U.S. under the name "Steinweg" after 1977.^[2] Accordingly, Grotrian-Steinweg formed in 1976 a subsidiary brand for selling pianos in North America: Grotrian Piano Company GmbH.^[18]

The case was the first instance of a court defining the concept now known as "initial interest confusion".^[19] District Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon wrote: "Misled into an initial interest, a potential Steinway buyer may satisfy himself that the less expensive Grotrian-Steinweg is at least as good, if not better, than a Steinway."^[19] MacMahon's idea about the "initial interest" confusion was confirmed by Appeals Court Judge William H. Timbers, writing, "such initial confusion works an injury to Steinway."^[19]

The English-language section of Grotrian's website does not have any reference to the surname "Steinweg", unlike the French-, German- and Russian-language versions. This is likely a result of the lawsuit and a wish to minimize liability.^[19]

Today

In 1974, the Grotrian family built a new factory in northwest Braunschweig on Grotrian-Steinweg Street, very near Bundesautobahn 2, a major east–west highway. Helmut and Erwin Grotrian supervised the construction then retired, leaving Helmut's son Knut in charge. This factory is the current location of Grotrian production.^[12] In 1999, Knut Grotrian retired from running the company, and put day-to-day control in the hands of Burkhard Stein, an industrial manager and piano builder.^[8] Today, the Grotrian company is owned by the daughters of Erwin Grotrian,^[1] with sixth-generation Jobst Grotrian, Knut's son, a shareholder.^[8] Annually, the company produces about 500 upright pianos in six sizes and 100 grand pianos in five sizes.^[20] Some 20 concert grands are made per year—each one requiring 8 months of manufacture.^[21] In 2010, the company issued a special 175-year anniversary model, a 46.5-inch (118 cm) upright called Composé Exclusif, of which 50 were produced.^[20]

Modern Grotrian pianos were said by Larry Fine in 2011 to be of the "highest quality", on par with Hamburg-built Steinways, Faziolis and Bösendorfers; higher quality than New York-built Steinways.^[22]

Grotrian admirers

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "History of the Grotrian Piano Company" (PDF). Grotrian. 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2011. Hosted by le-clavier.com
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Knize, Perri (2009). Grand Obsession: A Piano Odyssey. Simon and Schuster. p. 303. ISBN 0743276396.
^ Wainwright, David (1975). The Piano Makers. Hutchinson. p. 121.
^ Sumner, William Leslie (1971). The Pianoforte (3 ed.). Macdonald. p. 124.
^ Williams, John-Paul (2002). The Piano. Quarto. Aurum. p. 78.
^ Barron, James (2007). Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand. Macmillan. p. 26. ISBN 0805083049.
^ Ripin, Edwin M.; Belt, Philip (1997). The Piano. New Grove Musical Instrument. W. W. Norton. p. 170. ISBN 039330518X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dürer, Carsten; Anderson, David (2003). "Grotrian-Steinweg". Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0415937965. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Musical instruments at the World's Columbian Exposition. 1895. p. 204.
^ ^a ^b Ratcliffe, Ronald V. (2002). Steinway. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 23, 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8118-3389-9.
^ Ratcliffe, 1989, p. 46
^ ^a ^b ^c "Company's history". Grotrian-Steinweg. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Ripin, 1997, p. 61
^ Ripin, 1997, p. 71
^ Ehrlich, Cyril (1976). The Piano: A History. Dent. p. 177.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d MacMahon, Lloyd Francis (October 1, 1973). "Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons". United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yu, Peter K. (2007). Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Trademark and unfair competition. Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Issues and Practices in the Digital Age. Vol. 3. Greenwood. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0275988856.
^ Common Market Reports: Euromarket News. Commerce Clearing House. 1976. p. 31.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rothman, Jennifer E. (2005). "Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law" (PDF). Cardozo Law Review. 27 (1): 114–116. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b Fine, Larry (2011). "Grotrian". Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer. p. 166. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Knize, 2009, p. 302
^ Fine, Larry (2011). "The New Piano Market Today". Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer: 44. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Philosophy: Artists". Grotrian-Steinweg. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

External links

Official Website of Grotrian-Steinweg GmbH
Text of Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf. v. Steinway & Sons, 523 F.2d 1331 (1975) is available from: Justia Public.Resource.Org

[History2005-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "History of the Grotrian Piano Company" (PDF). Grotrian. 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2011. Hosted by le-clavier.com

[Knize303-2] Knize, Perri (2009). Grand Obsession: A Piano Odyssey. Simon and Schuster. p. 303. ISBN 0743276396.

[3] Wainwright, David (1975). The Piano Makers. Hutchinson. p. 121.

[4] Sumner, William Leslie (1971). The Pianoforte (3 ed.). Macdonald. p. 124.

[5] Williams, John-Paul (2002). The Piano. Quarto. Aurum. p. 78.

[6] Barron, James (2007). Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand. Macmillan. p. 26. ISBN 0805083049.

[7] Ripin, Edwin M.; Belt, Philip (1997). The Piano. New Grove Musical Instrument. W. W. Norton. p. 170. ISBN 039330518X.

[KeyboardEncyclopedia-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dürer, Carsten; Anderson, David (2003). "Grotrian-Steinweg". Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0415937965. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[Columbian1895-9] Musical instruments at the World's Columbian Exposition. 1895. p. 204.

[Ratcliffe26-10] Ratcliffe, Ronald V. (2002). Steinway. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 23, 26–27. ISBN 978-0-8118-3389-9.

[11] Ratcliffe, 1989, p. 46

[History-12] "Company's history". Grotrian-Steinweg. Retrieved December 12, 2011.

[13] Ripin, 1997, p. 61

[14] Ripin, 1997, p. 71

[15] Ehrlich, Cyril (1976). The Piano: A History. Dent. p. 177.

[MacMahon1973-16] MacMahon, Lloyd Francis (October 1, 1973). "Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons". United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

[Yu2007-17] Yu, Peter K. (2007). Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Trademark and unfair competition. Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Issues and Practices in the Digital Age. Vol. 3. Greenwood. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0275988856.

[18] Common Market Reports: Euromarket News. Commerce Clearing House. 1976. p. 31.

[Rothman2005-19] Rothman, Jennifer E. (2005). "Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law" (PDF). Cardozo Law Review. 27 (1): 114–116. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Fine166-20] Fine, Larry (2011). "Grotrian". Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer. p. 166. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[21] Knize, 2009, p. 302

[Fine2011-22] Fine, Larry (2011). "The New Piano Market Today". Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer: 44. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Artists-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Philosophy: Artists". Grotrian-Steinweg. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | founder          = [[Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg]],<br />[[C.F. Theodore Steinway|C.F. Theodor Steinweg]],<br />Georg Friedrich Karl Grotrian
 | location_city    = [[Braunschweig]]
-| location_country = Germany
+| location_country = [[Germany]]
 | location         =
 | locations        =
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 '''Grotrian-Steinweg''', known as '''Grotrian''' in the U.S., is a German manufacturer of luxury [[piano]]s. The company is based in [[Braunschweig]], Germany, commonly known as Brunswick in English. Grotrian makes premium grand pianos and upright pianos.
-[[File:Grotrian Fluegel.JPG|thumb|Grotrian-Steinweg grand piano inner mechanism]]
+[[File:Grotrian Fluegel.JPG|thumb|right|Grotrian-Steinweg grand piano inner mechanism]]
 Grotrian's earliest history dates back to 1835 as the first Steinweg piano factory, founded by [[Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg]] who was later known as Henry Steinway in America. In 1858, Friedrich Grotrian became a partner, then in 1865 Wilhelm Grotrian bought the factory and the rights to the Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf brand.
-[[Trademark]] friction between Grotrian-Steinweg and [[Steinway & Sons]] resulted in a landmark 1975 decision made by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]. The case set a [[precedent]] defining "[[Initial Interest Confusion]]". The brand Grotrian-Steinweg was thought to cause piano buyers to have an unconscious association with the brand Steinway & Sons. The court ordered Grotrian-Steinweg to stop selling pianos in the U.S. under the "Steinweg" name. Afterward, the company formed a business entity named Grotrian Piano Company, through which it sells pianos in North America.
+[[Trademark]] friction between Grotrian-Steinweg and [[Steinway & Sons]] resulted in a landmark 1975 decision made by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]. The case set a [[precedent]] defining "[[initial interest confusion]]". The brand Grotrian-Steinweg was thought to cause piano buyers to have an unconscious association with the brand Steinway & Sons. The court ordered Grotrian-Steinweg to stop selling pianos in the U.S. under the "Steinweg" name. Afterward, the company formed a business entity named Grotrian Piano Company, through which it sells pianos in North America.
 ==19th century==
-In 1803, Georg Friedrich Karl Grotrian, called Friedrich, was born in [[Schöningen]], Germany.<ref name=History2005 /> He settled in [[Moscow]], Russia, to sell pianos, beginning around 1830. He joined a partnership in a small piano making firm based in [[Saint Petersburg]], and included these pianos among those he sold.
+In 1803, Georg Friedrich Karl Grotrian, called Friedrich, was born in [[Schöningen]], Germany.<ref name=History2005/> He settled in [[Moscow]], Russia, to sell pianos, beginning around 1830. He joined a partnership in a small piano making firm based in [[Saint Petersburg]], and included these pianos among those he sold.
-Back in Germany, [[Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg]] started making pianos in 1835 from his house in [[Seesen]] at the edge of the [[Harz]] mountains;<ref name=Knize303 /> a source of fine beech and spruce wood for the instruments. For Grotrian, Steinweg built a square piano in 1835, one designed by Grotrian.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Piano Makers |last=Wainwright |first=David |page=121 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Pianoforte |last=Sumner |first=William Leslie |page=124 |publisher=Macdonald |year=1971 |edition=3}}</ref> (This instrument is in the [[Braunschweig]] museum.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Piano |last=Williams |first=John-Paul |page=78 |publisher=Aurum |year=2002 |series=Quarto}}</ref>) H.E. Steinweg entered three of his pianos in a state fair in 1839, two of them square pianos, but his grand piano brought wide notice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand |last=Barron |first=James |page=26 |publisher=Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=0805083049}}</ref> In 1850, H.E. Steinweg took most of his large family to America, leaving the piano factory to his eldest son [[C.F. Theodor Steinweg]] who stayed behind to run it under his own name. In New York City, the Steinweg family changed their surname to Steinway and in 1853 founded the piano manufacturer [[Steinway & Sons]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0X3FoI_Z6cQC&pg=PA170 |page=170 |title=The Piano |last1=Ripin |first1=Edwin M. |last2=Belt |first2=Philip |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1997 |isbn=039330518X |series=New Grove Musical Instrument}}</ref>
+Back in Germany, [[Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg]] started making pianos in 1835 from his house in [[Seesen]] at the edge of the [[Harz]] mountains;<ref name=Knize303/> a source of fine beech and spruce wood for the instruments. For Grotrian, Steinweg built a square piano in 1835, one designed by Grotrian.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Piano Makers |last=Wainwright |first=David |page=121 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Pianoforte |last=Sumner |first=William Leslie |page=124 |publisher=Macdonald |year=1971 |edition=3}}</ref> (This instrument is in the [[Braunschweig]] museum.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Piano |last=Williams |first=John-Paul |page=78 |publisher=Aurum |year=2002 |series=Quarto}}</ref>) H.E. Steinweg entered three of his pianos in a state fair in 1839, two of them square pianos, but his grand piano brought wide notice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand |last=Barron |first=James |page=26 |publisher=Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=0805083049}}</ref> In 1850, H.E. Steinweg took most of his large family to America, leaving the piano factory to his eldest son [[C.F. Theodor Steinweg]] who stayed behind to run it under his own name. In New York City, the Steinweg family changed their surname to Steinway and in 1853 founded the piano manufacturer [[Steinway & Sons]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0X3FoI_Z6cQC&pg=PA170 |page=170 |title=The Piano |last1=Ripin |first1=Edwin M. |last2=Belt |first2=Philip |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1997 |isbn=039330518X |series=New Grove Musical Instrument}}</ref>
-[[File:Th. Steinweg Nachf. Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|300px|An early piano branded "Th. Steinweg Nachf.", meaning "successor to Theodor Steinweg"]]
+[[File:Th. Steinweg Nachf. Braunschweig.jpg|thumb|300px|right|An early piano branded "Th. Steinweg Nachf.", meaning "successor to Theodor Steinweg"]]
-Soon after taking ownership of his father's old factory, Steinweg moved it to [[Wolfenbüttel]] near Braunschweig. Grotrian met Steinweg in Wolfenbüttel.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia /> In 1854, G.F.K. Grotrian's uncle left him an inheritance, so Grotrian moved back to Germany to manage it.<ref name=History2005 />
+Soon after taking ownership of his father's old factory, Steinweg moved it to [[Wolfenbüttel]] near Braunschweig. Grotrian met Steinweg in Wolfenbüttel.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/> In 1854, G.F.K. Grotrian's uncle left him an inheritance, so Grotrian moved back to Germany to manage it.<ref name=History2005/>
 [[File:G-S Stammhaus.JPG|left|thumb|upright|The Grotrian-Steinweg residence and piano-making workshop in [[Braunschweig]]]]
-In 1857, Steinweg and Grotrian moved the piano factory to Braunschweig, setting up shop in a former mayor's mansion at 48 Bohlweg Street in the inner, medieval part of the city.<ref name=Columbian1895>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QOEsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204 |page=204 |title=Musical instruments at the World's Columbian Exposition |year=Presto Co. |year=1895}}</ref> The company employed about 25 people at this time. Grotrian became a partner in the business in 1856,<ref name=Ratcliffe26>{{cite book |first=Ronald V. |last=Ratcliffe |title=Steinway |location=San Francisco |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8118-3389-9 |pages=23, 26–27 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ugt7RtDgJ7MC&pg=PA26}}</ref> but he died four years later, leaving his share to his son Wilhelm. In 1865, Steinweg was need by his family in America after his brothers Henry and Charles died. Wilhelm Grotrian joined with two of the piano workmen—Adolph Helfferich and H.D.W. Schulz—to buy out Steinweg's share of the building. The new partnership paid for the right to use the trademark "C.F. Th. Steinweg Nachf.", meaning "successor to C.F. Theodor Steinweg". (''Nachf.'' is an abbreviation for ''Nachfolger'' which is German for successor.) The company name became "Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf."<ref name=Ratcliffe26 />
+In 1857, Steinweg and Grotrian moved the piano factory to Braunschweig, setting up shop in a former mayor's mansion at 48 Bohlweg Street in the inner, medieval part of the city.<ref name=Columbian1895>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QOEsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204 |page=204 |title=Musical instruments at the World's Columbian Exposition |year=Presto Co. |year=1895}}</ref> The company employed about 25 people at this time. Grotrian became a partner in the business in 1856,<ref name=Ratcliffe26>{{cite book |first=Ronald V. |last=Ratcliffe |title=Steinway |location=San Francisco |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8118-3389-9 |pages=23, 26–27 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ugt7RtDgJ7MC&pg=PA26}}</ref> but he died four years later, leaving his share to his son Wilhelm. In 1865, Steinweg was need by his family in America after his brothers Henry and Charles died. Wilhelm Grotrian joined with two of the piano workmen—Adolph Helfferich and H.D.W. Schulz—to buy out Steinweg's share of the building. The new partnership paid for the right to use the trademark "C.F. Th. Steinweg Nachf.", meaning "successor to C.F. Theodor Steinweg". (''Nachf.'' is an abbreviation for ''Nachfolger'' which is German for successor.) The company name became "Grotrian, Helfferich, Schulz, Th. Steinweg Nachf."<ref name=Ratcliffe26/>
 In New York City, C.F. Theodor Steinweg changed his name to C.F. Theodore Steinway and served as the leader and chief technician of Steinway & Sons for fifteen years. He did not like living in America, so he kept his home in Braunschweig and traveled back and forth as needed. In 1880 he stopped traveling overseas and started a new Steinway piano factory in [[Hamburg]]. After establishing the business, he retired to Braunschweig for his last years. He died in 1889, leaving his collection of pianos to the city's museum. The Hamburg factory was successful in competing against Grotrian-Steinweg—both companies known for producing premium pianos.<ref>Ratcliffe, 1989, p. 46</ref>
-In the 1880s, Wilhelm "Willi" Grotrian Jr studied piano making with [[Wm. Knabe & Co.]] in the U.S. city of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and with [[Pleyel et Cie|Pleyel, Wolff et Cie]] in Paris, France.<ref name=Columbian1895 /> Kurt Grotrian also studied with piano makers in other countries. Their father Wilhelm Grotrian Sr made them partners in the business in 1895.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia /> He told the two brothers, "Lads, build good pianos and the rest will take care of itself."<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.grotrian.de/en/phil_geschichte.html |title=Company's history |publisher=Grotrian-Steinweg |accessdate=December 12, 2011}}</ref> The Grotrian brand was well known as being of the highest quality: the company was named purveyor to the king and to noble houses.<ref name=History2005 /> At the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, Grotrian won an award for fine quality.<ref name=Columbian1895 /> Pianists [[Eugen d'Albert]], [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] and [[Clara Schumann]] expressed a preference for Grotrian pianos.<ref name=Columbian1895 /> Grotrian-Steinweg was counted among the top German piano manufacturers such as [[C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik|Bechstein]], [[Blüthner]], [[Feurich]], Ibach, Lipp and the Hamburg division of Steinway.<ref>Ripin, 1997, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0X3FoI_Z6cQC&pg=PA61 p. 61]</ref>
+In the 1880s, Wilhelm "Willi" Grotrian Jr studied piano making with [[Wm. Knabe & Co.]] in the U.S. city of [[Baltimore, Maryland]], and with [[Pleyel et Cie|Pleyel, Wolff et Cie]] in Paris, France.<ref name=Columbian1895/> Kurt Grotrian also studied with piano makers in other countries. Their father Wilhelm Grotrian Sr made them partners in the business in 1895.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/> He told the two brothers, "Lads, build good pianos and the rest will take care of itself."<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.grotrian.de/en/phil_geschichte.html |title=Company's history |publisher=Grotrian-Steinweg |accessdate=December 12, 2011}}</ref> The Grotrian brand was well known as being of the highest quality: the company was named purveyor to the king and to noble houses.<ref name=History2005/> At the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, Grotrian won an award for fine quality.<ref name=Columbian1895/> Pianists [[Eugen d'Albert]], [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] and [[Clara Schumann]] expressed a preference for Grotrian pianos.<ref name=Columbian1895/> Grotrian-Steinweg was counted among the top German piano manufacturers such as [[C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik|Bechstein]], [[Blüthner]], [[Feurich]], Ibach, Lipp and the Hamburg division of Steinway.<ref>Ripin, 1997, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0X3FoI_Z6cQC&pg=PA61 p. 61]</ref>
 ==20th century==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 Grotrian grew to a workforce of 550 by 1913, producing about 1,600 pianos annually.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia>{{cite book |chapter=Grotrian-Steinweg |last1=Dürer |first1=Carsten |last2=Anderson |first2=David |pages=157–158 |editors=Robert Palmieri, Margaret W. Palmieri and Igor Kipnis |title=Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments |volume=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0415937965}}</ref> The Grotrian-Steinweg Orchestra was active in [[Leipzig]] under the baton of young conductor [[Hermann Scherchen]]. Grotrian-dedicated salesrooms were operating in Leipzig, [[Hanover]], [[Königsberg]], [[Düsseldorf]] and Berlin.
-During [[World War I]], Kurt Grotrian left the factory to serve in the German Army. He was soon wounded and taken [[prisoner of war]]. The elder Wilhelm Grotrian died in 1917.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia /> Willi Grotrian led the company but it was greatly reduced in manpower and in orders for pianos. After the war, the company resumed as before, expanding sales in 1920 by establishing a London shop under the brand name Grotrian-Steinweg. The workforce increased to 1,000.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia />
+During [[World War I]], Kurt Grotrian left the factory to serve in the German Army. He was soon wounded and taken [[prisoner of war]]. The elder Wilhelm Grotrian died in 1917.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/> Willi Grotrian led the company but it was greatly reduced in manpower and in orders for pianos. After the war, the company resumed as before, expanding sales in 1920 by establishing a London shop under the brand name Grotrian-Steinweg. The workforce increased to 1,000.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/>
 In 1924, Grotrian built an unusual piano for [[microtonal music]] composer [[Ivan Wyschnegradsky]]. The piano had three [[Manual (music)|manuals]], and strings tuned a [[quarter tone]] apart.<ref>Ripin, 1997, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0X3FoI_Z6cQC&pg=PA71 p. 71]</ref>
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 [[File:Flügel im Trümmerschutt.JPG|thumb|A Grotrian-Steinweg piano amid bombing destruction in 1945]]
-In [[World War II]], the Grotrian factory (like many others) was ordered to switch to fabricating parts for aircraft. The factory was destroyed in 1944 by the [[Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II|bombing of Braunschweig]], as was the founder's mansion in the center of town.<ref name=History2005 /> Afterward, Helmut and Erwin Grotrian rebuilt the factory.<ref name=History /> By 1948, production had resumed; composer and pianist [[Wilhelm Kempff]] went on record as an admirer of the "sonority and exquisite execution" of the post-war work.<ref name=History2005 />
+In [[World War II]], the Grotrian factory (like many others) was ordered to switch to fabricating parts for aircraft. The factory was destroyed in 1944 by the [[Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II|bombing of Braunschweig]], as was the founder's mansion in the center of town.<ref name=History2005/> Afterward, Helmut and Erwin Grotrian rebuilt the factory.<ref name=History/> By 1948, production had resumed; composer and pianist [[Wilhelm Kempff]] went on record as an admirer of the "sonority and exquisite execution" of the post-war work.<ref name=History2005/>
 ===Grotrian piano performance competition===
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ===Trademark conflict===
-The first [[trademark]] friction between Steinway & Sons came in 1895 when Steinway sued to stop Grotrian-Steinweg from using the name "Steinweg" on its pianos. Steinway lost the case, but in 1919 the Grotrian family changed its surname to Grotrian-Steinweg in order to protect the trademark of the family business, in the hope of preventing further lawsuits.<ref name=Knize303>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAhBfomMZ4UC&pg=PA303 |page=303 |title=Grand Obsession: A Piano Odyssey |last=Knize |first=Perri |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2009 |isbn=0743276396}}</ref> In 1925, the company established a sales presence in the U.S. as a [[Delaware General Corporation Law|Delaware corporation]] called Grotrian-Steinweg Company.<ref name=MacMahon1973>{{cite web |url=http://ny.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19731001_0000302.SNY.htm/qx |title=Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons |last=MacMahon |first=Lloyd Francis |authorlink=Lloyd Francis MacMahon |date=October 1, 1973 |publisher=[[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] |accessdate=December 13, 2011}}</ref> Over the next three years, Grotrian-Steinweg sold only 15 pianos in the U.S., in addition to a few sold by an independent dealer in New York City.<ref name=MacMahon1973 /> Upon discovering the sales in 1928, Steinway & Sons complained to the distributor and to Grotrian, but in 1929 Grotrian sent 47 pianos to America. A family representative of Steinway went to Germany to discuss the problem directly with Grotrian. Arriving at a private agreement, the two men smoked a "peace cigar" and Grotrian subsequently stopped using the names "Steinweg" and "Grotrian-Steinweg" in the U.S.<ref name=MacMahon1973 /> In 1930 the Delaware corporation was dissolved, and in the next three years exports from Grotrian to the U.S. decreased then halted completely. In 1950, Grotrian-Steinweg relinquished its old 1926 trademark application, which had never been published.<ref name=MacMahon1973 />
+The first [[trademark]] friction between Steinway & Sons came in 1895 when Steinway sued to stop Grotrian-Steinweg from using the name "Steinweg" on its pianos. Steinway lost the case, but in 1919 the Grotrian family changed its surname to Grotrian-Steinweg in order to protect the trademark of the family business, in the hope of preventing further lawsuits.<ref name=Knize303>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAhBfomMZ4UC&pg=PA303 |page=303 |title=Grand Obsession: A Piano Odyssey |last=Knize |first=Perri |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2009 |isbn=0743276396}}</ref> In 1925, the company established a sales presence in the U.S. as a [[Delaware General Corporation Law|Delaware corporation]] called Grotrian-Steinweg Company.<ref name=MacMahon1973>{{cite web |url=http://ny.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19731001_0000302.SNY.htm/qx |title=Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons |last=MacMahon |first=Lloyd Francis |authorlink=Lloyd Francis MacMahon |date=October 1, 1973 |publisher=[[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] |accessdate=December 13, 2011}}</ref> Over the next three years, Grotrian-Steinweg sold only 15 pianos in the U.S., in addition to a few sold by an independent dealer in New York City.<ref name=MacMahon1973/> Upon discovering the sales in 1928, Steinway & Sons complained to the distributor and to Grotrian, but in 1929 Grotrian sent 47 pianos to America. A family representative of Steinway went to Germany to discuss the problem directly with Grotrian. Arriving at a private agreement, the two men smoked a "peace cigar" and Grotrian subsequently stopped using the names "Steinweg" and "Grotrian-Steinweg" in the U.S.<ref name=MacMahon1973/> In 1930 the Delaware corporation was dissolved, and in the next three years exports from Grotrian to the U.S. decreased then halted completely. In 1950, Grotrian-Steinweg relinquished its old 1926 trademark application, which had never been published.<ref name=MacMahon1973/>
-In 1966, Knut Grotrian formed a contract with [[Wurlitzer]] to sell Grotrian-Steinweg pianos in the U.S., but the Steinway company brought suit in New York.<ref name=Knize303 /> This case stretched on for nine years through district courts, counterclaims and appeals. In 1975, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] heard the arguments. Grotrian-Steinweg argued that their brand was long established, predating Steinway's in Germany. Steinway & Sons argued that their brand, well known and strongly positive in the U.S., was weakened by consumers' confusion as to whether the pianos were related. The court decided that piano buyers would be confused in their "initial interest" in the two piano brands, that the consumer might unconsciously associate the two modern piano manufacturers.<ref name=Yu2007>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9oyh8LqbPF8C&pg=PA87 |pages=87–88 |title=Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Trademark and unfair competition |last=Yu |first=Peter K. |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=0275988856 |volume=3 |series=Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Issues and Practices in the Digital Age}}</ref> The court felt that Grotrian-Steinweg—a brand not very well known in the U.S.—was unfairly given an extra measure of credibility based on the strong reputation that Steinway & Sons had built up.<ref name=Yu2007 /> Even though premium piano buyers were understood to be sophisticated and knowledgeable, and would not be confused at the time of purchase about which manufacturer produced which piano, the court held that a "subliminal confusion" might be present at the initial attraction to the Grotrian-Steinweg brand.<ref name=Yu2007 /> The company was forbidden to sell pianos in the U.S. under the name "Steinweg" after 1977.<ref name=Knize303 /> Accordingly, Grotrian-Steinweg formed in 1976 a subsidiary brand for selling pianos in North America: Grotrian Piano Company GmbH.<ref>{{cite book |title=Common Market Reports: Euromarket News |page=31 |year=1976 |publisher=Commerce Clearing House}}</ref>
+In 1966, Knut Grotrian formed a contract with [[Wurlitzer]] to sell Grotrian-Steinweg pianos in the U.S., but the Steinway company brought suit in New York.<ref name=Knize303/> This case stretched on for nine years through district courts, counterclaims and appeals. In 1975, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] heard the arguments. Grotrian-Steinweg argued that their brand was long established, predating Steinway's in Germany. Steinway & Sons argued that their brand, well known and strongly positive in the U.S., was weakened by consumers' confusion as to whether the pianos were related. The court decided that piano buyers would be confused in their "initial interest" in the two piano brands, that the consumer might unconsciously associate the two modern piano manufacturers.<ref name=Yu2007>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9oyh8LqbPF8C&pg=PA87 |pages=87–88 |title=Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Trademark and unfair competition |last=Yu |first=Peter K. |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=0275988856 |volume=3 |series=Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Issues and Practices in the Digital Age}}</ref> The court felt that Grotrian-Steinweg—a brand not very well known in the U.S.—was unfairly given an extra measure of credibility based on the strong reputation that Steinway & Sons had built up.<ref name=Yu2007/> Even though premium piano buyers were understood to be sophisticated and knowledgeable, and would not be confused at the time of purchase about which manufacturer produced which piano, the court held that a "subliminal confusion" might be present at the initial attraction to the Grotrian-Steinweg brand.<ref name=Yu2007/> The company was forbidden to sell pianos in the U.S. under the name "Steinweg" after 1977.<ref name=Knize303/> Accordingly, Grotrian-Steinweg formed in 1976 a subsidiary brand for selling pianos in North America: Grotrian Piano Company GmbH.<ref>{{cite book |title=Common Market Reports: Euromarket News |page=31 |year=1976 |publisher=Commerce Clearing House}}</ref>
-The case was the first instance of a court defining the concept now known as "[[Initial Interest Confusion]]".<ref name=Rothman2005>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/ROTHMAN.FINAL.VERSION.pdf |title=Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law |last=Rothman |first=Jennifer E. |work=Cardozo Law Review |pages=114–116 |volume=27 |number=1 |month=April |year=2005}}</ref> District Judge [[Lloyd Francis MacMahon]] wrote: "Misled into an initial interest, a potential Steinway buyer may satisfy himself that the less expensive Grotrian-Steinweg is at least as good, if not better, than a Steinway."<ref name=Rothman2005 /> MacMahon's idea about the "Initial Interest" Confusion was confirmed by Appeals Court Judge [[William H. Timbers]], writing, "such initial confusion works an injury to Steinway."<ref name=Rothman2005 />
+The case was the first instance of a court defining the concept now known as "[[initial interest confusion]]".<ref name=Rothman2005>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/ROTHMAN.FINAL.VERSION.pdf |title=Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trademark Law |last=Rothman |first=Jennifer E. |work=Cardozo Law Review |pages=114–116 |volume=27 |number=1 |month=April |year=2005}}</ref> District Judge [[Lloyd Francis MacMahon]] wrote: "Misled into an initial interest, a potential Steinway buyer may satisfy himself that the less expensive Grotrian-Steinweg is at least as good, if not better, than a Steinway."<ref name=Rothman2005/> MacMahon's idea about the "initial interest" confusion was confirmed by Appeals Court Judge [[William H. Timbers]], writing, "such initial confusion works an injury to Steinway."<ref name=Rothman2005/>
-The English-language section of Grotrian's website does not have any reference to the surname "Steinweg", unlike the French-, German- and Russian-language versions. This is likely a result of the lawsuit and a wish to minimize liability.<ref name=Rothman2005 />
+The English-language section of Grotrian's website does not have any reference to the surname "Steinweg", unlike the French-, German- and Russian-language versions. This is likely a result of the lawsuit and a wish to minimize liability.<ref name=Rothman2005/>
 ==Today==
-[[File:Grotrian-Steinweg Duo-Flügel.JPG|thumb|A double instrument made for performing piano duos]]
+[[File:Grotrian-Steinweg Duo-Flügel.JPG|thumb|right|A double instrument made for performing piano duos]]
-In 1974, the Grotrian family built a new factory in northwest Braunschweig on Grotrian-Steinweg Street, very near [[Bundesautobahn 2]], a major east–west highway. Helmut and Erwin Grotrian supervised the construction then retired, leaving Helmut's son Knut in charge. This factory is the current location of Grotrian production.<ref name=History /> In 1999, Knut Grotrian retired from running the company, and put day-to-day control in the hands of Burkhard Stein, an industrial manager and piano builder.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia /> Today, the Grotrian company is owned by the daughters of Erwin Grotrian,<ref name=History2005 /> with sixth-generation Jobst Grotrian, Knut's son, a shareholder.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia /> Annually, the company produces about 500 upright pianos in six sizes and 100 grand pianos in five sizes.<ref name=Fine166>{{cite web |url=http://www.pianobuyer.com/fall11/166.html |page=166 |title=Grotrian |last=Fine |first=Larry |authorlink=Larry Fine (pianos) |work=Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer |month=Fall |year=2011}}</ref> Some 20 concert grands are made per year—each one requiring 8 months of manufacture.<ref>Knize, 2009, [http://books.google.com/books?id=EAhBfomMZ4UC&pg=PA302 p. 302]</ref> In 2010, the company issued a special 175-year anniversary model, a {{convert|46.5|in|cm|adj=on}} upright called ''Composé Exclusif'', of which 50 were produced.<ref name=Fine166 />
+In 1974, the Grotrian family built a new factory in northwest Braunschweig on Grotrian-Steinweg Street, very near [[Bundesautobahn 2]], a major east–west highway. Helmut and Erwin Grotrian supervised the construction then retired, leaving Helmut's son Knut in charge. This factory is the current location of Grotrian production.<ref name=History/> In 1999, Knut Grotrian retired from running the company, and put day-to-day control in the hands of Burkhard Stein, an industrial manager and piano builder.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/> Today, the Grotrian company is owned by the daughters of Erwin Grotrian,<ref name=History2005/> with sixth-generation Jobst Grotrian, Knut's son, a shareholder.<ref name=KeyboardEncyclopedia/> Annually, the company produces about 500 upright pianos in six sizes and 100 grand pianos in five sizes.<ref name=Fine166>{{cite web |url=http://www.pianobuyer.com/fall11/166.html |page=166 |title=Grotrian |last=Fine |first=Larry |authorlink=Larry Fine (pianos) |work=Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer |month=Fall |year=2011}}</ref> Some 20 concert grands are made per year—each one requiring 8 months of manufacture.<ref>Knize, 2009, [http://books.google.com/books?id=EAhBfomMZ4UC&pg=PA302 p. 302]</ref> In 2010, the company issued a special 175-year anniversary model, a {{convert|46.5|in|cm|adj=on}} upright called ''Composé Exclusif'', of which 50 were produced.<ref name=Fine166/>
 Modern Grotrian pianos were said by [[Larry Fine (pianos)|Larry Fine]] in 2011 to be of the "highest quality", on par with Hamburg-built Steinways, [[Fazioli]]s and [[Bösendorfer]]s; higher quality than New York-built Steinways.<ref name=Fine2011>{{cite journal |url=http://www.pianobuyer.com/fall11/44.html |page=44 |title=The New Piano Market Today |last=Fine |first=Larry |authorlink=Larry Fine (pianos) |work=Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer |month=Fall |year=2011}}</ref>
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 *[[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]]
 *[[Clara Schumann]]<ref name=Artists>{{cite web |url=http://www.grotrian.de/en/phil_kuenstler.html |title=Philosophy: Artists |publisher=Grotrian-Steinweg |accessdate=December 13, 2011}}</ref>
-*[[Wilhelm Kempff]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Wilhelm Kempff]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Paul Hindemith]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Paul Hindemith]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Ivo Pogorelić]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Ivo Pogorelić]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Julie Andrews]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Julie Andrews]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Jacques Loussier]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Jacques Loussier]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Hans Werner Henze]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Hans Werner Henze]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Walter Gieseking]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Walter Gieseking]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Garrick Ohlsson]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Garrick Ohlsson]]<ref name=Artists/>
-*[[Jean Françaix]]<ref name=Artists />
+*[[Jean Françaix]]<ref name=Artists/>
 ==References==
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category}}
 *[http://www.grotrian.de/de/ Official Website of Grotrian-Steinweg GmbH]
 *{{caselaw source