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Governor-General of Chōsen

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Governor-General of Chōsen
朝鮮総督
Seal of the Government-General of Korea
Longest serving
Viscount Saitō Makoto
12 August 1919 – 14 April 1927
17 August 1929 – 17 June 1931
StatusAbolished
ResidenceOfficial residence of the Governor-General of Chōsen
SeatGovernment-General Building, Keijō
AppointerEmperor of Japan
PrecursorResident-General of Korea
Formation1 October 1910
First holderTerauchi Masatake
Final holderNobuyuki Abe
Abolished12 September 1945
Superseded bySoviet Civil Administration
United States Army Military Government in Korea

The Governor-General of Chōsen (Japanese: 朝鮮総督, romanized: Chōsen Sōtoku; Korean: 조선총독, romanized: Joseon Chongdok) was the chief administrator of the Government-General of Chōsen (Japanese: 朝鮮総督府, romanized: Chōsen Sōtokufu; Korean: 조선총독부, romanized: Joseon Chongdokbu) (a part of an administrative organ established by the Imperial government of Japan) from 1910 to 1945.

The governor-general of Chōsen was established shortly after the Korean Empire was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 to replace the title of Resident-General. The governor-general of Chōsen was appointed from Tokyo and accountable to the emperor of Japan. The governor-general of Chōsen was responsible for the administrate ministry of the Chōsen regionin, including infrastructure, culture, justice, censorship, and the suppression of the Korean independence movement.[1][2]

European-style official residence of Governor General of Korea, at Namsan in 1911.

The governor-general of Chōsen was seated in the General Government Building in Keijō after its completion in 1926.[3] Pending its completion, the Governor-General resided at Namsan.[4]

History

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Japanese General Government Building, Seoul

After the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910, the office of resident-general was replaced by that of governor-general. However, the position was unique in among Japan's external possessions, as the governor-general had sweeping plenipotentiary powers, and the position also entailed judicial oversight and some legislative powers. As of 1944, the governor-general did not command the Imperial Japanese Army or Imperial Japanese Navy units stationed in Chōsen.[5] Given the powers and levels of responsibility, only ranking full generals in the Imperial Japanese Army were selected for the post, with the sole exception of Viscount Saitō, a retired admiral.

The governor-general of Chōsen had a police organisation, which may have been partly involved in having Korean women working as comfort women.[6][better source needed]

After the Japanese defeat in World War II, the Korean Peninsula was administered by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea. The governor-general building was demolished during administration of South Korean president Kim Yong-Sam on August 15, 1995.

Prime Ministers of Japan

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Four individuals who held the position of the governor-general of Chōsen also held the office of the prime minister of Japan. Three, Terauchi Masatake, Saitō Makoto, and Koiso Kuniaki, were governors-general before becoming prime ministers. One, Abe Nobuyuki, was prime minister before his appointment as governor-general. Ugaki Kazushige was named prime minister-designate, but he could not take office because he was unable to form a cabinet.

In addition, Resident-General Itō Hirobumi served four terms as prime minister prior to his appointment to Korea.

Governors-general

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Main article: List of Japanese governors-general of Korea

After the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910, the office of resident general was replaced by that of governor-general.

  1. General Count Terauchi Masatake 寺内 正毅 (1910–1916)
  2. Gensui Count Hasegawa Yoshimichi 長谷川好道 (1916–1919)
  3. Admiral Viscount Saitō Makoto 斎藤 実 (1919–1927)
  4. General Ugaki Kazushige 宇垣 一成 (1927)
  5. General Yamanashi Hanzō 山梨半造 (1927–1929)
  6. Viscount Saitō Makoto 斎藤 実 (second time 1929–1931)
  7. General Kazushige Ugaki 宇垣 一成 (second time 1931–1936)
  8. General Minami Jirō 南次郎 (1936–1942)
  9. General (ret'd) Koiso Kuniaki 小磯 國昭 (1942–1944)
  10. General (ret'd) Abe Nobuyuki 阿部信行 (1944–1945)

See also

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References

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  • Kim, Djun (2005). The History of Korea. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33296-7.
  1. ^ Governor-General of Korea. 統計年報[Statistics Annual Report]
  2. ^ 黄文雄 Kō Bun'yū 歪められた朝鮮総督府 [Distorted facts about Governor-General of Korea](in Japanese).光文社 Kobunsya
  3. ^ The building was demolished during the administration of South Korean president Kim Yong-sam on August 15, 1995.
  4. ^ 잡지 일본지 조선(日本誌 朝鮮) 1911 Magazine Japanese Chosun (Illustration)
  5. ^ Grajdanzev, Andrew (2007). "The Government of Korea". Modern Korea (2nd ed.). Orchard Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4067-3825-4.
  6. ^ 西岡力 Tsutomu Nishioka 政府は名誉回復の戦いを止めてはならぬ [The Japanese government must not stop demanding the restoration of honour] in Seiron March 2016 (in Japanese).産経新聞社 [Sankei Shimbun Sya]. p. 83
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