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{{dablink|This article is about the Germanic tribes. For the late 20th century subculture, see [[Goth subculture]]. For other uses, see [[Gothic]].}} |
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[[Image:Greatpalacemosaic.jpg|thumb|250px|One of the floor mosaics excavated at the [[Great Palace of Constantinople]] and dated to the reign of [[Justinian I]]. It is presumed to represent a conquered Gothic king.]] |
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The '''Goths''' ([[Gothic language|Gothic]]: [[Image:Gothic g.svg|14px|g]][[Image:Gothic u.svg|14px|u]][[Image:Gothic t.svg|14px|t]][[Image:Gothic a.svg|14px|a]][[Image:Gothic n.svg|14px|n]][[Image:Gothic s.svg|14px|s]]<!--�df32�df3f�df44�df30�df3d�df43-->, ''Gutans'') were [[East Germanic tribe]]s who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, harried the [[Roman Empire]] and later adopted [[Arianism]] (a form of Christianity). In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the [[Visigoths]] and the [[Ostrogoths]], they established powerful successor-states of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Iberian peninsula]] and [[Italy]], respectively. |
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==Etymology of the name "Goth" (*Gut-)== |
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[[etymology|Etymologically]] the ethnonym for the Goths, "''Guton''", derives from the same root as that of the [[Gotlander|Gotlanders]] ("''Gutar''"): the [[Proto-Germanic]] *''Gutaniz''. Related, but not the same, is the Scandinavian tribal name [[Geat]], from the Proto-Germanic *''Gautoz'' (plural *''Gautaz''). Both *''Gautoz'' and *''Gutaniz'' are derived (specifically they are two [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]] grades) from the Proto-Germanic word *''geutan'', meaning "to pour" (compare the modern Swedish ''gjuta'', modern Dutch ''gieten'', modern German ''gießen'', Gothic ''giutan''). Thus, the Gothic tribes are designated as "pourers of water", i.e. "men, people".<ref>Andersson (1996).</ref> [[Gapt]], the earliest Gothic hero, recorded by Jordanes, is generally regarded as a corruption of ''Gaut''. |
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Interestingly Old Norse records do not separate the Goths from the [[Gutar]] (Gotlanders) and both are called ''Gotar'' in Old West [[Old Norse language|Norse]]. The Old East [[Old Norse language|Norse]] term for both Goths and [[Gotlander]]s seems to have been ''Gutar'' (for instance in the [[Gutasaga]] and in the runic inscription of the [[Rökstone]]). However the [[Geats]] are clearly distinguished from the Goths/Gutar in both Old Norse and Old English literature. |
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Another theory connects the people with the name of a river flowing through [[Västergötland]] in [[Sweden]], the [[Göta älv]], which drains Lake [[Vänern]] into the [[Kattegat]]. In prehistoric times it had a stronger flow than now. The "man" interpretation, however, fits a general Indo-European naming analogy; e.g., Dutch, Deutsch, man, human, etc., and was preferred by Jordanes, who viewed the Goths as pouring forth from Scandinavia. The Wolfram source below also contains a discussion. [[Image:RavennaMausoleum.jpg|thumb|220px|The [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] in [[Ravenna]], the only significant relic of true Gothic architecture.]] |
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The [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-european]] root of the ''pour'' derivation would be [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE165.html *gheu-d-] as it is listed in the [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|American Heritage Dictionary]] (AHD). *gheu-d- is a [[centum]] form. The AHD relies on [[Julius Pokorny]] for the same root (p. 447). |
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At some time in prehistory, consonant changes according to [[Grimm's Law]] created a *g from the *gh and a *t from the *d. This same law more or less rules out [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE155.html *ghedh-], The *dh in that case would become a *d instead of a *t. When and where the ancestors of the Goths assigned this name to themselves and whether they used it in [[Proto-Indo-European society|Indo-european]] or [[proto-Germanic]] times remain unsolved questions of historical linguistics and prehistoric archaeology. |
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According the rules of [[Indo-European ablaut]], the full grade, *gheud-, might be replaced with the zero-grade, *ghud-, or the o-grade, *ghoud-, accounting for the various forms of the name; it is preserved until the modern times in the [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ethnonym for [[Belarusians]], ''Gudai''. The use of all three grades suggests that the name derives from an Indo-European stage; otherwise, it would be from a line descending from one grade. |
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A compound name, ''Gut-þiuda'', the "Gothic people", appears in the ''Gothic Calendar'' (''aikklesjons fullaizos ana '''gutþiudai''' gabrannidai''). Besides the Goths, this way of naming a tribe is only found in Scandinavia.<ref>See [[Suiones]] and [[Suiþioð]].</ref> |
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As mentioned above the name of the Goths is identical to that of the [[Gutar]], the inhabitants of [[Gotland]], a Swedish island in the [[Baltic Sea]]. The number of similarities that existed between the [[Gothic language]] and [[Old Gutnish]], made the prominent linguist [[Elias Wessén]] consider Old Gutnish to be a form of Gothic. The most famous example is that both [[Gutnish language|Gutnish]] and [[Gothic language|Gothic]] used the word ''lamb'' for both young and adult sheep. Still, some claim that [[Gutnish language|Gutnish]] is not closer to Gothic than any other Germanic dialect. |
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==History== |
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{{main|Gothic and Vandal warfare}} |
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[[Image:Young Folks' History of Rome illus368.png|thumb|300px|Goths.]] |
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Major sources for Gothic history include [[Ammianus|Ammianus Marcellinus]]' ''Res gestae'', mentioning Gothic involvement in the civil war between emperors Procopius and [[Valens]] of [[365]] and recounting the [[Gothic War (376-382)|Gothic refugee crisis and revolt of 376-382]] and [[Procopius]]' ''de bello gothico'', describing the [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War of 535-552]]. |
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In the 3rd century, there were at least two groups of Goths, the [[Thervings|Thervingi]], and the [[Greuthungs|Greuthungi]]. The Thervingi launched one of the first major "[[barbarian]]" invasions of the Roman Empire from 262, sacking [[Byzantium]]{{Failed verification|date=February 2007}} in 267.<ref>[[Hermannus Contractus]], quoting [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], has ''"263: [[Macedon]]ia, [[Greece|Graecia]], [[Pontus]], [[Asia Minor|Asia]] et aliae provinciae depopulantur per Gothos"''.</ref> A year later, they suffered a devastating defeat at the [[Battle of Naissus]] and were driven back across the [[Danube River]] by 271. This group then settled north of the Danube and established an independent kingdom centered on the abandoned Roman province of [[Dacia]]. |
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Both the Greuthungi and Thervingi became heavily Romanized during the 4th century by the influence of trade with the Byzantines, and by their membership of a military covenant centered in Byzantium to assist each other militarily. They converted to [[Arianism]] during this time. [[Hun]]nic domination of the Gothic kingdom in Scythia began in the 370s,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and under pressure of the Huns, the king of the Thervingi,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Fritigern]] in [[376]] asked the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Valens]] to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Valens permitted this, and even helped the Goths cross the river,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} probably at the fortress of [[Durostorum]], but following a famine the [[Gothic War (376-382)]] erupted, and Valens was killed at the [[Battle of Adrianople]]. |
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The '''[[Visigoths]]''' were one of two main branches of the Goths, (the [[Ostrogoths]] being the other) during the fifth century. Together these tribes were among the [[Germanic tribes|Germanic peoples]] who disturbed the late [[Roman Empire]] during the [[Migration Period]]. A Visigothic force led by [[Alaric I]] [[Sack of Rome (410)|sacked Rome in 410]]. [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] granted the Visigoths [[Aquitania]], where they defeated the [[Vandals]] and by 475 ruled most of the [[Iberian peninsula]] |
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The '''[[Ostrogoths]]''' in the meantime freed themselves of government of the Huns following the [[Battle of Nedao]] in 454. At the behest of emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]], [[Theoderic the Great]] from [[488]] conquered all of Italy. The Goths were briefly reunited under one crown in the early sixth century under Theodoric the Great, who became regent of the Visigothic kingdom following the death of [[Alaric II]] at the [[Battle of Vouillé]] in 507. [[Procopius]], writing at this time, interpreted the name ''Visigoth'' to mean "western Goths", and the name ''Ostrogoth'' as "eastern Goth" which corresponded to the current distribution of the Gothic realms. |
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The Ostrogothic kingdom persisted until [[553]] under [[Teia]], when Italy briefly fell back under Byzantine control, until the conquest of the [[Langobards]] in [[568]]. The Visigothic kingdom lasted longer, until [[711]] under [[Roderic]], when it had to yield to the [[Umayyad]] invasion of [[Andalusia]]. |
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==Archaeology== |
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{{main|Wielbark Culture|Chernyakhov Culture}} |
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[[Image:Chernyakhov.PNG|right|250px|thumb|The green area is the traditional extent of [[Götaland]] and the dark pink area is the island of [[Gotland]]. The red area is the extent of the [[Wielbark culture]] in the early 3rd century, and the orange area is the [[Chernyakhov culture]], in the early 4th century. The purple area is the [[Roman Empire]]]] |
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In today's [[Poland]], the earliest material culture identified with the Goths is the [[Wielbark Culture]],<ref>[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm The Goths in Greater Poland]</ref> which replaced the local [[Oksywie culture]] in the 1st century. This replacement happened when a Scandinavian settlement was established in a buffer zone between the Oksywie culture and the probably [[Vandal]] [[Przeworsk culture]].<ref>[Andrzej Kokowski "Archäologie der Goten" 1999 (ISBN 83-907341-8-4) |
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</ref> |
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However, as early as the late [[Nordic Bronze Age]] and early [[Pre-Roman Iron Age]] (ca 1300 BC–ca 300 BC), this area had influences from southern Scandinavia.<ref>[http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/publications/opia/gothicabstract.htm Gothic Connections]</ref> In fact, the Scandinavian influence on [[Pomerania]] and today's northern Poland from ca 1300 BC (period III) and onwards was so considerable that this region is sometimes included in the Nordic Bronze Age culture.<ref>Dabrowski 1989:73</ref> |
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During the period ca 600 BC–ca 300 BC the warm and dry climate of southern Scandinavia deteriorated considerably, which not only dramatically changed the flora, but forced people to change their way of living and to leave settlements. |
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The Goths are believed to have crossed the [[Baltic Sea]] sometime between the end of this period, ca 300 BC, and 100. According to earlier research, in the traditional Swedish province of [[Östergötland]], archaeological evidence shows that there was a general depopulation during this period.<ref>Oxenstierna 1945</ref> However, this is not confirmed in the recent publications<ref>Kaliff 2001</ref> The settlement in today's Poland probably corresponds to the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions, such as the [[Stone Circle (Iron Age)|stone circles]] and the [[Menhir (Iron Age)|stelae]], especially common on the island of [[Gotland]] and other parts of southern Sweden, which indicates that the early Goths preferred to bury their dead according to Scandinavian traditions. The Polish archaeologist Tomasz Skorupka states that a migration from Scandinavia is regarded as a matter of certainty: |
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:''Despite many controversial hypotheses regarding the location of Scandia (for example, in the island of [[Gotland]]ia and the provinces of [[Västergötland]] and [[Östergötland]]), the fact that the Goths arrived on today's Polish land from the North after crossing the Baltic Sea by boats is certain.''<ref>[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html Jewellery of the Goths]</ref> |
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However, the Gothic culture also appears to have had continuity from earlier cultures in the area,<ref>[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm The Goths in Greater Poland]</ref> suggesting that the immigrants mixed with earlier populations, perhaps providing their separate aristocracy. The Oxford scholar Heather suggests that it was a relatively small migration from Scandinavia.<ref>Heather 1996:25.</ref> This scenario would make their migration across the Baltic similar to many other population movements in history, such as the [[Anglo-Saxons#The "Anglo-Saxon invasion" and genetic history|Anglo-Saxon Invasion]], where, according to some theories, migrants have imposed their own culture and language on an indigenous one. The Willenberg/Wielbark culture shifted south-eastwards towards the [[Black Sea]] area from the mid-2nd century. It was the oldest part of the Wielbark culture, located west of the Vistula and which had Scandinavian burial traditions, that pulled up its stakes and moved.<ref>[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html Jewellery of the Goths]</ref> In [[Ukraine]] , they imposed themselves as the rulers of the local, probably Slavic,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Zarubintsy culture]] forming the new [[Chernyakhov Culture]] (ca 200–ca 400). |
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There is archaeological and historic evidence of continued contacts between the Goths and southern Sweden during their migrations, into the [[6th century]].<ref>Arhenius, B. Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration Period, in ''From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology'', ed. by David Austin and Leslie Alcock (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 118-37 (pp. 119, 134).</ref><ref>Heather, Peter: The Goths (Blackwell, 1996), p. 27.</ref> |
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Chernyakhov settlements cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty) is 35 hectares.<ref>Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, ''The Goths in the Fourth Century'', Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 52-54.</ref> Most settlements are open and unfortified; some forts are also known. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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Chernyakhov cemeteries include both [[cremation]] and [[inhumation]] burials; among the latter the head is to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but almost never any weapons.<ref>Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, ''Goths in the Fourth Century,'' Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 54-56.</ref> |
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==Languages== |
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{{main|Gothic language|Gothic alphabet}} |
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Gothic is an archaic [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]] with definite ties to the languages of North-Central Europe. It is the only well-recorded [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic language]]. |
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According to at least one theory, there are closer linguistic connections between [[Gothic language|Gothic]] and [[Old Norse]] (especially the [[Old Gutnish]] dialect) than between Gothic and the [[West Germanic languages]] (see [[East Germanic languages]] and [[Gothic language|Gothic]]). Moreover, there were two tribes that probably are closely related to the Goths<ref name="stål">Stål, Harry. (1976). ''Ortnamn och ortnamnsforskning''. Almquist & Wiksell, Uppsala. p.131.</ref> and remained in Scandinavia, the Gutar (Gotlanders), whose name is identical to Goths, and the Geats. These tribes were considered to be Goths by Jordanes (see [[Scandza]]). |
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The fact is that virtually all of those phonetic and grammatical features that characterize the [[North Germanic languages]] as a separate branch of the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] language family (not to mention the features that distinguish various [[Old Norse language|Norse]] dialects) seem to have evolved at a later stage than the one preserved in Gothic. Gothic in turn, while being an extremely archaic form of Germanic in most respects, has nevertheless developed a certain number of unique features that it shares with no other Germanic language. |
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However, this does not exclude the possibility of the Goths, the [[Gutar]] and the [[Geats]] being related as tribes. Similarly, the Saxon dialects of Germany are hardly closer to [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] than any other West Germanic language that hasn't undergone the High German consonant shift (see [[Grimm's law]]), but the tribes themselves are definitely identical. The Jutes (Dan. jyder) of Jutland (Dan. Jylland, in Western Danmark) are at least etymologically identical to the [[Jutes]] that came from that region and invaded Britain together with the Angles and the Saxons in the 5th century AD. Nevertheless, there are no remaining written sources to associate the Jutes of Jutlandia with anything but North Germanic dialects, or the Jutes of Britain with anything but West Germanic dialects. Thus, language is not always the best criterion for tribal or ethnic tradition and continuity. |
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The [[Gutar]] (''Gotlanders'') themselves had oral traditions of a mass migration towards southern Europe, written down in the [[Gutasaga]]. If the facts are related, that would be a unique case of a tradition that survived in more than a thousand years and that actually pre-dates most of the major splits in the Germanic language family. |
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==Symbolic legacy== |
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The Goths' relationship with Sweden became an important part of Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century the view that the Swedes were the direct descendants of the Goths was common. Today Swedish scholars identify this as a [[cultural movement]] called [[Gothicismus]], which included an enthusiasm for things [[Old Norse]]. |
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Ever since 1278, when [[Magnus III of Sweden]] mounted the throne, it has been included in the title of the King of Sweden. '' "We N.N. by Gods Grace of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends King"'' |
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In Medieval and Modern Spain, the [[Visigoths]] were thought to be the origin of the [[Spanish nobility]] (compare [[Gobineau]] for a similar French idea). |
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Somebody acting with arrogance would be said to be "''haciéndose los godos''" ("making himself to act like the Goths"). Because of this, in [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] and the [[Canary Islands]], ''godo'' was an [[ethnic slur]] used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony period would feel superior to the people born locally (''[[Spanish Criollo peoples|criollos]]''). |
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This claim of Gothic origins led to a clash with the Swedish delegation at the [[Council of Basel]], 1434. Before the assembled [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s and delegations could undertake the theological discussions, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations were to sit closest to the [[Pope]], and there were also disputes about who was to have the finest chairs and who was to have their chairs on mats. In some cases they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this infected conflict, the bishop of [[Diocese of Växjö|Växjö]], [[Nicolaus Ragvaldi]] claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of [[Västergötland]] (''Westrogothia'' in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of [[Östergötland]] (''Ostrogothia'' in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation then retorted that it was only the ''lazy'' and ''unenterprising'' Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the ''heroic'' Goths, on the other hand, had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in Spain.<ref>Ergo 12-1996.</ref><ref>[http://runeberg.org/samlaren/1896/0195.html Söderberg, Werner. (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434", in ''Samlaren''. p. 187-195.]</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Agote]]s |
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*[[Arheimar]] |
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*[[The Battle of the Goths and Huns]] |
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*[[Crimean Goths]] |
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*[[Gothic alphabet]] |
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*[[Gutar]] |
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*[[Götaland]] |
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*[[Hervarar saga]] |
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*[[Jordanes]] |
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*[[King of the Geats]] |
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*[[Reidgotaland]] |
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*[[Sabbas the Goth]] |
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*[[Scandza]] |
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*[[Ulfilas]] |
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*[[Västergötland]] |
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*[[Codex Argenteus]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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*Andersson, Thorsten. (1996) "Göter, goter, gutar" in ''Journal Namn och Bygd'', Uppsala. |
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*Bell-Fialkoff, A.: ''The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe'', London: Macmillan, 2000. |
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*Bradley, Henry. ''The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain'', London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1888. |
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*Dabrowski, J. (1989) Nordische Kreis un Kulturen Polnischer Gebiete. ''Die Bronzezeit im Ostseegebiet. Ein Rapport der Kgl. Schwedischen Akademie der Literatur Geschichte und Alter unt Altertumsforschung über das Julita-Symposium 1986''. Ed Ambrosiani, B. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Konferenser 22. Stockholm. |
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*Findeisen, Joerg-Peter: ''Schweden - Von den Anfaengen bis zur Gegenwart'', Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 1998. |
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*Oxenstierna, Graf E.C. : ''Die Urheimat der Goten''. Leipzig, Mannus-Buecherei 73, 1945 (later printed in 1948). |
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*Heather, Peter: ''The Goths'' (Blackwell, 1996) |
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*Hermodsson, Lars: ''Goterna - ett krigafolk och dess bibel'', Stockholm, Atlantis, 1993. |
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*Kaliff, Anders: ''Gothic Connections. Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC – 500 AD''. Occasional Papers in Archaeology (OPIA) 26. Uppsala 2001. |
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*Mastrelli, Carlo Alberto in Volker Bierbauer et al, ''I Goti'', Milan: Electa Lombardia, Elemond Editori Associati, 1994. |
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*Nordgren, I.: ''Goterkällan - om goterna i Norden och på kontinenten'', Skara: Vaestergoetlands museums skriftserie nr 30, 2000. |
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*Nordgren, I.: ''The Well Spring of the Goths : About the Gothic peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent'' (2004) |
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*Rodin, L. - Lindblom, V. - Klang, K.: ''Gudaträd och västgötska skottkungar - Sveriges bysantiska arv'', Göteborg: Tre böcker, 1994. |
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*''Schaetze der Ostgoten'', Stuttgart: Theiss, 1995. Studia Gotica - Die eisenzeitlichen Verbindungen zwischen Schweden und Suedosteuropa - Vortraege beim Gotensymposion im Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm 1970. |
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*Tacitus: ''Germania'', (with introduction and commentary by J.B. Rives), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. |
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*Wenskus, Reinhard: ''Stammesbildung und Verfassung. Das Werden der Frühmittelalterlichen Gentes'' (Köln 1961). |
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*Wolfram, Herwig: ''History of the Goths''. New and completely revised from the second German edition. Translated by Thomas J. Dunlap. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. LC number D137.W6213 1987 940.1. |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{portalpar|Ancient Germanic culture}} |
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*[http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html "The Origins and Deeds of the Goths", by Jordanes, trans. Charles C. Mierow] |
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*[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm "The Goths in Greater Poland" by Tadeusz Makiewicz] |
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*[http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html "Jewellery of the Goths", by Tomasz Skorupka, on a Polish museum site] |
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*[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MA/GERMANS.HTM "The Germans" by Richard Hooker] |
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*[http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/publications/opia/gothicabstract.htm Summary of "Gothic Connections" by Anders Kaliff] |
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*[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=801730674011842168&q=terry+jones+barbarians&total=17&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=9 "The Savage Goths"] - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006. |
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[[Category:Ancient Germanic peoples]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Goths|*]] |
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[[Category:History of the Germanic peoples]] |
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[[Category:Late Antiquity]] |
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[[Category:Migration Period]] |
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[[af:Gote]] |
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[[ar:قوط]] |
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[[bs:Goti]] |
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[[br:Goted]] |
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[[bg:Готи]] |
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[[ca:Got (poble germànic)]] |
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[[cv:Готсем]] |
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[[cs:Gótové]] |
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[[cy:Gothiaid]] |
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[[da:Goterne]] |
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[[de:Goten]] |
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[[et:Goodid]] |
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[[el:Γότθοι]] |
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[[es:Pueblo godo]] |
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[[eo:Gotoj]] |
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[[eu:Godo]] |
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[[fa:گوت]] |
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[[fr:Goths]] |
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[[gl:Godos]] |
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[[got:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃]] |
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[[ko:고트족]] |
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[[hr:Goti]] |
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[[id:Goth]] |
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[[it:Goti]] |
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[[he:גותים]] |
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[[ku:Got]] |
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[[la:Gothi]] |
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[[lv:Goti]] |
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[[lt:Gotai]] |
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[[hu:Gótok]] |
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[[nl:Goten]] |
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[[ja:ゴート族]] |
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[[no:Gotere]] |
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[[nn:Gotarar]] |
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[[pms:Gòt]] |
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[[nds:Goten]] |
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[[pl:Goci]] |
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[[pt:Godos]] |
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[[ro:Goţi]] |
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[[ru:Готы]] |
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[[scn:Goti]] |
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[[simple:Goths]] |
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[[sk:Góti]] |
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[[sl:Goti]] |
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[[sr:Готи]] |
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[[fi:Gootit]] |
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[[sv:Goter]] |
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[[tr:Gotlar]] |
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[[uk:Готи]] |
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[[zh:哥特人]] |
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Revision as of 16:22, 9 April 2008
goths