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Knights of the Golden Circle

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Knights of the Golden Circle
AbbreviationKGC
FormationJuly 4, 1854; 170 years ago (July 4, 1854)
Dissolved1863; 161 years ago (1863)
TypeParamilitary
Purpose
HeadquartersCincinnati, Ohio, United States
Official language
English
LeaderGeorge W. L. Bickley
Map of the proposed "Golden Circle" in dark green. Light green designates the remnants of the United States.
Seal of the president of the Knights of the Golden Circle, National Archives

The Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) was a secret society founded in 1854 by American George W. L. Bickley, the objective of which was to create a new country known as the Golden Circle (Spanish: Círculo Dorado), where slavery would be legal. The country would have been centered in Havana. It would have consisted of the Southern United States and a "golden circle" of territories in Mexico (which was to be divided into 25 new slave states), Central America, northern parts of South America, and Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and most other islands in the Caribbean, about 2,400 miles (3,900 km) in diameter.[1][2]

The KGC's proposal grew out of previously unsuccessful proposals to annex Cuba (Ostend Manifesto), parts of Central America (Filibuster War), and all of Mexico (All of Mexico Movement). In Cuba, the issue was complicated by the desire of many in the colony for independence from Spain. Mexico and Central America had no interest in being part of the United States. Initially, the KGC advocated that the United States should annex the new territories to increase the number of slavery states vastly and thus the power of enslavers.

In response to the increased anti-slavery agitation that followed the Dred Scott decision (1857), the Knights changed their position: the Southern United States should secede, forming their own confederation, and then invade and annex the other areas of the Golden Circle.[3] The proposed new country's northern border would roughly coincide with the Mason–Dixon line, and within it were included such cities as Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Mexico City, and Panama City. In either case, the goal was to increase enslavers' political and economic power irreversibly.[3]

During the American Civil War, Southern sympathizers in the United States, especially that Northern United States, such as in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, and Iowa, were organized to a radical paramilitary splinter group of KGC, which was renamed, in a deliberate reference to the American Revolution, the "Order of the Sons of Liberty". In some cases, such as that of Lambdin P. Milligan, Sons of Liberty members were imprisoned, deported, or even court-martialed and hanged for their activities.

Among the many acts of guerrilla warfare attributed to the Sons of Liberty were the burning of the Walnut Ridge Friends Meetinghouse in Rush County, Indiana in 1864 and the Northwest Conspiracy, which plotted regime change uprisings aimed at forcibly bringing Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana into the Confederacy.

Although nominally secret societies, the existence of the Knights of the Golden Circle and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were never considered a secret.

Background

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European colonialism and dependence on slavery had declined more rapidly in some countries than in others. The Spanish possessions of Cuba and Puerto Rico and the Empire of Brazil continued to depend on slavery, as did the Southern United States. In the years before the American Civil War, the rise of support for the abolition of slavery was one of several divisive issues in the United States. The slave population there had continued to grow due to natural increase even after the ban on international trade. It was concentrated in the Deep South on large plantations devoted to cotton and sugar cane commodity crops. Still, it was the basis of agricultural and other labor throughout the southern states.

Early history

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George W. L. Bickley, a doctor, editor, and adventurer who was born in Indiana[4] and lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded the association, organizing the first castle, or local branch, in Cincinnati in 1854,[5] although records of the KGC convention held in 1860 state that the organization "originated at Lexington, Kentucky, on the fourth day of July 1854, by five gentlemen who came together on a call made by Gen. George Bickley".[6] Hounded by creditors, Bickley left Cincinnati in the late 1850s and traveled through the eastern and southern United States, promoting an armed expedition to Mexico. The group's original goal was to provide a force to colonize the northern part of Mexico and the West Indies and add them to the U.S. as states, which would extend the power of the slavery states, which was felt to be jeopardized by the power and population of the northern states. The membership, scattered from New York to California and into Latin America, was never large. Bickley received little encouragement on this journey, except in Texas, since attention in the South was focused on the 1860 United States presidential election and the possible election of an enslaver, John C. Breckinridge.[4]

An alleged secret history of the Knights of the Golden Circle published in 1863

In August 1861, The New York Times described the order as a successor to the Order of the Lone Star, which had been organized to conquer Cuba and Nicaragua, succeeding in the latter cause in 1856 under William Walker before being driven out by a coalition of neighboring states. At that time, the order's prime objective was said to be to raise an army of 16,000 men to conquer and "Southernize" Mexico, which meant making slavery, not legal in Mexico, again legal while supporting the "Knights of the Columbian Star"—those in the KGC's highest level of membership—for public office.[7]

In the North, the KGC was cited by a Senator from Wisconsin as an exemplar of "Southern fanaticism", an exposé of the organization was published in Indiana in 1861, and its secret rituals were publicized in Boston in that year as well.[4] Some members active in northern states, such as Illinois, were accused of anti-Union activities after the Civil War began in 1861.[8]

Requirements and rituals

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The initiation ritual of the KGC began: "the first field of our operations is in Mexico; but we hold it to be our duty to offer our services to any Southern State to repel a Northern army ... The Southern States must foster any scheme having for its object the Americanization and Southernization of Mexico. ..." Using numbers to represent important phrases, it was specified that candidates "must have been born in a Slave State or if in a Free State he must be citizen; a Protestant and a Slaveholder. A candidate who was born in a Slave State need not be a Slaveholder provided he can give Evidence of character as a Southern man." Initiates had to swear that "should my State or any other Southern State be invaded by Abolitionists I will muster the largest force I can, and go to the scene of the danger."[4]

Plans to seize Lincoln and inaugurate Breckinridge as president

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Several members of President James Buchanan's administration were members of the order,[9] as well as Virginia's secessionist Senator James M. Mason.[1]: 102–104  The Secretary of War, John Floyd and of Treasury, Howell Cobb, were members of the circle, in addition to Vice President John Breckinridge. Floyd received instructions from the Order to "seize Navy-yards, Forts, etc. while KGC members were still Cabinet officers and Senators".[9] The plan was to prevent Lincoln from reaching Washington by capturing him in Baltimore. Then, they would occupy the District of Columbia and install Breckinridge as president instead of Lincoln.[1] Floyd used his position as Secretary of War to move munitions and men to the South toward the end of Buchanan's presidency. His plot was discovered and led to greater distrust of secret societies and Copperheads in general. This distrust resulted from a confirmed plot to overthrow the U.S. government rather than general discontent.

Robert Barnwell Rhett, who has been called "the father of secession", said a few days after Lincoln's election:

We will expand, as our growth and civilization shall demand—over Mexico—over the isles of the sea—over the far-off Southern tropics—until we shall establish a great Confederation of Republics—the greatest, freest and most useful the world has ever seen.[10]

American Civil War

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Southwest

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In 1859, future Confederate States Army brigadier general Elkanah Greer established KGC castles in East Texas and Louisiana.[11] Although a Unionist, United States Senator Sam Houston introduced a resolution in the U.S. Senate in 1858 for the "United States to declare and maintain an efficient protectorate over the States of Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and San Salvador." This measure, which supported the goal of the KGC, failed to be adopted.[11] In the spring of 1860, Elkanah Greer had become general and grand commander of 4,000 Military Knights in the KGC's Texas division of 21 castles. The Texas KGC supported President of the United States James Buchanan's policy of, and draft treaty for, protecting routes for U.S. commerce across Mexico, which also failed to be approved by the U.S. Senate.[12]

With the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, the Texas KGC changed its emphasis from a plan to expand U.S. territory into Mexico to focus its efforts on providing support for the Southern States' declared secession from the United States.[13] On February 15, 1861, Ben McCulloch, United States Marshal and former Texas Ranger, began marching toward the U.S. Army arsenal at San Antonio, Texas, with a cavalry force of about 550 men, about 150 of whom were Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) from six castles.[14] As volunteers continued to join McCulloch the following day, United States Army Brevet Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered the arsenal peacefully to the secessionists. Twiggs was appointed a major general in the Confederate States Army on May 22, 1861.[15]

KGC members also figured prominently among those who, in 1861, joined Lt. Col. John Robert Baylor in his temporarily successful takeover of southern New Mexico Territory.[16] In May 1861, members of the KGC and the Confederate Rangers attacked a building that housed a pro-Union newspaper, the Alamo Express, owned by J. P. Newcomb, and burned it down.[17] Other KGC members followed Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley on the 1862 New Mexico Campaign, which sought to bring the New Mexico Territory into the Confederate fold. Both Baylor and Trevanion Teel, Sibley's captain of artillery, had been among the KGC members who rode with Ben McCulloch.

North

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In early 1862, Radical Republicans in the Senate, aided by Secretary of State William H. Seward, suggested that former president Franklin Pierce, who was exceedingly critical of the Lincoln administration's war policies, was an active member of the Knights of the Golden Circle. In an angry letter to Seward, Pierce denied that he knew anything about the KGC and demanded that his letter be made public. California Senator Milton Latham subsequently did so when he entered the entire Pierce–Seward correspondence into the Congressional Globe.

Appealing to the Confederacy's friends in both the North and the border southern states, the Order spread to Kentucky and Tennessee, as well as the southern parts of such Union states as Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri. It became strongest among Copperheads, who were Democrats who wanted to end the Civil War via settlement with the South. Some supported slavery, and others were worried about the power of the federal government. In the summer of 1863, Congress authorized a military draft, which the administration soon put into operation. Leaders of the Democratic Party opposed to Abraham Lincoln's administration denounced the draft and other wartime measures, such as the arrest of seditious persons and the president's temporary suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.

During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, scam artists in south-central Pennsylvania sold Pennsylvania Dutch farmers $1 (~$25.00 in 2023) paper tickets purported to be from the Knights of the Golden Circle. Along with a series of secret hand gestures, these tickets were supposed to protect the horses and other possessions of ticket holders from seizure by invading Confederate soldiers.[18] When Confederate Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's infantry division passed through York County, Pennsylvania, they took what they needed anyway. They often paid with Confederate States dollars or with drafts on the Confederate government. The Confederate cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart also reported the alleged KGC tickets when documenting the campaign.

That same year, Asbury Harpending and California members of the Knights of the Golden Circle in San Francisco outfitted the schooner J. M. Chapman as a Confederate privateer in San Francisco Bay, with the object of raiding commerce on the Pacific Coast and capturing gold shipments to the East Coast. Their attempt was detected and they were seized on the night of their intended departure.[19][20][21]

In late 1863, the KGC reorganized as the Order of American Knights. In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, the most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The KGC held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest intending to end the war.[22]

Influence

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In The Idea of a Southern Nation (1979), historian John McCardell called the KGC "that most bizarre offshoot of Southern expansionism." He wrote:

In reality, the influence of the K.G.C. was practically nonexistent. ... Viewed in isolation, the K.G.C. would seem to be an aberration hardly deserving attention. But viewed in the context of the developments of the 1850s, the organization seems perhaps the logical extension of Southern expansionist rhetoric."[4]

Survival conspiracy theory

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See also: Neo-Confederates

The Los Angeles Times noted that one theory, among many, on the origin of the Saddle Ridge Hoard of gold coins is that it was cached by the KGC, which "some believe buried millions in ill-gotten gold across a dozen states to finance a second Civil War".[23]

Alleged members

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See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Gawalt, Gerard W. (2015). Clashing Dynasties: Charles Francis Adams and James Murray Mason in the Fiery Cauldron of Civil War. North Charleston: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1519347916.
  2. ^ Campbell, Rudolph B. "Knights of the Golden Circle." Texas State Historical Association Handbook of Texas. Archived from the original. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Woodward, Colin. American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America. New York: Penguin, 2017, p. 207.
  4. ^ a b c d e f McCardell, John (1979). The Idea of a Southern Nation. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 273–276. ISBN 0-393-01241-7.
  5. ^ Bridges, C. A. (January 1941). "The Knights of the Golden Circle: A Filibustering Fantasy". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 44 (3): 287–302. JSTOR 30235905.
  6. ^ Campbell, Randolph B. "Knights of the golden circle". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  7. ^ Staff (August 30, 1861). "The Knights of the Golden Circle". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  8. ^ Simon, John Y. (2006-04-07). "Judge Andrew D. Duff of Egypt". Springhouse Magazine. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
  9. ^ a b Keehn, David (February 2014). "Avowed enemies of the country". Civil War Times. 53: 60–65 – via ProQuest.
  10. ^ Adam Goodheart (2010-12-16). "The Happiest Man in the South".
  11. ^ a b Hudson, Linda S. "The Knights of the Golden Circle in Texas, 1858–1861: An Analysis of the First (Military) Degree Knights", p. 53, in Howell, Kenneth W., ed. The Seventh Star of the Confederacy: Texas during the Civil War. University of North Texas Press: Denton, Texas, 2009. ISBN 978-1574412598.
  12. ^ Hudson, 2009, p. 54.
  13. ^ Hudson, 2009, pp. 55-56.
  14. ^ Keehn, David C. Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0807150047.
  15. ^ Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0807108239.
  16. ^ Thompson, Jerry D. Colonel John Robert Baylor: Texas Indian Fighter and Confederate Soldier. Hillsboro, Texas: Hill Junior College Press, 1971. ISBN 978-0912172149.
  17. ^ Speck, Ernest B. "Newcomb, James Pearson | The Handbook of Texas Online&#124". Tshaonline.org; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  18. ^ Cassandra Morris Small letters, York County (PA) Heritage Trust files
  19. ^ "California Naval History: The Pacific Squadron of 1861-1866". Militarymuseum.org. 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  20. ^ "The Pacific Squadron of 1861–1866", in Aurora Hunt, The Army of the Pacific; Its Operations in California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Plains Region, Mexico, etc. 1860–1866
  21. ^ Boessenecker, John (1993). Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0806125107. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  22. ^ William B. Hesseline, Lincoln and the War Governors, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948. OCLC 445066. p. 312.
  23. ^ Schaefer, Samantha (March 4, 2014). "Gold coins found by California couple unlikely stolen from U.S. Mint". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  24. ^ Getler, Warren; Brewer, Bob (2003). Shadow of the Sentinel: One Man's Quest to Find the Hidden Treasure of the Confederacy. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 67. ISBN 978-0743219686.
  25. ^ a b c d Varnell, Curtis (February 9, 2022). "Timepiece: Knights of the Golden Circle". Southwest Times Record. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  26. ^ Phillips, Betsy (June 5, 2023). "The Apocryphal Tale of Nashville's Secret Racist Gold Caches". Nashville Scene. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  27. ^ Michael Benson Inside Secret Societies, p. 86, Kensington Publishing Corp., 2005 ISBN 978-0806526645
  28. ^ Grayston, Florence L. (December 1947). "Lambdin P. Milligan—A Knight of the Golden Circle". Indiana Magazine of History. 43 (4): 382–383. JSTOR 27787645. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  29. ^ Ayer, I. Winslow (1865). "The Great North-Western Conspiracy in All Its Startling Details" (PDF). Chicago, Rounds & James. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  30. ^ Rowland, Beth (July 8, 2015). "Home Grown Terrorists". HistoryNet. World History Group. Archived from the original on June 16, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  31. ^ Lentz, Ed (March 15, 2021). "As it Were: Independence was guiding spirit of Lottie Moon". The Columbus Dispatch. Gannett. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  32. ^ Keehn, David C. (2020). Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War (4th ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807150047.
  33. ^ "The Golden Circle" Archived 2022-11-11 at the Wayback Machine – presented by Destination Freedom
  34. ^ "Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Confederate States of America descends deeper and deeper into racist tyranny: It enslaves Asian immigrants in California, confines Jews to a reservation on Long Island, and wages imperialist wars throughout Central America and the Caribbean to create ‘the Golden Circle,’ after which Jim Crow is imposed on the indigenous population of Mexico." Renee de Groot: What If the Pen Was Mightier Than the Sword? Civil War Alternate History as Social Criticism, Aspers, 2004
  35. ^ Lauer-Williams, Kathy (12 April 2013). "Author uncovers Lehigh Valley links to secret society Knights of the Golden Circle". The Morning Call. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  36. ^ "Watch Lincoln's Secret Assassins Full Episode - America Unearthed". History. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  37. ^ "v9ch5 Page 28". Atomic Robo. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  38. ^ "The Lost Order | Steve Berry".

Bibliography

Further reading

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