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Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty

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"Diary of King Yeonsan" redirects here. For the Korean film, see Diary of King Yeonsan (film).
Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
Veritable Records of Jeongjo
Korean name
Hangul
조선왕조실록
Hanja
朝鮮王朝實錄
Revised RomanizationJoseon wangjo sillok
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn wangjo sillok
North Korean name
Hangul
조선봉건왕조실록[1]
Hanja
朝鮮封建王朝實錄
Revised RomanizationJoseon bonggeon wangjo sillok
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn ponggŏn wangjo sillok

The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty,[a] sometimes called sillok (실록) for short, are state-compiled and published records, called Veritable Records, documenting the reigns of the kings of Joseon. Kept from 1392 to 1865, they comprise 1,893 volumes and are thought to be the longest continual documentation of a single dynasty in the world. The records of the last two monarchs are believed to have been influenced by the Japanese colonial rule and, therefore, their credibility compromised. Excluding the records of the last two kings, the sillok is designated as the 151st national treasure of South Korea and listed in UNESCO's Memory of the World registry.

In 2006,[3] the annals were digitized and made available online by the National Institute of Korean History. Both a modern-Korean translation in hangul and the original in Classical Chinese are available.[4] In January 2012, the National Institute of Korean History announced a plan to translate them to English by 2033. The work was scheduled to start in 2014 with an initial budget of ₩500 million, but it was estimated that a total of ₩40 billion would be needed to complete the project.[5]

Compilation process

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The Bureau of State Records, overseen by the three High State Councillors, served as the state archive for administrative records. However, the eight historians of the seventh, eighth, and ninth ranks in the Office of Royal Decrees (예문관; 藝文館) were responsible for maintaining daily records of official court activities. These historians accompanied the king at all times, and Joseon kings did not conduct official business without a historian present. The daily historical records produced by the eight historians were called sacho (사초; 史草; lit. raw historical material), which served as the basis for the compilation.[6]

After the death of a king, the veritable records, or sillok, of the deceased monarch's reign were compiled by a special committee known as the Sillokcheong, or the Office of Annals Compilation. This committee included high-ranking officials and the most competent scholars. The compilation relied on various primary sources, including the sacho, historians' private memoranda, administrative records (시정기; 時政記), and the Journal of the Royal Secretariat.[6][7]

The compilation process consisted roughly of three phases. First, the primary sources were gathered, and the historians produced the first draft (초초; 初草; lit. initial draft). This draft was then refined into a second draft (중초; 中草; lit. middle draft), which was reviewed and finalized by high-ranking officials into a final draft (정초; 正草; lit. official draft). Once finalized, the drafts, sacho, and the historians' private memoranda were pulped in water and expunged (세초; 洗草; lit. wash drafts) to prevent leaks.[7][8]

Great care was taken to ensure the integrity of the records; historians were guaranteed legal protection and editorial independence, especially from the king. Only the historians were allowed to read the sacho; if any historian disclosed or altered its contents, they were subject to severe punishment.[9][10] Pulping and expunging the drafts and certain primary sources likely to contain historian commentary was a safety measure designed to insulate the historians from political influences and preserve the integrity of the records.[8][11]

An oft-cited story in the sillok about King Taejong falling off his horse has been used to illustrate the commitment of Joseon court historians to documenting even events displeasing or embarrassing to the king and the extent to which the king could not influence which stories were included in the sillok.[12]

The king himself rode a horse and shot arrows at a deer. However, the horse stumbled, causing him to fall off, but he was not injured. Looking around, he said, "Do not let the historians know about this."[13][b]

— The Veritable Records of Taejong, Vol. 7, article 4

The historian present defied King Taejong's order and ensured that not only the king’s fall but also his wish to keep it off the record were documented.[12]

The records are written in Classical Chinese.[2][9] The records of the first three kings of the Joseon dynasty—Taejo (r. 1392–1398), Jeongjong (r. 1399–1400), and Taejong (r. 1401–1418)—were handwritten. The records of Sejong (r. 1418–1450) and later kings were printed using movable type, some wooden and others metal. Korea is the first nation in East Asia to have printed its royal records using movable type.[9]

History

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Beginning in 1445, they began creating three additional copies of the records, which they distributed at various locations around Korea for safekeeping: the Chunchugwan office in Seoul, Chungju County, Jeonju County, and Seongju County. Despite this precaution, during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea, all repositories were destroyed, except for the one in Jeonju. The Jeonju records narrowly escaped being destroyed by fire and were only saved by the private initiative of several scholars. After the war, the government began maintaining five repositories at Chunchugwan, Mount Myohyang, Taebaeksan, Odaesan, and Manisan.[14]

The 1624 Yi Gwal's Rebellion resulted in the destruction of the Chunchugwan repository. It was not replaced; they[who?] ultimately returned to printing four copies of the records and storing them at the other repositories. The Mount Myohyang copy was moved to Jeoksangsan in 1633. Part of the Manisan collection was lost during the 1636 Qing invasion of Joseon, and the surviving volumes moved to Jeongjok-san on Ganghwa Island in 1678.[14]

During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, the records went under the control of the Japanese colonial government. The Jeongjoksan and Taebaeksan repositories were transferred to the holdings of Keijō Imperial University in Seoul. The Odae-san copies were taken to Tokyo Imperial University in Japan. There, they were mostly destroyed during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The remaining 46 volumes in Japan were not returned to Korea until 2006.[14]

The annals of the last two Joseon rulers, Veritable Records of Gojong [ko] and Veritable Records of Sunjong [ko], are controversial and considered by modern South Korean historians to lack the impartiality of the other sources. This is because Japanese officials interfered in their creation and curation. They are thus considered relatively separate from the other records, and are not included in the National Treasures of South Korea or UNESCO's Memory of the World register.[15][2][16][17]

Around the liberation of Korea, the Jeoksangsan copies were partially looted during the instability; there are reportedly uncertain rumors that some of these copies were actually taken during the 1950–1953 Korean War to North Korea.[14] The Jeongjoksan and Taebaeksan records were still held in the collection Kyujanggak, at Seoul National University (the successor to Keijō Imperial University). In the 1980s, the Taebaeksan copies were moved to the National Archives of Korea, Busan Center.[14]

List

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List of records[14][18]
English Hangul Hanja # volumes
(gwon) 		# books
(chaek) 		Monarch Start of compilation Notes
1 Veritable Records of Taejo [ko] 태조실록 太祖實錄 15 3 Taejo
(r. 1392–1398) 		1413
2 Veritable Records of Jeongjong [ko] 정종실록 定宗實錄 6 1 Jeongjong
(r. 1398–1400) 		1426
3 Veritable Records of Taejong [ko] 태종실록 太宗實錄 36 16 Taejong
(r. 1400–1418) 		1431
4 Veritable Records of Sejong [ko] 세종실록 世宗實錄 163 67 Sejong
(r. 1418–1450) 		1454
5 Veritable Records of Munjong [ko] 문종실록 文宗實錄 13 6 Munjong
(r. 1450–1452) 		1455
6 Veritable Records of Danjong [ko] 단종실록 端宗實錄 14 6 Danjong
(r. 1452–1455) 		1469 Changed name from Diary of Nosangun
(노산군일기, 魯山君日記) in 1698.
7 Veritable Records of Sejo [ko] 세조실록 世祖實錄 49 18 Sejo
(r. 1455–1468) 		1471
8 Veritable Records of Yejong [ko] 예종실록 睿宗實錄 8 3 Yejong
(r. 1468–1469) 		1472
9 Veritable Records of Seongjong [ko] 성종실록 成宗實錄 297 47 Seongjong
(r. 1469–1494) 		1499
10 Diary of Yeonsangun [ko] 연산군일기 燕山君日記 63 17 Yeonsangun
(r. 1494–1506) 		1509
11 Veritable Records of Jungjong [ko] 중종실록 中宗實錄 105 53 Jungjong
(r. 1506–1544) 		1550
12 Veritable Records of Injong [ko] 인종실록 仁宗實錄 2 2 Injong
(r. 1544–1545) 		1550
13 Veritable Records of Myeongjong [ko] 명종실록 明宗實錄 34 21 Myeongjong
(r. 1545–1567) 		1571
14 Veritable Records of Seonjo [ko] 선조실록 宣祖實錄 221 116 Seonjo
(r. 1567–1608) 		1616
Revised Veritable Records of Seonjo 선조수정실록 宣祖修訂實錄 42 8 1657
15 Diary of Gwanghaegun [ko] 광해군일기 光海君日記 187 64 Gwanghaegun
(r. 1608–1623) 		1633
187 40 1653
16 Veritable Records of Injo [ko] 인조실록 仁祖實錄 50 50 Injo
(r. 1623–1649) 		1653
17 Veritable Records of Hyojong [ko] 효종실록 孝宗實錄 21 22 Hyojong
(r. 1649–1659) 		1661
18 Veritable Records of Hyeonjong [ko] 현종실록 顯宗實錄 22 23 Hyeonjong
(r. 1659–1674) 		1677
Revised Veritable Records of Hyeonjong [ko] 현종개수실록 顯宗改修實錄 28 29 1683
19 Veritable Records of Sukjong [ko] 숙종실록 肅宗實錄 65 73 Sukjong
(r. 1674–1720) 		1728
20 Veritable Records of Gyeongjong [ko] 경종실록 景宗實錄 15 7 Gyeongjong
(r. 1720–1724) 		1732
Revised Veritable Records of Gyeongjong 경종수정실록 景宗修訂實錄 5 3 1781
21 Veritable Records of Yeongjo [ko] 영조실록 英祖實錄 127 83 Yeongjo
(r. 1724–1776) 		1781 Renamed from Veritable Records of Yeongjong
(영종실록, 英宗實錄) in 1899.
22 Veritable Records of Jeongjo [ko] 정조실록 正祖實錄 54 56 Jeongjo
(r. 1776–1800) 		1805 Renamed from Veritable Records of Jeongjong
(정종실록, 正宗實錄) in 1899.
23 Veritable Records of Sunjo [ko] 순조실록 純祖實錄 34 36 Sunjo
(r. 1800–1834) 		1838 Renamed from Veritable Records of Sunjong
(순종실록, 純宗實錄) in 1899.
24 Veritable Records of Heonjong [ko] 헌종실록 憲宗實錄 16 9 Heonjong
(r. 1834–1849) 		1851
25 Veritable Records of Cheoljong [ko] 철종실록 哲宗實錄 15 9 Cheoljong
(r. 1849–1864) 		1865
26 Veritable Records of Gojong [ko] 고종실록 高宗實錄 52 52 Gojong
(r. 1864–1907) 		1934 Often excluded from the collection
by Korean academics.
27 Veritable Records of Sunjong [ko] 순종실록 純宗實錄 22 8 Sunjong
(r. 1907–1910) 		1934

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ South Korean name: 조선왕조실록; 朝鮮王朝實錄. North Korean name: 조선봉건왕조실록. Also translated as Annals of the Joseon Dynasty or the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty. Alternate name Veritable Records of the Yi Dynasty (이조실록; 李朝實錄).[2]
  2. ^ 친히 활과 화살을 가지고 말을 달려 노루를 쏘다가 말이 거꾸러짐으로 인하여 말에서 떨어졌으나 상하지는 않았다. 좌우를 돌아보며 말하기를, "사관(史官)이 알게 하지 말라." 하였다.

References

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  1. ^ "력사에 류례없는 구출작전". Uriminzokkiri (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Origins of and system for Sillok compilation". sillok.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  3. ^ "E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman". The Chosun Ilbo. 27 January 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  4. ^ "조선왕조실록". sillok.history.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  5. ^ Lee, Sun-min; Ha, Hyun-ock (16 January 2012). "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty to be translated". Korea Joongang Daily. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Ch'oe, Yŏng-ho (1980). "An Outline History of Korean Historiography". Korean Studies. 4 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1353/ks.1980.0003.
  7. ^ a b Pae, Hyŏn-suk (2002). Chosŏn sillok yŏnʼgu sŏsŏl. Taegu Kwangyŏksi: Tʻaeilsa. ISBN 9788989023210.
  8. ^ a b Kang, Munsik (December 2016). "The reassessment of the common views of the studies on Sillok(實錄)". Kyujanggak. null (49): 247–278. doi:10.22943/kyujg.2016..49.006.
  9. ^ a b c "Summary of the Annals of the Choson Dynasty". National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  10. ^ "Joseon wangjo sillok (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty)". Cultural Heritage Administration - English Site. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  11. ^ "King Tries To Read Records Of Taejong But Subjects Object". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History. 사관이 죽음을 면치 못하게 되면 여러 신하들은 임금의 뜻에 순응하여 제몸을 완전하게 하려 하지 않을 자가 없을 것이니, 천년 후에는 무엇을 믿겠습니까
  12. ^ a b Seong Kuk Park, Eun Ju Lee and Jin Wan Park (2016). "Visual History with Choson Dynasty Annals" (PDF). Leonardo. 49 (4): 335. doi:10.1162/LEON_a_01286. S2CID 57571102.
  13. ^ "조선왕조실록". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e f 신, 해순, "조선왕조실록 (朝鮮王朝實錄)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-03
  15. ^ "About the Annals of Last Two Emperors of the Choson Dynasty". National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  16. ^ Yu Seok-jae (유석재) (2007-01-14). "고종·순종실록의 '찜찜한' 인터넷 공개". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  17. ^ Jae-un Kang; Suzanne Lee; Sook Pyo Lee (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 218–219. ISBN 1-931907-30-7.
  18. ^ "자료열람". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
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