Gobi Desert: Difference between revisions
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{{Geobox|Desert |
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|name = Gobi Desert |
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|native_name = {{lang|mn|Говь}} |
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|native_name1 = <br>{{lang|zh|戈壁(沙漠)}} |
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|native_name2 = Gēbì (Shāmò) |
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|other_name = |
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|category = |
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|image = OmnogoviLandscape.jpg |
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|image_caption = Gobi Desert landscape in [[Ömnögovi Province]], Mongolia. |
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|image_size = |
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|official_name = |
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|etymology = |
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|nickname = |
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|flag = |
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|symbol = |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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|country = Mongolia |
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|country1 = People's Republic of China |
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|state_type = [[Aimags of Mongolia|Mongolian Aimags]] |
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|state = [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]] |
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|state1 = [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]] |
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|state2 = [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]] |
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|state3 = [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]] |
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|state4 = [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]] |
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|state5 = [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]] |
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|state6 = [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]] |
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|region_type = Chinese Region |
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|region = Inner Mongolia |
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|district1 = [[Humboldt County, Nevada|Humboldt County]] |
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|district2 = [[Pershing County, Nevada|Pershing County]] |
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|district3 = [[Washoe County, Nevada|Washoe County]] = |
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|municipality = |
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|parent = |
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|range = Govi-Altai Mountains |
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|border = |
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|part = |
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|city = |
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|landmark = Nemegt Basin |
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|building = |
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|river = |
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|highest = |
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|highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_state = |
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|highest_elevation_imperial = |
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|highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = |
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|highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = |
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|lowest = |
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|lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country = |
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|lowest_elevation_imperial = |
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|lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = |
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|lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = |lowest_long_EW = |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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|length = 1500 | length_orientation = SE/NW |
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|width = 800 | width_orientation = N/S |
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|area = 1295000 |
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|area_land = |
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|area_water = |
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|area_urban = |
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|area_metro = |
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<!-- *** Population *** --> |
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|population = | population_date = |
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|population_urban = |
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|population_metro = |
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|population_density = |
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|population_density_urban = |
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|population_density_metro = |
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<!-- *** Features *** --> |
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|geology = |
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|orogeny = |
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|period = |
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|biome = |
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|plant = |
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|animal = |
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|author = |
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|style = |
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|material = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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|free = | free_type = |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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|map = GobiDessertReliefMap.jpg |
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|map_caption = The Gobi Desert lies in the territory of [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Mongolia]]. |
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|map_background = |
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|map_locator = |
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<!-- *** Websites *** --> |
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|commons = |
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|statistics = |
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|website = |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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The '''Gobi''' ({{lang-mn|Говь}}, '''Govi''' or '''Gov'''', ''"gravel-covered plain"''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh-t|戈壁(沙漠)}} [[Gēbì (Shāmò)]]) is the largest [[desert]] region in [[Asia]]. It covers parts of northern and northwestern [[China]], and of southern [[Mongolia]]. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the [[Altai Mountains]] and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the [[Tibetan Plateau]] to the southwest, and by the [[North China Plain]] to the southeast. The Gobi is made up of several distinct ecological and geographic regions based on variations in climate and topography. This desert is the [[List of deserts by area|fourth largest in the world]]. |
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The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the great [[Mongol Empire]], and as the location of several important cities along the [[Silk Road]]. |
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The Gobi is a [[rain shadow]] desert formed by the Himalaya range blocking rain-carrying clouds from reaching the Gobi. |
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==Geography== |
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The Gobi measures over {{convert|1610|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from southwest to northeast and {{convert|800|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from north to south. The desert is widest in the west, along the line joining the [[Baghrash Kol]] and the [[Lop Nor]] (87°-89° east). It occupies an arc of land {{convert|1295000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=nyt>{{cite book |first=John W. (ed.) |last=Wright | coauthors=Editors and reporters of ''The New York Times'' |year=2006 |title=The New York Times Almanac | edition=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York, New York |id=ISBN 0-14-303820-6 |pages=456}}</ref> in area, making it fourth largest in the world and Asia's largest. Much of the Gobi is not sandy but is covered with bare rock. |
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The Gobi has several different Chinese names, including 沙漠 (shāmò, actually a generic term for deserts in general) and 瀚海 (hànhǎi, endless sea). In its broadest definition, the Gobi includes the long stretch of desert and semidesert country extending from the foot of the [[Pamirs]], 77° east, to the [[Greater Khingan]] Mountains, 116°-118° east, on the border of [[Manchuria]]; and from the foothills of the Altay, [[Sayan Mountains|Sayan]], and [[Yablonoi Mountains|Yablonoi]] mountain ranges on the north to the [[Kunlun Shan]], [[Altun Shan]], and [[Qilian]] shan ranges, which form the northern edges of the Tibetan Plateau, on the south.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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A relatively large area on the east side of the Greater Khingan range, between the upper waters of the [[Songhua]] (Sungari) and the upper waters of the Liao-ho, is also reckoned to belong to the Gobi by conventional usage. On the other hand, [[geographer]]s and [[ecology|ecologists]] prefer to regard the western area of the Gobi region (as defined above), the basin of the Tarim in [[Xinjiang]] and the desert basin of Lop Nor and Hami ([[Kumul]]) as forming a separate and independent desert, called the [[Taklamakan Desert]]. |
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The [[Nemegt Basin]] in the northwestern part of the Gobi Desert (in Mongolia) is famous for its fossil treasures, including [[early mammals]], [[dinosaur]] eggs, and even [[prehistoric stone implements]], some 100,000 years old. |
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==Climate== |
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[[Image:Gobi.png|thumb|Gobi by [[NASA World Wind]]]] |
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[[Image:Gobi Desert.jpg|thumb|Sand dunes in [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region|Inner Mongolia]], China]] |
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[[Image:KhongorynElsCamels.jpg|thumb|[[Bactrian camels]] by the [[dune|sand dunes]] of [[Khongoryn Els]], [[Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park|Gurvansaikhan NP]], Mongolia.]] |
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[[Image:Khongoryn Els sand dunes.jpg|thumb|The [[dune|sand dunes]] of [[Khongoryn Els]], [[Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park|Gurvansaikhan NP]], Mongolia.]] |
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The Gobi is a cold desert, and it is not uncommon to see frost and occasionally snow on its dunes. Besides being quite far north, it is also located on a plateau roughly 910-1,520 meters (3,000-5,000 ft) above sea level, which further contributes to its low temperatures. An average of approximately 194 millimeters (7.6 in) of rain falls per year in the Gobi. Additional moisture reaches parts of the Gobi in winter as snow is blown by the wind from the Siberian Steppes. These winds cause the Gobi to reach extremes of temperature ranging from –40°C (-40°F) in winter to +40°C (104°F) in summer. <ref name="bbcpe">Planet Earth BBC TV series 2006 UK, 2007 US, Episode 5</ref> |
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===Climate (as of 1911)=== |
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The [[climate]] of the Gobi is one of great extremes, combined with rapid changes of [[temperature]], not only through the year but even within 24 hours (by as much as 32 °C or 58 °F). |
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{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |
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|+<big>'''Temperature'''</big> |
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|- |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | [[Sivantse]] (1190 m) |
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! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | [[Ulaanbaatar]] (1150 m) |
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|- |
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|Annual mean |
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| -2.5 °C (27 °F) |
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| 2.8 °C (37 °F) |
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|- |
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| January mean |
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| -26.5 °C (-15.7 °F) |
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| -16.5 °C (2 °F) |
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|- |
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| July mean |
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| 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) |
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| 19.0 °C (66 °F) |
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|- |
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| Extremes |
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| 38.0 °C and -43 °C (100 °F and -45 °F) |
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| 33.9 °C and -47 °C (93 °F and -52 °F) |
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|} |
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Even in southern Mongolia the [[thermometer]] goes down as low as -32.8 °C (-27 °F), and in [[Alxa League|Alxa]] it rises as high as 37 °C (98.6 °F) in July. |
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Average winter minimals are a frigid -40 °C (-40 °F) while summertime temperatures are warm to hot, highs range up to 50 °C (112 °F). Most of the [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] falls during the summer. |
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Although the southeast [[monsoon]]s reach the southeast parts of the Gobi, the area throughout this region is generally characterized by extreme dryness, especially during the winter. Hence, the icy [[sandstorm]]s and [[snowstorm]]s of spring and early summer plus early January (winter) |
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==Conservation, ecology, economy== |
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The Gobi Desert is the source of many important fossil finds, including the first dinosaur [[egg (biology)|eggs]]. |
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These deserts and the surrounding regions sustain many animals, including [[black-tailed gazelle]]s, [[marbled polecat]]s, [[bactrian camels]] and [[plover|sandplovers]], and are occasionally visited by [[snow leopard]]s, [[brown bear]]s, and [[wolf|wolves]]. The desert features a number of drought-adapted shrubs such as [[gray sparrow's saltwort]], [[gray sagebrush]], and low grasses such as [[needle grass]] and [[bridlegrass]]. |
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The area is vulnerable to trampling by [[livestock]] and off-road vehicles (human impacts are greater in the eastern Gobi Desert, where rainfall is heavier and may sustain livestock). In Mongolia, grasslands have been degraded by goats, raised by nomadic herders as source of [[cashmere wool]]. Economic trends of livestock privatization and the collapse of the [[urban economy]] have caused people to return to [[rural lifestyle]]s, a movement contrary to [[urbanization]]. This movement has resulted in a great increase of large copper and gold deposits located at [[Oyuu Tolgoi]], about 80 kilometers from the Chinese border into Mongolia and the feasibility of setting up a mining operation is being investigated.[http://www.ivanhoe-mines.com/s/OyuTolgoi.asp] |
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==Desertification== |
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Currently, the Gobi desert is expanding at an alarming rate, in a process known as [[desertification]]. The expansion is particularly rapid on the southern edge into China, which has seen {{convert|3600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of grassland overtaken every year by the Gobi Desert. This loss of farmland has caused an estimated $50 billion in losses each year for China's economy.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Dust storms, which were once a rarity, are springing up all over China, and could cause even further damage to China's agriculture economy. |
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The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities, notably [[deforestation]], [[overgrazing]], depletion of water resources, and [[global warming]]. China has made various plans to try to slow the expansion of the desert, which have met with some small degree of success, but usually have no major impact. The most recent plan involves the planting of the [[Green Wall of China]], a huge ring of newly-planted forests that the Chinese government hopes will act as a buffer against further expansion. |
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==Ecoregions of the Gobi== |
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The Gobi, broadly defined, can be divided into five distinct dry [[ecoregions]]. |
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The ''''Eastern Gobi desert steppe'''' is the easternmost of the Gobi ecoregions, covering an area of {{convert|281800|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. It extends from the [[Inner Mongolia]]n [[Plateau]] in China northward into Mongolia. It includes the [[Yin Mountains]] and many low-lying areas with salt pans and small ponds. It is bounded by the [[Mongolian-Manchurian grassland]] to the north, the Yellow River Plain to the southeast, and the Alashan Plateau semi-desert to the southeast and east. |
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The '''Alashan Plateau semi-desert''' lies west and southwest of the Eastern Gobi desert steppe. It consists of the desert basins and low mountains lying between the Gobi Altai range on the north, the [[Helan Mountains]] to the southeast, and the [[Qilian Mountains]] and northeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest. |
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The '''Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe''' ecoregion lies north of Alashan Plateau semi-desert, between the Gobi Altai range to the south and the [[Khangai Mountains]] to the north. |
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The '''[[Junggar Basin]] semi-desert''' includes the desert basin lying between the Altai mountains on the north and the [[Tian Shan]] range on the south. It includes the northern portion of China's Xinjiang province and extends into the southeastern corner of Mongolia. The Alashan Plateau semi-desert lies to the east, and the [[Emin Valley steppe]] to the west, on the China-[[Kazakhstan]] border. |
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The '''[[Tian Shan range]]''' separates the Junggar Basin semi-desert from the [[Taklamakan Desert]], which is a low, sandy desert basin surrounded by the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau to the south and the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamirs]] to the west. The Taklamakan Desert ecoregion includes the [[Desert of Lop]]. |
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===Eastern Gobi desert steppe=== |
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Here the surface is extremely diversified, although there are no great differences in vertical elevation. Between Ulaanbaatar (48° N 107° E) and the little lake of Iren-dubasu-nor ({{coord|43|45|N|111|50|E|}} ) the surface is greatly eroded, and consists of broad flat depressions and basins separated by groups of flat-topped mountains of relatively low elevation (150-180 m), through which archaic rocks crop out as crags and isolated rugged masses. The floors of the depressions lie mostly between 900-1000 m above sea-level. Farther south, between Iren-dutiasu-nor and the [[Huang He|Hwang-ho]] comes a region of broad tablelands alternating with flat plains, the latter ranging at altitudes of 1000-1100 m and the former at 1070-1200 m. The slopes of the plateaus are more or less steep, and are sometimes penetrated by "bays" of the lowlands. As the border-range of the Hyangan is approached, the country steadily rises up to 1370 m and then to 1630 m. Here small lakes frequently fill the depressions, though the water in them is generally salt or brackish. Both here and for {{convert|320|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of Ulaanbaatar, streams are frequent and grass grows more or less abundantly. There is, however, through all the central parts, until the bordering mountains are reached, an utter absence of trees and shrubs. Clay and sand are the predominant formations, the watercourses, especially in the north, being frequently excavated 2-3 m deep, and in many places in the flat, dry valleys or depressions farther south beds of [[loess]], 5-6 m thick, are exposed. West of the route from Ulaanbaatar to [[Kalgan]] the country presents approximately the same general features, except that the mountains are not so irregularly scattered in groups but have more strongly defined strikes, mostly east to west, west-north-west to east-south-east, and west-south-west to east-north-east. |
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The altitudes too are higher, those of the lowlands ranging from 1000-1700 m, and those of the ranges from 200-500 m higher, though in a few cases they reach altitudes of 2400 m. The elevations do not, however, form continuous chains, but make up a congeries of short ridges and groups rising from a common base and intersected by a labyrinth of ravines, gullies, glens and basins. But the tablelards, built up of the horizontal red deposits of the Han-gai (Ohruchev's Gobi formation) which are characteristic of the southern parts of eastern Mongolia, are absent here or occur only in one locality, near the Shara-muren river, and are then greatly intersected by gullies or dry watercourses. Here there is, however, a great dearth of water, no streams, no lakes, no wells, arid precipitation falls but seldom. The prevailing winds blow from the west and northwest and the pall of dust overhangs the country as in the Takla Makan and the desert of Lop. Characteristic of the flora are wild garlic, ''Kalidium gracile'', [[wormwood]], [[saxaul]], ''[[Nitraria]] schoberi'', ''[[Caragana]]'', [[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]], saltwort and the [[Poaceae|grass]] ''[[Lasiagrostis]] splendens''. The taana wild onion ''[[Allium]] polyrrhizum'' is the main browse eaten by many herd animals, and Mongolians claim that this is essential to produce the correct, slightly hazelnut-like flavour of camel [[airag]] (fermented milk). |
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This great desert country of Gobi is crossed by several trade routes, some of which have been in use for thousands of years. Among the most important are those from [[Zhangjiakou|Kalgan]] (at the Great Wall) to Ulaanbaatar ({{convert|960|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}), from [[Jiuquan]] (in [[Gansu]]) to Hami {{convert|670|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Hami to Beijing ({{convert|2000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}), from [[Hohhot]] to Hami and Barkul, and from [[Lanzhou]] (in Gansu) to Hami. |
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===Alashan Plateau semi-desert=== |
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The southwestern portion of the Gobi, known also as the [[Hsi-tau]] and the [[Little Gobi]], fills the space between the great north loop of the [[Yellow River]] on the east, the [[Ejin River]] on the west, and the [[Qilian Mountains]] and narrow rocky chain of [[Longshou]] , 3200-3500 m in altitude, on the southwest. The [[Ordos Desert]], which covers the northeastern portion of the Ordos Plateau, in the great north loop of the Huang He, is part of this ecoregion. It belongs to the middle basin of the three great depressions into which Potanin divides the Gobi as a whole. "Topographically," says [[Nikolai Przhevalsky|Przhevalsky]], "it is a perfectly level plain, which in all probability once formed the bed of a huge lake or inland sea." The data upon which he bases this conclusion are the level area of the region as a whole, the hard saldgine clay and the sand-strewn surface, and lastly the salt lakes which occupy its lowest parts. For hundreds of kilometers there is nothing to be seen but bare sands; in some places they continue so far without a break that the Mongols call them Tengger (i.e. sky). These vast expanses are absolutely waterless, nor do any oases relieve the unbroken stretches of yellow sand which alternate with equally vast areas of saline clay or, nearer the foot of the mountains, with barren shingle. Although on the whole a level country with a general altitude of 1000 to 1500 m, this section, like most other parts of the Gobi, is crowned by a chequered network of hills and broken ranges going up 300 m higher. The vegetation is confined to a few varieties of bushes and a dozen kinds of grasses and herbs, the most conspicuous being saxaul ''(Haloxylon ammondendron)'' and ''[[Agriophyllum]] gobicum''. The others include prickly [[convolvulus]], field wormwood ''(Artemisia campestris)'', [[acacia]], ''[[Inula]] ammophila'', ''[[Sophora]] flavescens'', ''Convolvulus ammanii'', ''[[Peganum]]'' and ''[[Astragalus]]'', but all dwarfed, deformed and starved. The fauna consists of little else except antelopes, the wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, marten, numerous lizards and a few birds, e.g. the sandgrouse, lark, stonechat, sparrow, crane, [[Henderson's Ground Jay]] ''([[Podoces]] hendersoni)'', [[Horned Lark]] ''(Eremophila alpestris)'', and [[Crested Lark]] ''(Galerida cristata)''. |
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The Gobi is also home to the rare Bactrian camel. It can run at 60 miles per hour and and beat a VW beetle in a drag race. Its hump can store up to 180 litres of water combined and can go without water for one year This eats snow to maintain its fluid level and must limit itself to 10 litres a day of snow if it is not to prove fatal. Poaching has made these animals highly fearful of people.<ref name="bbcpe"/> |
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===Junggar Basin semi-desert=== |
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The Yulduz valley or valley of the Haidag-gol (43° N 83°-86° E) is a mini desert enclosed by two prominent members of the Shanashen Trahen Osh mountain range, namely the chucis and the kracenard pine rallies, running perpendicular and far from one another. As they proceed south they transcend and transpose, sweeping back on east and west, respectively so as to leave room for the [[Baghrash-kol]]. These two ranges mark the northern and the southern edges respectively of a great swelling, which extends eastward for nearly twenty degrees of longitude. On its northern side the Chol-tagh descends steeply, and its foot is fringed by a string of deep depressions, ranging from [[Lukchun]] ({{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} below sea level) to [[Hami]] ({{convert|850|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea-level). To the south of the Kuruk-tagh lie the [[desert of Lop]] (= desert of [[Lop Nur]]), the desert of [[Kum-tagh]], and the valley of the [[Bulunzir-gol]]. To this great swelling, which arches up between the two border-ranges of the Chol-tagh and Kuruk-tagh, the [[Mongols]] give the name of [[Ghashuun-Gobi]] or ''Salt Desert''. It is some 130 to 160 km across from north to south, and is traversed by a number of minor parallel ranges, ridges and chains of hills, and down its middle runs a broad stony valley, 40-80 km wide, at an elevation of 900 to 1370 m. The Chol-tagh, which reaches an average altitude of 1800 m, is absolutely sterile, and its northern foot rests upon a narrow belt of barren sand, which leads down to the depressions mentioned above. |
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The Kuruk-tagh is the greatly disintegrated, denuded and wasted relic of a mountain range which formerly was of incomparably greater magnitude. In the west, between [[Baghrash-ko]]l and the [[Tarim]], it consists of two, possibly of three, principal ranges, which, although broken in continuity, run generally parallel to one another, and embrace between them numerous minor chains of heights. These minor ranges, together with the principal ranges, divide the region into a series of long; narrow valleys, mostly parallel to one another and to the enclosing mountain chains, which descend like terraced steps, on the one side towards the depression of Lukchun and on the other towards the desert of Lop. In many cases these latitudinal valleys are barred transversely by ridges or spurs, generally elevations en masse of the bottom of the valley. Where such elevations exist, there is generally found, on the east side of the transverse ridge, a cauldron-shaped depression, which some time or other has been the bottom of a former lake, but is now nearly a dry salt-basin. The surface configuration is in fact markedly similar to that which occurs in the inter-mount latitudinal valleys of the [[Kunlun Mountains]]. The [[hydrography]] of the Ghashiun-Gobi and the Kuruk-tagh is determined by these chequered arrangements of the latitudinal valleys. Most of the principal streams, instead of flowing straight down these valleys, cross them diagonally and only turn west after they have cut their way through one or more of the transverse barrier ranges. To the highest range on the great swelling [[Gruni-Grzhimailo]] gives the name of [[Tuge-tau]], its altitude being {{convert|2700|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the level of the sea and some {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the crown of the swelling itself. This range he considers to belong to the [[Choltagh]] system, whereas [[Sven Hedin]] would assign it to the Kuruk-tagh. This last, which is pretty certainly identical with the range of [[Kharateken-ula]] (also known as the [[Kyzyl-sanghir]], [[Sinir]], and [[Singher Mountains]]), that overlooks the southern shore of the Baghrash-kol, though parted from it by the drift-sand desert of [[Ak-bel-kum]] (White Pass Sands), has at first a westnorthwest to eastsoutheast strike, but it gradually curves round like a scimitar towards the eastnortheast and at the same time gradually decreases in elevation. In 91° east, while the principal range of the Kuruk-tagh system wheels to the eastnortheast, four of its subsidiary ranges terminate, or rather die away somewhat suddenly, on the brink of a long narrow depression (in which Sven Hedin sees a northeast bay of the former great Central Asian lake of Lop-nor), having over against them the écheloned terminals of similar subordinate ranges of the [[Pe-shan]] (Boy-san) system (see below). The Kuruk-tagh is throughout a relatively low, but almost completely barren range, being entirely destitute of animal life, save for hares, antelopes and wild camels, which frequent its few small, widely scattered oases. The vegetation, which is confined to these same relatively favoured spots, is of the scantiest and is mainly confined to bushes of [[Haloxylon ammodendron|saxaul]] ''(Haloxylon)'', ''[[Anabasis]]'', reeds (kamish), [[tamarisk]]s, [[poplar]]s, and [[Ephedra]] |
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==European exploration up to 1911== |
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The Gobi had a long history of human habitation, mostly by nomadic peoples. By the early 20th century the region was under the nominal control of Manchu-China, and inhabited mostly by [[Mongol]]s, [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], and [[Kazakhs]]. The Gobi desert as a whole was only very imperfectly known to outsiders, information being confined to the observations which individual travellers had made from their respective itineraries across the desert. Amongst the European explorers who contributed to early 20th century understanding of the Gobi, the most important were: |
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*[[Jean-François Gerbillon]] (1688-1698) |
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*[[Eberhard Isbrand Ides]] (1692-1694) |
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*[[Lorenz Lange]] (1727-1728 and 1736) |
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*Fuss and [[Alexander G. von Bunge]] (1830-1831) |
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*[[Hermann Fritsche]] (1868-1873) |
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*[[Pavlinov]] and [[Z.L. Matusovski]] (1870) |
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*[[Ney Elias]] (1872-1873) |
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*[[Nikolai Przhevalsky]] (1870-1872 and 1876-1877) |
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*[[Zosnovsky]] (1875) |
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*[[Mikhail V. Pevtsov]] (1878) |
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*[[Grigory N. Potanin]] (1877 and 1884-1886) |
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*[[Count Béla Széchenyi]] and [[Lajos Lóczy]] (1879-1880) |
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*The brothers [[G. E. Grumm-Grshimailo]] (1889-1890)and ? Grumm-Grshimailo. |
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*[[Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov]] (1893-1894 and 1899-1900) |
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*[[Vsevolod I. Roborovsky]] (1894) |
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*[[Vladimir Obruchev]] (1894- 1896) |
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*[[Karl Josef Futterer]] and [[Dr. Holderer]] (1896) |
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*[[Charles-Etienne Bonin]] (1896 and 1899) |
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*[[Sven Hedin]] (1897 and 1900-1901) |
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*[[K. Bogdanovich]] (1898) |
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*[[Ladyghin]] (1899-1900) and [[Katsnakov]] (1899-1900) |
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Just a while a go this was found out in the Gobi Desert. |
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Dec. 3, 2008 -- Nearly two pounds of still-green plant material found in a 2,700-year-old grave in the Gobi Desert has just been identified as the world's oldest marijuana stash, according to a paper in the latest issue of the Journal of Experimental Botany. |
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A barrage of tests proves the marijuana possessed potent psychoactive properties and casts doubt on the theory that the ancients only grew the plant for hemp in order to make clothing, rope and other objects. |
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They apparently were getting high too. |
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Lead author Ethan Russo told Discovery News that the marijuana "is quite similar" to what's grown today. |
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"We know from both the chemical analysis and genetics that it could produce THC (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase, the main psychoactive chemical in the plant)," he explained, adding that no one could feel its effects today, due to decomposition over the millennia. |
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== See also == |
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{{commonscat|Gobi Desert}} |
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* [[Geography of China]] |
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* [[Geography of Mongolia]] |
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* [[Battle of Ikh Bayan]] |
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* [[List of deserts by area]] |
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==References== |
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{{Citations missing|date=July 2007}} |
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{{update-eb}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{1911}} |
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== Further reading == |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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* Cable, Mildred and French, Francesca (1943) ''The Gobi Desert'' London. Landsborough Publications, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/411792 OCLC 411792] |
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* Man, John (1997) ''Gobi: Tracking the Desert'' Yale University Press, New Haven, ISBN 0-300-07609-6 |
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* Stewart, Stanley (2001) ''In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads'' HarperCollins''Publishers'', London, ISBN 0-00-653027-3. |
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* Thayer, Helen (2007) ''Walking the Gobi: 1,600 Mile-trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair'' Mountaineer Books, Seattle, WA, ISBN 978-1-59485-064-6 |
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</div> |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.chinapage.com/map/map.html#desert Map, from "China the Beautiful"] |
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* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/gobi Flickr: Photos tagged with gobi] |
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* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=521894 Gobi Desert in Google Earth] Requires [http://earth.google.com/ Google Earth] |
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{{Geography topics}} |
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{{Physical geography topics}} |
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{{Deserts}} |
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[[Category:Deserts of Mongolia]] |
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[[Category:Deserts of China]] |
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[[Category:Ecoregions]] |
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[[Category:Physiographic provinces]] |
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[[ar:صحراء جوبي]] |
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[[bn:গোবি মরুভূমি]] |
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[[be:Пустыня Гобі]] |
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[[be-x-old:Гобі]] |
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[[bg:Гоби]] |
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[[ca:Gobi]] |
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[[cs:Gobi]] |
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[[cy:Gobi]] |
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[[da:Gobi-ørkenen]] |
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[[de:Gobi]] |
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[[et:Gobi]] |
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[[es:Desierto de Gobi]] |
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[[eo:Gobi]] |
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[[eu:Gobi]] |
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[[fa:بیابان گبی]] |
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[[fr:Désert de Gobi]] |
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[[gd:Gobi]] |
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[[gl:Deserto de Gobi]] |
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[[ko:고비 사막]] |
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[[id:Gurun Gobi]] |
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[[it:Deserto del Gobi]] |
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[[he:מדבר גובי]] |
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[[ka:გობი (უდაბნო)]] |
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[[lt:Gobio dykuma]] |
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[[hu:Góbi]] |
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[[nl:Gobi]] |
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[[ja:ゴビ砂漠]] |
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[[no:Gobiørkenen]] |
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[[pl:Gobi]] |
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[[pt:Deserto de Gobi]] |
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[[ro:Deşertul Gobi]] |
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[[qu:Gobi]] |
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[[ru:Гоби]] |
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[[sq:Shkretëtira e Gobit]] |
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[[sk:Gobi]] |
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[[sl:Gobi]] |
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[[sr:Гоби]] |
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[[sh:Gobi]] |
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[[fi:Gobi]] |
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[[sv:Gobiöknen]] |
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[[ta:கோபி பாலைவனம்]] |
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[[th:ทะเลทรายโกบี]] |
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[[vi:Sa mạc Gobi]] |
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[[tg:Биёбони Габи]] |
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[[tr:Gobi Çölü]] |
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[[uk:Гобі]] |
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[[zh:戈壁]] |
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