Jump to content

Domestication syndrome

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Glutinousness)
Reduction in size is regarded as a domestication syndrome trait - grey wolf skull compared with a chihuahua skull

Domestication syndrome refers to two sets of phenotypic traits that are common to either domesticated plants[1][2] or domesticated animals.[3]

Domesticated animals tend to be smaller and less aggressive than their wild counterparts, they may also have floppy ears, variations to coat color, a smaller brain, and a shorter muzzle. Other traits may include changes in the endocrine system and an extended breeding cycle.[3][4][5] These animal traits have been claimed to emerge across the different species in response to selection for tameness, which was purportedly demonstrated in a famous Russian fox breeding experiment,[6][7][8] though this claim has been disputed.[9][10]

Other research[3] suggested that pleiotropic change in neural crest cell regulating genes was the common cause of shared traits seen in many domesticated animal species. However, several recent publications have either questioned this neural crest cell explanation[4][11][10] or cast doubt on the existence of domestication syndrome itself.[9] One recent publication[10] points out that shared selective regime changes following transition from wild to domestic environments are a more likely cause of any convergent traits. In addition, the sheer number, diversity, and phenotypic importance of neural crest cell-derived vertebrate features means that changes in genes associated with them are almost inevitable in response to any significant selective change.[10]  

The process of plant domestication has produced changes in shattering/fruit abscission, shorter height, larger grain or fruit size, easier threshing, synchronous flowering, and increased yield, as well as changes in color, taste, and texture.[12]

Origin

[edit]
In ten publications on domestication syndrome in animals, no single trait is included in every one.[13]

Charles Darwin's study of The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication in 1868 identified various behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits that are shared by domestic animals, but not by their wild ancestors. These shared traits became known as "the domestication syndrome",[3] a term originally used to describe common changes in domesticated grains.[1][2] In animals, these traits include tameness, docility, floppy ears, altered tails, novel coat colors and patterns, reduced brain size, reduced body mass and smaller teeth.[3][4][5] Other traits include changes in craniofacial morphology, alterations to the endocrine system, and changes to the female estrous cycles including the ability to breed all year-round.[3][5][14]

A recent hypothesis suggests that neural crest cell behaviour may be modified by domestication, which then leads to those traits that are common across many domesticated animal species.[3][15][16] This hypothesis has claimed support from many gene-based studies; e.g.,[17][18] However, recent publications have disputed this support; pointing out that observed change in neural crest related genes only reveals change in neural crest-derived features.[4][11] In effect, it is not evidence of linked trait changes in different species due to pleiotropic neural crest mechanisms as claimed by the neural crest cell hypothesis.[3] For example, all of the craniofacial skeleton is derived from the neural crest, so any animal population that experiences evolutionary change in craniofacial features will show changes in genes associated with the neural crest. The number and importance of neural crest cell features in all vertebrates means change in these features is almost inevitable under the major selective regime shifts experienced by animals making the wild to domestic transition.[10]

Cause

[edit]

Many similar traits – both in animals and plants – are produced by orthologs; however, whether this is true for domestication traits or merely for wild forms is less clear. Especially in the case of plant crops, doubt has been cast because some domestication traits have been found to result from unrelated loci.[19]

In 2018, a study identified 429 genes that differed between modern dogs and modern wolves. As the differences in these genes could also be found in ancient dog fossils, these were regarded as being the result of the initial domestication and not from recent breed formation. These genes are linked to neural crest and central nervous system development. These genes affect embryogenesis and can confer tameness, smaller jaws, floppy ears, and diminished craniofacial development, which distinguish domesticated dogs from wolves and are considered to reflect domestication syndrome. The study concluded that during early dog domestication, the initial selection was for behavior. This trait is influenced by those genes which act in the neural crest, which led to the phenotypes observed in modern dogs.[18]

The 2023 parasite-mediated domestication hypothesis suggests that endoparasites such as helminths and protozoa could have mediated the domestication of mammals. Domestication involves taming, which has an endocrine component; and parasites can modify endocrine activity and microRNAs. Genes for resistance to parasites might be linked to those for the domestication syndrome; it is predicted that domestic animals are less resistant to parasites than their wild relatives.[20][21]

In animals

[edit]

A dog's cranium is 15% smaller than an equally heavy wolf's, and the dog is less aggressive and more playful. Other species pairs show similar differences. Bonobos, like chimpanzees, are a close genetic cousin to humans, but unlike the chimpanzees, bonobos are not aggressive and do not participate in lethal inter-group aggression or kill within their own group. The most distinctive features of a bonobo are its cranium, which is 15% smaller than a chimpanzee's, and its less aggressive and more playful behavior. These, and other, features led to the proposal that bonobos are a 'self-domesticated' ape.[22][23] In other examples, the guinea pig's cranium is 13% smaller than its wild cousin the cavy, and domestic fowl show a similar reduction to their wild cousins. In a famous Russian farm fox experiment, foxes selectively bred for reduced aggression appeared to show other traits associated with domestication syndrome. This prompted the claim that domestication syndrome was caused by selection for tameness. The foxes were not selectively bred for smaller craniums and teeth, floppy ears, or skills at using human gestures, but these traits were demonstrated in the friendly foxes. Natural selection favors those that are the most successful at reproducing, not the most aggressive. Selection against aggression made possible the ability to cooperate and communicate among foxes, dogs and bonobos.[22]: 114 [24] The more docile animals have been found to have less testosterone than their more aggressive counterparts, and testosterone controls aggression and brain size.[25] The further away a dog breed is genetically from wolves, the larger the relative brain size is.[26]

Challenge

[edit]

The domestication syndrome was reported to have appeared in the domesticated silver fox cultivated by Dmitry Belyayev's breeding experiment.[27] However, in 2015 canine researcher Raymond Coppinger found historical evidence that Belyayev's foxes originated in fox farms on Prince Edward Island and had been bred there for fur farming since the 1800s, and that the traits demonstrated by Belyayev had occurred in the foxes prior to the breeding experiment.[28] A 2019 opinion paper by Lord and colleagues argued that the results of the "Russian farm fox experiment" were overstated,[13] although the pre-domesticated origins of these Russian foxes were already a matter of scientific record.[8]

In 2020, Wright et al.[29] argued Lord et al.'s critique refuted only a narrow and unrealistic definition of domestication syndrome because their criteria assumed it must be caused by genetic pleiotropy, and arises in response to 'selection for tameness'--as was claimed by Belyaev,[6] Trut,[7] and the proposers of the neural crest hypothesis.[3][16] In the same year, Zeder[30] pointed out that it makes no sense to deny the existence of domestication syndrome on the basis that domestication syndrome traits were present in the pre-domesticated founding foxes.

The hypothesis that neural crest genes underlie some of the phenotypic differences between domestic and wild horses and dogs is supported by the functional enrichment of candidate genes under selection.[27] But, the observation of changed neural crest cell genes between wild and domestic populations need only reveal changes to features derived from neural crest, it does not support the claim of a common underlying genetic architecture that causes all of the domestication syndrome traits in all of the different animal species.[11]

Gleeson and Wilson[10] synthesised this debate and showed that animal domestication syndrome is not caused by selection for tameness, or by neural crest cell genetic pleiotropy. However, it could result from shared selective regime changes (which they termed 'reproductive disruption') leading to similarly shared trait changes across different species--in effect, a series of partial trait convergences. They proposed four primary selective pathways that are commonly altered by the shift to a domestic selective context, and would often lead to similar shifts in different populations. These pathways are:

  1. Disrupted inter-sexual selection in males (reduced/altered female choice).
  2. Disrupted intra-sexual selection in males (reduced/altered male-male competition).
  3. Changed resource availability and predation pressure affecting female fertility and offspring survival.
  4. Intensified potential for maternal stress, selecting for altered reproductive physiology in females.[10]

Because the 'Reproductive Disruption'[10] hypothesis explains domestication syndrome as a result of changed selective regimes, it can encompass multiple genetic or physiological ways that similar traits might emerge in the different domesticated species. For example, tamer behaviour might be caused by reduced adrenal reactivity,[31] by increased oxytocin production,[32] or by a combination of these or other mechanisms, across the different populations and species.

In plants

[edit]

Syndrome traits

[edit]

The same concept appears in the plant domestication process which produces crops, but with its own set of syndrome traits. In cereals, these include little to no shattering[12]/fruit abscission,[19] shorter height (thus decreased lodging), larger grain[12] or fruit[19] size, easier threshing, synchronous flowering, altered timing of flowering, increased grain weight,[12] glutinousness (stickiness, not gluten protein content),[19][12] increased fruit/grain number, altered color compounds, taste, and texture, daylength independence, determinate growth, lesser/no vernalization, less seed dormancy.[19]

Cereal genes by trait

[edit]

Control of the syndrome traits in cereals is by:

Shattering
Plant height
Grain size
Yield
Threshability
Flowering time
Grain weight
Glutinousness
Determinate growth
Standability
Grain/fruit number
Panicle size
Spike number
Fragrance
Delayed sprouting
Altered color
Unspecified trait

Many of these are mutations in regulatory genes, especially transcription factors, which is likely why they work so well in domestication: They are not new, and are relatively ready to have their magnitudes altered. In annual grains, loss of function and altered expression are by far the most common, and thus are the most interesting goals of mutation breeding, while copy number variation and chromosomal rearrangements are far less common.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Harlan, Jack R.; de Wet, J. M. J.; Price, E. Glen (1973). "Comparative Evolution of Cereals". Evolution. 27 (2): 311. doi:10.2307/2406971. JSTOR 2406971. PMID 28564784.
  2. ^ a b Hammer, Karl (June 1984). "Das Domestikationssyndrom". Die Kulturpflanze (in German). 32 (1): 11–34. doi:10.1007/BF02098682. ISSN 0075-7209. S2CID 42389667.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wilkins, Adam S; Wrangham, Richard W; Fitch, W Tecumseh (2014-07-01). "The "Domestication Syndrome" in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics". Genetics. 197 (3): 795–808. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 4096361. PMID 25024034.
  4. ^ a b c d Wright, Dominic; Henriksen, Rie; Johnsson, Martin (2020). "Defining the Domestication Syndrome: Comment on Lord et al. 2020". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (12): 1059–1060. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.009. PMID 32917395. S2CID 221636622.
  5. ^ a b c Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Geiger, Madeleine; Schneider, Richard A. (June 2016). "The taming of the neural crest: a developmental perspective on the origins of morphological covariation in domesticated mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (6): 160107. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360107S. doi:10.1098/rsos.160107. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 4929905. PMID 27429770.
  6. ^ a b academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/70/5/301/813519. Retrieved 2024-03-05. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b Trut, Lyudmila (1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment". American Scientist. 87 (2): 160. doi:10.1511/1999.2.160. ISSN 0003-0996. Archived from the original on 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  8. ^ a b Statham, Mark J.; Trut, Lyudmila N.; Sacks, Ben N.; Kharlamova, Anastasiya V.; Oskina, Irina N.; Gulevich, Rimma G.; Johnson, Jennifer L.; Temnykh, Svetlana V.; Acland, Gregory M.; Kukekova, Anna V. (May 2011). "On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 103 (1): 168–175. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x. PMC 3101803. PMID 21625363.
  9. ^ a b Lord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Coppinger, Raymond P.; Karlsson, Elinor K. (February 2020). "The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011. PMID 31810775.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Gleeson, Ben Thomas; Wilson, Laura A. B. (2023-03-29). "Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1995). doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.2464. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 10031412. PMID 36946116.
  11. ^ a b c Johnsson, Martin; Henriksen, Rie; Wright, Dominic (2021-08-26). Peichel, C L (ed.). "The neural crest cell hypothesis: no unified explanation for domestication". Genetics. 219 (1). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab097. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 8633120. PMID 34849908.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Kantar, Michael B.; Tyl, Catrin E.; Dorn, Kevin M.; Zhang, Xiaofei; Jungers, Jacob M.; Kaser, Joe M.; Schendel, Rachel R.; Eckberg, James O.; Runck, Bryan C.; Bunzel, Mirko; Jordan, Nick R.; Stupar, Robert M.; Marks, M. David; Anderson, James A.; Johnson, Gregg A.; Sheaffer, Craig C.; Schoenfuss, Tonya C.; Ismail, Baraem; Heimpel, George E.; Wyse, Donald L. (2016-04-29). "Perennial Grain and Oilseed Crops". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 67 (1). Annual Reviews: 703–29. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112311. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 26789233.: 708 
  13. ^ a b Lord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Coppinger, Raymond P.; Karlsson, Elinor K. (2020). "The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011. PMID 31810775.
  14. ^ Machugh, David E.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2016). "Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal Domestication". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 5: 329–351. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022747. PMID 27813680.
  15. ^ Wilkins, Adam S. (January 2020). "A striking example of developmental bias in an evolutionary process: The "domestication syndrome"". Evolution & Development. 22 (1–2): 143–153. doi:10.1111/ede.12319. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 31545016.
  16. ^ a b Wilkins, Adam S; Wrangham, Richard; Fitch, W Tecumseh (2021-08-26). Peichel, C L (ed.). "The neural crest/domestication syndrome hypothesis, explained: reply to Johnsson, Henriksen, and Wright". Genetics. 219 (1). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab098. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 8633094. PMID 34849912.
  17. ^ Librado, Pablo; Gamba, Cristina; Gaunitz, Charleen; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Pruvost, Mélanie; Albrechtsen, Anders; Fages, Antoine; Khan, Naveed; Schubert, Mikkel; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Serres-Armero, Aitor; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Lepetz, Sébastien (2017-04-28). "Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse". Science. 356 (6336): 442–445. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..442L. doi:10.1126/science.aam5298. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28450643. S2CID 206656021.
  18. ^ a b Pendleton, Amanda L.; Shen, Feichen; Taravella, Angela M.; Emery, Sarah; Veeramah, Krishna R.; Boyko, Adam R.; Kidd, Jeffrey M. (December 2018). "Comparison of village dog and wolf genomes highlights the role of the neural crest in dog domestication". BMC Biology. 16 (1): 64. doi:10.1186/s12915-018-0535-2. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 6022502. PMID 29950181.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lenser, Teresa; Theißen, Günter (2013). "Molecular mechanisms involved in convergent crop domestication". Trends in Plant Science. 18 (12). Cell Press: 704–714. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.007. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 24035234.
  20. ^ Skok, J. (2023a). "The Parasite-Mediated Domestication Hypothesis". Agricultura Scientia. 20 (1): 1–7. doi:10.18690/agricsci.20.1.1.
  21. ^ Skok, J. (2023b). "Addendum to "The parasite-mediated domestication hypothesis"". OSF. doi:10.31219/osf.io/f92aj.
  22. ^ a b Hare, Brian (2013). The Genius of Dogs. Penguin Publishing Group.
  23. ^ Hare, Brian; Wobber, Victoria; Wrangham, Richard (March 2012). "The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression". Animal Behaviour. 83 (3): 573–585. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007. S2CID 3415520.
  24. ^ Hare, Brian (2005). "Human-like social skills in dogs?". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 9 (9): 439–44. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003. PMID 16061417. S2CID 9311402.
  25. ^ Bruce Hood (psychologist) (2014). The Domesticated Brain. Pelican. ISBN 9780141974866.Preface
  26. ^ Study finds the brains of modern dog breeds are larger than those of ancient breeds
  27. ^ a b Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2020). "Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics". Nature Reviews Genetics. 21 (8): 449–460. doi:10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0. PMID 32265525. S2CID 214809393.
  28. ^ Gorman, James (2019-12-03). "Why Are These Foxes Tame? Maybe They Weren't So Wild to Begin With". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  29. ^ Wright, Dominic; Henriksen, Rie; Johnsson, Martin (December 2020). "Defining the Domestication Syndrome: Comment on Lord et al. 2020". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (12): 1059–1060. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.009. PMID 32917395. S2CID 221636622.
  30. ^ Zeder, Melinda A. (August 2020). "Straw Foxes: Domestication Syndrome Evaluation Comes Up Short". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (8): 647–649. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.03.001. PMID 32668211. S2CID 216513400.
  31. ^ Fallahsharoudi, Amir; de Kock, Neil; Johnsson, Martin; Ubhayasekera, S. J. Kumari A.; Bergquist, Jonas; Wright, Dominic; Jensen, Per (2015-10-16). "Domestication Effects on Stress Induced Steroid Secretion and Adrenal Gene Expression in Chickens". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 15345. Bibcode:2015NatSR...515345F. doi:10.1038/srep15345. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4608001. PMID 26471470.
  32. ^ Herbeck, Yu. E.; Gulevich, R. G.; Shepeleva, D. V.; Grinevich, V. V. (May 2017). "Oxytocin: Coevolution of human and domesticated animals". Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research. 7 (3): 235–242. doi:10.1134/S2079059717030042. ISSN 2079-0597. S2CID 21631875.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Chen, Erwang; Huang, Xuehui; Tian, Zhixi; Wing, Rod A.; Han, Bin (2019-04-29). "The Genomics of Oryza Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 70 (1). Annual Reviews: 639–665. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 31035826. S2CID 140266038.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Chen, Kunling; Wang, Yanpeng; Zhang, Rui; Zhang, Huawei; Gao, Caixia (2019-04-29). "CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 70 (1). Annual Reviews: 667–697. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100049. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 30835493. S2CID 73471425.
  35. ^ Pearce, Stephen; Saville, Robert; Vaughan, Simon P.; Chandler, Peter M.; Wilhelm, Edward P.; Sparks, Caroline A.; Al-Kaff, Nadia; Korolev, Andrey; Boulton, Margaret I.; Phillips, Andrew L.; Hedden, Peter; Nicholson, Paul; Thomas, Stephen G. (1 December 2011). "Molecular Characterization of Rht-1 Dwarfing Genes in Hexaploid Wheat". Plant Physiology. 157 (4): 1820–1831. doi:10.1104/pp.111.183657. PMC 3327217. PMID 22013218.
  36. ^ Stange, Madlen; Barrett, Rowan D. H.; Hendry, Andrew P. (February 2021). "The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people". Nature Reviews Genetics. 22 (2). Nature Portfolio: 89–105. doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 33067582. S2CID 223559538.
  37. ^ Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature. 457 (7231). Nature Research: 843–848. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..843P. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19212403. S2CID 205216444.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Domestication_syndrome&oldid=1262568957#In_plants"