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In 1811 Gjirokastër became part of the [[Pashalik of Yanina]], then led by the Albanian-born [[Ali Pasha]], and transformed into a semi-autonomous fiefdom in the southwestern Balkans until his death in 1822. After the fall of the pashalik in 1868, the city was the capital of the [[sandjak]] of Ergiri ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] name of Gjirokastër). On July 23, 1880 southern Albanian committees of the [[League of Prizren]] held a congress in the city, in which was decided that if Albanian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire were ceded to neighbouring countries they would revolt.<ref name="Gawrych2006">{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George Walter|title=The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&pg=PA23|accessdate=30 September 2010|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845112875|pages=23–64}}</ref> During the [[Albanian National Awakening]] the city was a major centre of the movement and some bands of the city were reported to carry portraits of [[Skanderbeg]], the national hero of the Albanians during their activities.<ref name="Gawrych2006"/>
In 1811 Gjirokastër became part of the [[Pashalik of Yanina]], then led by the Albanian-born [[Ali Pasha]], and transformed into a semi-autonomous fiefdom in the southwestern Balkans until his death in 1822. After the fall of the pashalik in 1868, the city was the capital of the [[sandjak]] of Ergiri ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] name of Gjirokastër). On July 23, 1880 southern Albanian committees of the [[League of Prizren]] held a congress in the city, in which was decided that if Albanian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire were ceded to neighbouring countries they would revolt.<ref name="Gawrych2006">{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George Walter|title=The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&pg=PA23|accessdate=30 September 2010|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845112875|pages=23–64}}</ref> During the [[Albanian National Awakening]] the city was a major centre of the movement and some bands of the city were reported to carry portraits of [[Skanderbeg]], the national hero of the Albanians during their activities.<ref name="Gawrych2006"/>


Çerçiz Topulli (1880 - 15 July 1915) was an Albanian kachak, writer, and patriot, and is a People's Hero of Albania. He was the younger brother of Bajo Topulli.[1]
[[File:AutonomyDeclaration1914.jpg|left|thumb|260 px|The official declaration of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1 March 1914). River Drino on the background.]]

Given its large Greek population, the city was claimed and taken by Greece during the [[First Balkan War]] of 1912–1913, following the retreat of the Ottomans from the region.<ref>Pettifer, J. "The Greek minority in Albania in the aftermath of communism", Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, p. 4 [http://www.da.mod.uk/search?SearchableText=greek+minority+in+Albania]</ref> However, it was awarded to Albania under the terms of the [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] of 1913 and the [[Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus#Protocol of Florence|Protocol of Florence]] of 17 December 1913.<ref>Dimitri Pentzopoulos, ''The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece'', p. 28. C. Hurst & Co, 2002. ISBN 1850656746</ref> This turn of events proved highly unpopular with the local Greek population, and their representatives under [[Georgios Christakis-Zografos]] formed the "Panepirotic Assembly" in Gjirokastër in protest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Valeria Heuberger, Arnold Suppan, Elisabeth Vyslonzil |first= |title=Brennpunkt Osteuropa: Minderheiten im Kreuzfeuer des Nationalismus |year=1996|journal= |volume= |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |language=German |page= 68 |place= |isbn=9783486561821 |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=edAu3dxEwwgC&q=nordepirus#v=onepage&q=panepirotische%20versammlung&f=false}}</ref> The Assembly, short of incorporation with Greece, demanded either local autonomy or an international occupation by forces of the Great Powers for the districts of Gjirokastër, [[Saranda]], and [[Korçë]].<ref>Ference Gregory Curtis. [http://books.google.com/books?ei=EvtFTLQGxNOMB57T0fUG&ct=result&hl=el&id=RSLsAAAAMAAJ&dq=panepirotic%2Bassembly&q=%22meets+in+Gjirokaster%2C+where+it+announces+that%2C+short+of+incorporation+with+Greece%2C+it+demands+either+local+autonomy+or+an+international+occupation+of+Great+Power+forces+for+the+districts+of+Gjirokaster+and+Korce.%22#search_anchor ''Chronology of 20th-century eastern European history'']. Gale Research, Inc., 1994, ISBN 9780810388796, p. 9.</ref> Finally, in March 1914 the [[Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus]] was declared in Gjirokastër and was confirmed by the Great Powers with the [[Protocol of Corfu]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Winnifrith | first = Tom | title = Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania | publisher = Duckworth | year = 2002 | location = London | page = 130 | isbn = 0715632019}}</ref> The Republic, however, was short-lived, as Albania collapsed at the beginning of the [[First World War]].<ref>[http://www.p-ng.si/~vanesa/doktorati/interkulturni/3GregoricBon.pdf Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008.] Pg. 140 Formation of the Albanian Nation-State and the Protocol of Corfu (1914)</ref> The Greek military returned in October–November 1914, and again captured Gjirokastër, along with Saranda and [[Korçë]]. In April 1916, the territory referred to by Greeks as [[Northern Epirus]], including Gjirokastër, was annexed to Greece. The [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] restored the pre-war ''status quo'', essentially upholding the border line decided in the 1913 Protocol of Florence, and the city was again returned to Albanian control.<ref>Vassilis Nitsiakos, Constantinos Mantzos, "Negotiating Culture: Political Uses of Polyphonic Folk Songs in Greece and Albania", p. 197 in ''Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters'', ed. Demetres Tziovas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0754609987</ref>
In April 1907 he led the movement that acted against the Ottoman Empire in Southern Albania. He took the decision of killing the Gjirokastër's Turkish commander and led the Mashkullora War on March 18, 1908.[2]

The [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]] restored the pre-war ''status quo'', essentially upholding the border line decided in the 1913 Protocol of Florence, and the city was again returned to Albanian control.<ref>Vassilis Nitsiakos, Constantinos Mantzos, "Negotiating Culture: Political Uses of Polyphonic Folk Songs in Greece and Albania", p. 197 in ''Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters'', ed. Demetres Tziovas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0754609987</ref>


In April 1939, Gjirokastër was occupied by [[Italy]] following the [[Italian invasion of Albania]]. In December 1940, during the [[Greco-Italian War]], the [[Greek Army]] entered the city and stayed for a brief four months period, before capitulating to the Germans in April 1941 and returning the city to Italian command. After [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italy's capitulation]] in September 1943, the city was taken by [[nazi Germany]] forces, and eventually returned to [[Liberation of Albania|Albanian control]] in 1944.
In April 1939, Gjirokastër was occupied by [[Italy]] following the [[Italian invasion of Albania]]. In December 1940, during the [[Greco-Italian War]], the [[Greek Army]] entered the city and stayed for a brief four months period, before capitulating to the Germans in April 1941 and returning the city to Italian command. After [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces|Italy's capitulation]] in September 1943, the city was taken by [[nazi Germany]] forces, and eventually returned to [[Liberation of Albania|Albanian control]] in 1944.

Revision as of 18:53, 18 December 2010

Gjirokastër
Gjirokastër, seen from the Citadel
Gjirokastër, seen from the Citadel
Country Albania
CountyGjirokastër County
DistrictGjirokastër District
Government
 • MayorFlamur Bime
Elevation
300 m (1,000 ft)
Population
 (2009)[1]
 • Total43,095
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
6001-6003
Area code084
Car PlatesGJ
Websitewww.gjirokastra.org
Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaCultural: iii, iv
Reference569
Inscription2005 (29th Session)
Extensions2008

Gjirokastër (known also by several alternative names) is a city in southern Albania with a population of around 43,000. Lying in the historical region of Epirus, it is also the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County. Its old town is inscribed on the World Heritage List as "a rare example of a well-preserved Ottoman town, built by farmers of large estate." Gjirokastër is situated in a valley between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino River, at 300 meters above sea level. The city is overlooked by the Gjirokastër Castle.

The city appears in the historical record in 1336 as Argyrokastro,[2] under the Byzantine administration of the Despotate of Epirus, when it was a center of the Albanian families of Zenebishi and Bua-Shpata.[3] From 1386 to 1418 it was the capital of the Principality of Gjirokastër, under Gjon Zenebishi before falling under the Ottoman Empire for the next five centuries. Taken in 1912 by the Greek Army during the Balkan Wars, it was eventually incorporated into the newly independent state of Albania in 1913. The city briefly became a capital once again in 1914, this time of the short lived Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. Gjirokastër is also the city of birth of former Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha and notable writer Ismail Kadare. It also hosts the Eqerem Çabej University.

Alongside Albanians, the city is also home to an ethnic Greek community, as well as to communities of Vlachs and Roma.[4] Gjirokastër is considered the center of the Greek community in Albania.[5]

Name

The name of the city appeared for the first time in historical records under its medieval Greek name of Argyrocastron (Greek: Αργυρόκαστρον), as mentioned by John VI Kantakouzenos in 1336.[6] The name comes from Greek "Αργυρό" ("Αrgyro"), meaning "silver" and "Κάστρον" ("Kastro"), meaning castle, thus "Silver castle". The theory that the city took the name of the Princess Argjiro, a legendary figure on whom Ismail Kadare wrote a poem in the 1960s is considered a folk etymology, since the princess is said to have lived later, in the 15th century.[7] The definite Albanian form of the name of city is Gjirokastra while in the Gheg Albanian dialect it is known as Gjinokastër, both deriving from the Greek name.[8] In Aromanian the city is known as Ljurocastru, while in modern Greek it is known Αργυρόκαστρο (Argyrokastro). During the Ottoman era the town was also known in Turkish as Ergiri.

History

Traditional Gjirokastër houses

Archaeologists have found in Gjirokastër pottery objects of the early Iron Age, which first appeared in the late Bronze Age in Pazhok, Elbasan District and are found throughout Albania.[9] The earliest recorded inhabitants of the area around Gjirokastër were the Greek tribe of the Chaonians.

The city's walls date from the 3rd century AD. The high stone walls of the Citadel were built, instead from the 6th to the 12th century.[10] During this period Gjirokastër developed into a major commercial center known as Argyropolis (Ancient Greek: Αργυρόπολις, meaning "Silver City") or Argyrokastron (Ancient Greek: Αργυρόκαστρον, meaning "Silver Castle").[11]

The city was part of the Byzantine Despotate of Epirus, and it was first mentioned, by the name of Argyrokastro, in 1336 by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos.[2] During 1386–1418 it became the capital of the Principality of Gjirokastër under Gjon Zenebishi. In 1417 it became part of the Ottoman Empire.

According to Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, who visited the city in 1670, at that time there were 200 houses within the castle, 200 in the Christian eastern neighborhood of Kyçyk Varosh (meaning small neighborhood outside the castle), 150 houses in the Byjyk Varosh (meaning big neighborhood outside the castle), and 6 additional neighborhoods: Palorto, Vutosh, Dunavat, Manalat, Haxhi Bey, and Memi Bey, extending on 8 hills around the castle.[12] Overall, according to the traveller, the city had at that time around 2000 houses, 8 mosques, 3 churches, 280 shops, 5 fountains, and 5 inns.[12]

In 1811 Gjirokastër became part of the Pashalik of Yanina, then led by the Albanian-born Ali Pasha, and transformed into a semi-autonomous fiefdom in the southwestern Balkans until his death in 1822. After the fall of the pashalik in 1868, the city was the capital of the sandjak of Ergiri (Turkish name of Gjirokastër). On July 23, 1880 southern Albanian committees of the League of Prizren held a congress in the city, in which was decided that if Albanian-populated areas of the Ottoman Empire were ceded to neighbouring countries they would revolt.[13] During the Albanian National Awakening the city was a major centre of the movement and some bands of the city were reported to carry portraits of Skanderbeg, the national hero of the Albanians during their activities.[13]

Çerçiz Topulli (1880 - 15 July 1915) was an Albanian kachak, writer, and patriot, and is a People's Hero of Albania. He was the younger brother of Bajo Topulli.[1]

In April 1907 he led the movement that acted against the Ottoman Empire in Southern Albania. He took the decision of killing the Gjirokastër's Turkish commander and led the Mashkullora War on March 18, 1908.[2] 

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 restored the pre-war status quo, essentially upholding the border line decided in the 1913 Protocol of Florence, and the city was again returned to Albanian control.[14]

In April 1939, Gjirokastër was occupied by Italy following the Italian invasion of Albania. In December 1940, during the Greco-Italian War, the Greek Army entered the city and stayed for a brief four months period, before capitulating to the Germans in April 1941 and returning the city to Italian command. After Italy's capitulation in September 1943, the city was taken by nazi Germany forces, and eventually returned to Albanian control in 1944.

The postwar Communist regime developed the city as an industrial and commercial centre. It was elevated to the status of a "museum town",[15] birthplace of the Communist leader of Albania, Enver Hoxha, who had been born there in 1908. His house was converted into a museum.[16]

Gjirokastër suffered severe economic problems following the end of communist rule in 1991. In the spring of 1993, the region of Gjirokastër became a center of open conflict between Greek minority members and the Albanian police.[17] The city was particularly badly affected by the 1997 collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which destabilised the entire Albanian economy. The city became the focus of a rebellion against the government of Sali Berisha and violent anti-government protests took place which eventually forced Berisha's resignation. On December 16, 1997, Hoxha's house was damaged by unknown (but presumably anti-communist) attackers, but subsequently restaured.[18]

Climate

Main article: Geography_of_Albania § Climate

Gjirokastër is situated between the lowlands of western Albania and the highlands of the interior, and has thus a Mediterranean continental climate. The following are the temperatures and precipitation in Albania:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Avg low
(°C/°F)		 2 °C (35.6 °F)* 2 °C (35.6 °F)* 5 °C (41 °F)* 8 °C (46.4 °F)* 12 °C (53.6 °F)* 16 °C (60.8 °F)* 17 °C (62.6 °F)* 17 °C (62.6 °F)* 14 °C (57.2 °F)* 10 °C (50 °F)* 8 °C (46.4 °F)* 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)*
Avg high
(°C/°F)		 12 °C (53.6 °F)* 12 °C (53.6 °F)* 15 °C (59 °F)* 18 °C (64.4 °F)* 23 °C (73.4 °F)* 28 °C (82.4 °F)* 31 °C (87.8 °F)* 31 °C (87.8 °F)* 27 °C (80.6 °F)* 23 °C (73.4 °F)* 17 °C (62.6 °F)* 14 °C (57.2 °F)*
Humidity in % 71 69 68 69 70 62 57 57 64 67 75 73
Sunshine (h/day) 4 4 5 7 8 10 12 11 9 7 3 3
Precipitation in days 13 13 14 13 12 7 5 4 6 9 16 17
Spring: Climate data

Economy

Gjirokastër is principally a commercial center with some industries, notably the production of foodstuffs, leather, and textiles.[19] Recently in the city a regional agricultural market that treats locally produced groceries has been built.[20] Given the potential of southern Albania to treat organically grown products, and its relationship with the Greek counterparts of the nearby city of Ioannina, it is likely that in the future the market dedicates itself to organic food, however currently trademarking and marketing of such products are far from European standards.[20] The Chamber of Commerce of the city, created in 1988, promotes trade with the Greek border areas.[21]

In 2010 following the Greek economic crisis, the city is one of the first areas to import the crisis itself, since many Albanian emigrants in Greece are becoming unemployed and thus return home.[22]

Landmarks

The Clock tower of the Citadel

The city is built on the slope surrounding the citadel, located on a dominating plateau.[15] Although the city's walls were built in the third century and the city itself was first mentioned in the 12th century, the majority of the existing buildings date from 17th and 18th centuries. Typical houses consist of a tall stone block structure which can be up to five stories high. There are external and internal staircases to surround the house and it is thought that such design stems from fortified country houses typical in southern Albania. The lower storey of the building contains a cistern and the stable. The upper storey is composed of a guest room and a family room containing a fireplace. The upper stories are to accommodate extended families and are connected by internal stairs.[15]

Many houses in Gjirokastër have a distinctive local style that has earned the city the nickname "City of Stone", because most of the old houses have roofs covered with stones. The city, along with Berat, were among the few Albanian cities that were preserved in the 1960s and 1970s from modernizing building programs. Both cities gained the status of "museum town" and are UNESCO World Heritage sites.[15]

The Gjirokastër Castle dominates the town and overlooks the strategically important route along the river valley. It is open to visitors and contains a military museum featuring captured artillery and memorabilia of the Communist resistance against German occupation, as well as a captured United States Air Force plane to commemorate the Communist regime's struggle against the imperialist powers. Additions were built during the 19th and 20th centuries by Ali Pasha of Tepelene and the Government of King Zog. Today it possesses five towers and houses a clock tower, a church, water fountains, horse stables, and many more amenities. The northern part of the castle was eventually turned into a prison by Zog's government and housed political prisoners during the communist regime.

Gjirokastër also features an old Ottoman bazaar which was originally built in the 17th century, but which had to be rebuilt in the 19th century after it burned down. There are more than 200 homes preserved as "cultural monuments" in Gjirokastër today. The Gjirokastër Mosque dominates the bazar and was built in 1757.[23]

When the town was first proposed for inscription on the World Heritage List in 1988, ICOMOS experts were nonplussed by a number of modern constructions which detracted from the old town's appearance. The historic core of Gjirokastër was finally inscribed in 2005, 15 years after its original nomination.

File:Old Orthodox Church in Gjirokastra Albania.jpg
Holy Transfiguration Church in Gjirokastër.

Religion and culture

The city's only remaining Mosque, Gjirokastër Mosque, built in 1757.

After Albania became in 1925 the world center of Bektashism, a Muslim sect, the sect itself was headquartered in Tirana and Gjirokastër was one of the six districts of the Bektashism in Albania with its center at the tekke of Asim Baba.[24] The city retains today a large Bektashi and Sunni Muslim population for which historically has had 15 and tekkes and mosques, of which 13 of them were functional in 1945.[23] Out of the 13 mosques only the Gjirokastër Mosque has survived and the remaining 12 were destroyed or closed during the Cultural Revolution that the communist government applied in 1967.[23]

The city is also home to an Eastern Orthodox diocese, part of the Orthodox Church of Albania.[25]

17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, who visited the city in 1670 described the city in detail. During a Sunday Çelebi noticed the big noise of the ongoing vajtim, the typical Albanian lament of the dead performed by a professional: the traveller found the city so noisy during that day because of the vajtims, that he dubbed Gjirokastër the city of wailing.[26]

The novel Chronicle in Stone of the Albanian writer Ismail Kadare tells the history of this city during the Italian and Greek occupation in World War I and II and expands on the customs of the people of Gjirokastër. The first female Albanian writer, Musine Kokalari, instead, wrote at the age of twenty-four, a 80-page collection of ten youthful prose tales in her native Gjirokastrian dialect: As my old mother tells me (Albanian: Siç me thotë nënua plakë), Tirana, 1941. The book tells the day-by-day struggles of women of Gjirokastër, and the prevailing mores of the region.[27]

Gjirokastër, home to both Albanian and Greek polyphonic singing, is also home to the National Folklore Festival (Albanian: Festivali Folklorik Kombëtar) that has held every five years, starting from 1968[28] and most recently in 2009, in its 9th season.[29] It is also where the Greek language newspaper Laiko Vima, is published. Founded in 1945, it was the only printed media allowed in the Greek language during the Socialist People's Republic of Albania.[30]

Education

The first school in the city, a Greek language school, was erected in the city at 1663, sponsored by local merchants, functioned under the supervision of the local bishop. In 1821, when the Greek War of Independence broke out, it was destroyed, but it was reopenned 9 years later, in 1830.[31][32] In 1727 a madrasah started to function in the city, and it worked uninterruptedly for 240 years until 1967, when it was closed due to the Cultural Revolution applied in communist Albania.[23] In 1861-1862 a Greek language female school was founded, financially supported by the local Greek benefactor Christakis Zografos.[33] The first Albanian school of Gjirokastër was Drita School, which opened in 1908. Today Gjirokastër has seven grammar schools, two general high schools (of which one is the Gjirokastër Gymnasium), and two professional ones.

The city is notably home to the Eqerem Çabej University, which opened its doors in 1968. The university has recently been experiencing low enrollments and, as a result, during the 2008-2009 academic year, the departments of Physics, Mathematics, Biochemistry and Kindergarten Education did not function.[34] In 2006, the establishment of a second university in Gjirokastër, a Greek-language one, was agreed upon after discussions between the Albanian and Greek governments.[35] The program had an attendance of 35 students as of 2010, but was abruptly suspended when the University of Ioannina in Greece refused to provide teachers for the 2010 schoolyear and the Greek government and the Latsis foundation withdrew funding.[34]

Sports

Main article: Luftëtari Gjirokastër

Football (soccer) is popular in Gjirokastër: the city hosts Luftëtari Gjirokastër, a club founded in 1929. The club has competed sometimes in international tournaments and played in the Albanian Superliga until 2006-2007. Currently the team plays in the Albanian First Division. The soccer matches are played in the Subi Bakiri Stadium, which can hold up to 8,500 spectators.[36]

Demographics

The town only has around 43,000 inhabitants.[1] Gjirokastër is home to an ethnic Greek community that was about 4000 in 1989, as well as of communities of Vlachs and Roma.[37][38] Gjirokastër is considered the center of the Greek community in Albania.[5]

Notable people

Ismail Kadare, novelist, born in Gjirokastër

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Instat of Albania (2009). "Population by towns" (in Albanian). Institute of Statistics of Albania. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  2. ^ a b Kiel, Machiel. Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 138. ISBN 9789290633303. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  3. ^ "FORTRESS OF GJIROKASTRA" (PDF). Ministry of Culture of Albania. 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  4. ^ Guillemin, Jeanne (1980-01-01). Anthropological realities: readings in the science of culture. Transaction Publishers. p. 387. ISBN 9780878557837. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  5. ^ a b "The Greek minority in Albania in the aftermath of communism, James Pettifer, Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, pp.11-12 "The concentration of ethnic Greeks in and around centres of Hellenism such as Saranda and Gjirokastra..."
  6. ^ GCDO History part. "History of Gjirokaster" (in Albanian). Organizata për Ruajtjen dhe Zhvillimin e Gjirokastrës (GCDO). Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  7. ^ Sinani, Shaban; Kadare, Ismail; Courtois, Stéphane (2006). Le dossier Kadaré (in French). Paris: O. Jacob,. p. 37.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1993. p. 289. ISBN 0852295715.
  9. ^ Boardman, John (1982-08-05). The prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780521224963. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  10. ^ Wilson, Wesley (1997). Countries & Cultures of the World: The Pacific, former Soviet Union, & Europe. Professional Press. p. 149. OCLC 1570873038. Retrieved 2010-06-13. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Dvornik, Francis (1958). The idea of apostolicity in Byzantium and the legend of the apostle Andrew. Boston: Harvard University Press. p. 219. ISBN 1196640. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  12. ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2007). "GJIROKASTRA nga udhëpërshkrimi i Evlija Çelebiut" (PDF). Albanica ekskluzive (66): 73–76. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b Gawrych, George Walter (2006). The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. pp. 23–64. ISBN 9781845112875. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  14. ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos, Constantinos Mantzos, "Negotiating Culture: Political Uses of Polyphonic Folk Songs in Greece and Albania", p. 197 in Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters, ed. Demetres Tziovas. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2003. ISBN 0754609987
  15. ^ a b c d Petersen, Andrew (1994). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 0415060842. Retrieved 2010-06-13. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ Murati, Violeta. "Tourism with the Dictator". Standard (in Albanian). Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  17. ^ Petiffer, James (2001). "The Greek Minority in Albania - In the Aftermath of Communism" (PDF). Surrey, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 13. ISBN 1-903584-35-3.
  18. ^ Lajmi (22 March 2010). "Tourism with the Communist Symbols". Gazeta Lajmi (in Albanian). Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  19. ^ "Një histori e shkurtër e Gjirokastrës". Gjirokaster.org. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  20. ^ a b Kote, Odise (2010-03-16). "Tregu rajonal në jug të Shqipërisë dhe prodhimet bio". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  21. ^ Taylor & Francis Group (2004). Europa World Year, Book 1. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  22. ^ Kote, Odise (2010-03-02). "Kriza greke zbret dhe në Shqipëri". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  23. ^ a b c d GCDO. "Regjimi komunist në Shqipëri" (in Albanian). Organizata për Ruajtjen dhe Zhvillimin e Gjirokastrës (GCDO). Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  24. ^ Elsie, Robert (2000). A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture. NYU Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0814722145.
  25. ^ Orthodox Church of Albania. "Building and Restorations". Retrieved 2010-12-15. ... selitë e Mitropolive të Beratit, Korçës dhe Gjirokastrës...
  26. ^ Elsie, Robert (2000). A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture. New York University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0814722148. Retrieved 2010-06-09. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Wilson, Katharina M. (March 1991). An Encyclopedia of continental women writers. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis, Inc. p. 646. ISBN 0824085477.
  28. ^ Ahmedaja, Ardian; Haid, Gerlinde (2008). European voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans. Vol. 1. Wien : Böhlau.
  29. ^ Top Channel (25 September 2009). "Gjirokaster, starton Festivali Folklorik Kombetar". Top Channel (in Albanian). Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  30. ^ Valeria Heuberger, Arnold Suppan, Elisabeth Vyslonzil (1996). Brennpunkt Osteuropa: Minderheiten im Kreuzfeuer des Nationalismus (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 71. ISBN 9783486561821.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. M. V. Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 9789602133712, p. 308
  32. ^ Albania's Captives. Pyrrhus J. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965. p. 33 "At a time of almost universal ignorance in Greece, in 1633, it opened the doors of its first Greek school. Sponsored by Argyrocastran merchants in Venice, it was under the supervision of Metropolitan Callistus of Dryinoupolis."
  33. ^ Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. M. V. Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 9789602133712, p. 308
  34. ^ a b Μπρεγκάση Αλέξανδρος. "Πάρτε πτυχίο… Αργυροκάστρου". Ηπειρωτικός Αγών. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  35. ^ Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Albania, 2006. U.S. Department of State.
  36. ^ Worldstadiums. "Stadia in Albania". Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  37. ^ Human rights in post-communist Albania, Fred Abrahams, Human Rights Watch, p.119 "About 4,000 Greeks live in Gjirokastër out of a population of 30,000.
  38. ^ About Gjirokastra, gjirokastra.org
  39. ^ Albania's captives. P. J. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965, p.33.
  40. ^ Late Ottoman society: the intellectual legacy By Elisabeth Özdalga page 322 [1]

Sources

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