Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory
The Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab is a toy lab set designed to allow children to create and watch nuclear and chemical reactions using radioactive material. The Atomic Energy Lab was released by the A. C. Gilbert Company in 1950.
Background and development
[edit]The kit was created by Alfred Carlton Gilbert, who was an American athlete, magician, toy-maker, business man, and inventor of the well-known Erector Set. Gilbert believed that toys were the foundation in building a "solid American character", and many of his toys had some type of educational significance to them. Gilbert was even dubbed "the man who saved Christmas" during World War I when he convinced the US Council of National Defense not to ban toy purchases during Christmas time.[1]
The Atomic Energy Lab was just one of a dozen chemical reactions lab kits on the market at the time. Gilbert’s toys often included instructions on how the child could use the set to put on his own "magic show". For parents, he pushed the idea that the sets' use of chemical reactions directed their children toward a potential career in science and engineering.[2]
In 1954, Gilbert wrote in his autobiography, The Man Who Lives in Paradise, that the Atomic Energy Laboratory was "the most spectacular of [their] new educational toys". Gilbert wrote that the Government encouraged the set's development because it believed the lab would aid public understanding of atomic energy and emphasize its constructive aspects. Gilbert also defended his Atomic Energy Laboratory, stating it was safe and accurate[3] and that some of the country's best nuclear physicists had worked on the project.[4]: 333–334
Description
[edit]
The lab contained a cloud chamber allowing the viewer to watch alpha particles traveling at 12,000 miles per second (19,000,000 m/s), a spinthariscope showing the results of radioactive disintegration on a fluorescent screen, and an electroscope measuring the radioactivity of different substances in the set.
Gilbert's original promotions claimed that none of the materials could prove dangerous.[4]: 333–334 The instructions encouraged laboratory cleanliness by cautioning users not to break the seals on three of the ore sample jars, for "they tend to flake and crumble and you would run the risk of having radioactive ore spread out in your laboratory. This will raise the level of the background count", thus impairing the results of experiments by distorting the performance of the Geiger counter.[5][3]
The Gilbert catalog copy included the reassurance that "All radioactive materials included with the Atomic Energy Lab have been certified as completely safe by Oak-Ridge Laboratories, part of the Atomic Energy Commission."[6]
The set originally sold for $49.50[3] (equivalent to $630 in 2023[7]) and contained the following:[3][8][9]
- Battery-powered Geiger–Müller counter
- Electroscope
- Spinthariscope
- Wilson cloud chamber with short-lived alpha source (Po-210) in the form of a wire
- Four glass jars containing natural uranium-bearing (U-238) ore samples (autunite, torbernite, uraninite, and carnotite from the "Colorado plateau region")[3]
- Low-level radiation sources:
- "Nuclear spheres" for making a model of an alpha particle
- Gilbert Atomic Energy Manual — a 60-page instruction book written by Dr. Ralph E. Lapp
- Learn How Dagwood Split the Atom — comic book introduction to radioactivity, written with the help of General Leslie Groves (director of the Manhattan Project) and John R. Dunning (a physicist who verified fission of the uranium atom)[11][12]
- Prospecting for Uranium — a 1949 book published jointly by the Atomic Energy Commission and the United States Geological Survey
- Three C batteries
- 1951 Gilbert Toys catalog
A product catalog described the set as follows: "Produces awe-inspiring sights! Enables you to actually SEE the paths of electrons and alpha particles traveling at speeds of more than 10,000 miles per SECOND! Electrons racing at fantastic velocities produce delicate, intricate paths of electrical condensation – beautiful to watch. Viewing Cloud Chamber action is closest man has come to watching the Atom! Assembly kit (Chamber can be put together in a few minutes) includes Dri-Electric Power Pack, Deionizer, Compression Bulb, Glass Viewing Chamber, Tubings, Power Leads, Stand, and Legs."[13]
Among other activities, the kit suggested "playing hide and seek with the gamma ray source", challenging players to use the Geiger counter to locate a radioactive sample hidden in a room.[3]
Criticism
[edit]In 2006, the pop culture publication Radar Magazine called the lab set one of "the 10 most dangerous toys of all time, ... exclud[ing] BB guns, slingshots, throwing stars, and anything else actually intended to inflict harm", because of the radioactive material it included (it was number 2 on the list; number 1 was lawn darts).[14]
The professional journal IEEE Spectrum published a more-detailed review in 2020, discussing the kit in the context of the history of science education kits and safety concerns. It described the likely radiation exposure as "minimal, about the equivalent to a day’s UV exposure from the sun", provided that the radioactive samples were not removed from their containers, in compliance with the warnings in the kit instructions.[11]
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists published a brief article on the web, which featured Voula Saridakis, a curator at the Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) hosting a detailed video tour of the Atomic Energy Lab components. She concluded by saying that the kit failed to sell because of its high price, and not due to any safety concerns at the time.[15]
Legacy
[edit]Unlike A.C. Gilbert's chemistry sets, the Atomic Energy Lab was never popular and was soon taken off the shelves.[11] Fewer than 5,000 kits were sold, and the product was only offered in 1950 and 1951.[3][11] Gilbert believed the Atomic Energy Lab was commercially unsuccessful because the lab was more appropriate for those who had some educational background rather than the A.C. Gilbert Company's younger typical target audience.[4]: 334 Columbia University purchased five of these sets for their physics lab.[3][4]: 333–334
References
[edit]- ^ Watson, B (1999) Hello Boys! Become an erector master engineer. Archived 2019-12-13 at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian, 30(2), 120
- ^ DiVernieri, R. (2008, September) "Stinks and bangs: The heyday of the chemistry set" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Endeavour 32(3) p.107-110
- ^ a b c d e f g h Watson, Bruce (2002). The man who changed how boys and toys were made. New York.: Viking. pp. 179–181. ISBN 978-0670031344.
- ^ a b c d Gilbert, A. C. (1954). The Man Who Lives in Paradise. New York: Rinehart. ISBN 978-0911581201. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
- ^ "Gilbert Atomic Energy - Part I". The Science Notebook. Archived from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
- ^ "American Flyer Trains". EliWhitney.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ American Memorabilia Archived 2007-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Google Answers Archived 2007-01-08 at the Wayback Machine,
- ^ a b c Oak Ridge Associated Universities Archived 2021-09-21 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved October 6, 2021
- ^ a b c d Marsh, Allison (31 Jan 2020). "Fun—and Uranium—for the Whole Family in This 1950s Science Kit". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. IEEE. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ Lockefeer, Wim (14 May 2007). "Dagwood splits the atom". The Ephemerist. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ "Gilbert Catalog Archive". eliwhitney.org. Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop. Archived from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
- ^ Ferrari, Paige (15 December 2006). "Pray for coal: The 10 most dangerous play things of all time". Radar Magazine. Worst Toys: 2. Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
- ^ "World's Most Dangerous Toy? Radioactive Atomic Energy Lab Kit with Uranium (1950)". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-07-18, citing Atlas Obscura (2019-04-16). Radioactive Atomic Energy Lab Kit with Uranium (1950) – World's Most Dangerous Toy (Video). Retrieved 2024-05-07 – via YouTube.
External links
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