German verbs

hvjbvbv

German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a dental consonant inflection, or strong, showing a vowel gradation (ablaut). Both of these are regular systems. Most verbs of both types are regular, though various subgroups and anomalies do arise. The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein (to be). However, textbooks for foreign learners often class all strong verbs as irregular. There are fewer than 200 strong and irregular verbs, and there is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak.

As German is a Germanic language, the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb.

Simple infinitives

The infinitive consists of the root and the suffix -en. With verbs whose roots end in el or er, the e of the infinitive suffix is dropped.

laufen ("to run")

lächeln ("to smile")

meistern ("to master")

German prefixes

This is a general view of the most important German prefixes. The example is "legen" (to lay)

Prefix	Verb	Literally	Translation
ab-	legen	to lay down	to lay down to abandon sth.
an-	legen	to lay by/at	to attach sth. to dock
auf-	legen	to lay up	to apply
aus-	legen	to lay out	to lay sth. out
be-	legen	to lay sth. on sth.	to overlay
bei-	legen	to lay at/by	to add
dar-	legen	to lay there	to point sth. out
ein-	legen	to lay in	to inlay
ent-	legen	dis-lay	faraway, outlying NOTE: entlegen is an adjective and not a verb!
er-	legen	to achieve-lay	to kill/ to conclude successfully
ge-	legen	to be laid	seated, situated, opportune NOTE: gelegen is an adjective and not a verb!
hin-	legen	to lay there	to put down
nach-	legen	to lay after	to put some more of sth. on
nieder-	legen	to lay down	to put down an object / to lay down an office / to lie down also: to go to sleep
über-	legen	to lay over	to think about sth.
um-	legen	to lay around/over again	to allocate, also: to kill
unter-	legen	to lay under	to put under
ver-	legen	–	to be shy [adjective] / to lose [verb] to edit (books, newspaper)
vor-	legen	to lay previous to sth.	to bring sth. before so.
weg-	legen	to lay away	to put away
wider-	legen	to lay against	to disprove
zer-	legen	to lay sth. in pieces	to dismantle
zu-	legen	to lay to sth.	to put on / to buy something new
zusammen-	legen	to lay together	to pool sth.

Inseparable prefixes

There are some verbs which have a permanent prefix at their beginning. The most common permanent prefixes found in German are ver-, ge-, be-, er-, ent- (or emp-), and zer-.

brauchen, "to need" – verbrauchen, "to consume" or "to use up"

raten, "to advise", "to guess" – verraten, "to betray"

fallen, "to fall" – gefallen "to be pleasing"

hören, "to hear" – gehören zu "to belong to"

brennen, "to burn" (intransitive) – verbrennen, "to burn" (transitive), to burn completely

beginnen, "to begin" (no form without the prefix)

The meaning of the permanent prefixes does not have a real system; the alteration in meaning can be subtle or drastic. The prefixes ver-, be- and ge- have several different meanings, although ge- is uncommon and often the root verb is no longer in existence. be- often makes a transitive verb from an intransitive verb. Verbs with er- tend to relate to creative processes, verbs with ent- usually describe processes of removing (as well as emp-, an approximate equivalent to ent- except usually used for root verbs beginning with an f), and zer- is used for destructive actions. Ver- often describes some kind of extreme or excess of the root verb, although not in any systematic way: 'sprechen', for example means to 'speak', but 'versprechen', 'to promise' as in 'to give ones word' and 'fallen', meaning 'to fall' but 'verfallen', 'to decay' or 'to be ruined'.

Separable prefixes

Many verbs have a separable prefix that changes the meaning of the root verb, but that does not always remain attached to the root verb. German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position. For separable prefix verbs, the prefix always appears in final position. If a particular sentence's structure places the entire verb in final position then the prefix and root verb appear together. If a sentence places the verb in second position then only the root verb will appear in second position. The separated prefix remains at the end of the sentence.

anfangen ("to start")

1. Root verb in second position: Ich fange mit der Arbeit an. ("I start the work.")

2. Root verb in final position: Morgens trinke ich Schokolade, weil ich dann mit der Arbeit anfange. ("In the mornings I drink hot chocolate, because afterwards I begin the work.")

A small number of verbs have a prefix that is separable in some uses and inseparable in others.

umfahren

1. ("to crash into sth.") – (stress on um)

Ich fahre das Verkehrszeichen um. "I drive against the traffic sign, knocking it over (um) in the process."

2. ("to drive around") – (stress on fah)

Ich umfahre das Verkehrszeichen. "I drive around the traffic sign."

If one of the two meanings is figurative, the inseparable version stands for this figurative meaning:

übersetzen

1. Literal ("to ferry") – (stress on über)

Ich setze morgen auf die Insel über "I'll ferry over to the island tomorrow."

2. Figurative ("to translate") – (stress on setzen)

Ich übersetze die Geschichte morgen. "I'll translate the story tomorrow."

Complex infinitives

Components and word order

Complex infinitives can be built, consisting of more than the original infinitive. They include objects, predicative nouns and adverbial information. These are packed before the original infinitive, if used isolated. (elliptical)

NOT einen Vogel am Himmel plötzlich sehen

BUT plötzlich einen Vogel am Himmel sehen ("suddenly see a bird in the sky")

Pronoun objects are usually mentioned before nominal phrase objects; dative nominal objects before accusative nominal objects; and accusative pronoun objects before dative pronouns. Order may change upon emphasis on the object, the first being more important. This can be viewed as a table:

Usual object order

Type	Order	Case
Pronoun	1	Accusative
Pronoun	2	Dative
Nominal	3	Dative
Nominal	4	Accusative

normal

Ich gebe meinem Vater das Geld ("I give my father the money")

Ich gebe es ihm ("I give it to him")

Ich gebe ihm das Geld ("I give him the money")

Ich gebe es meinem Vater ("I give it to my father")

unusual

Ich gebe das Geld meinem Vater ("I give the money to my father")

Ich gebe das Geld ihm ("I give the money to him")

very strange (but still correct)

Ich gebe ihm es ("I give him it")

Ich gebe meinem Vater es ("I give my father it")

Native adverbs, like nicht, leider or gerne, are placed before the innermost verb (see Compound infinitives).

Predicative nouns and predicative adjectives

A predicative adjective can be the positive, comparative or superlative stem of an adjective, therefore it has the same form as the adverb. One might also use positional phrases or pronominal adverbs.

rot sein ("be red")

bekannt werden ("become well-known")

im Rathaus sein ("be in the town hall")

A predicative noun is a nominal phrase in the nominative case.

Ein Arzt sein ("be a doctor")

Note that, if the subject is singular, the predicative noun must not be plural.

Der Schwarm ist eine Plage (singular/singular) ("the swarm is a pest")

Die Bienen sind Insekten (plural/plural) ("the bees are insects")

Die Bienen sind der Schwarm (plural/singular) ("the bees are the swarm")

*Der Schwarm ist die Bienen (singular/plural)

but instead Der Schwarm ist ein Haufen Bienen ("the swarm is a load of bees")

or Die Bienen sind der Schwarm ("the bees are the swarm") (inversion)

3rd person pronouns are handled like any nominal phrase when used in a predicative way.

1st person or 2nd person pronouns are never used as predicative pronouns.

Normally, one makes an inversion when using a definite pronoun as predicativum.

Der bin ich. (*Ich bin der.) ("I'm the one")

Der bist du. (*Du bist der.) ("You're the one")

Der ist es. (*Es ist der.) ("He's the one")

Adverbs

One can use any kind of adverbial phrase or native adverb mentioned above. But beware of modal verbs, they change the meaning and phrase of the sentence.

Compound infinitives

Compound infinitives can be constructed by the usage of modal verbs or auxiliary verbs. One places a new infinitive behind the main infinitive. Then this outer infinitive will be conjugated instead of the old inner infinitive. Sometimes one must turn the old infinitive into a passive participle.

Passive infinitive

There are two types of passive forms: static passive and dynamic passive. They differ by their auxiliary words. The static passive uses sein, the dynamic passive is formed with werden (which has a slightly different conjugation from its siblings). In both cases, the old infinitive is turned into its passive participle form.

sehen – gesehen sein – gesehen werden ("see – be seen")

plötzlich am Himmel gesehen sein/werden ("suddenly be seen in the sky")

in der Schule sein – in der Schule gewesen sein ("be in the school – have been in the school")

dem Lehrer gefallen – dem Lehrer gefallen haben ("please the teacher – have pleased the teacher")

Note that a complex infinitive cannot be turned into passive form, with an accusative object, for obvious reasons. This restriction does not hold for dative objects.

mir den Schlüssel geben ("to give me the key")

NOT mir den Schlüssel gegeben werden

mir gegeben werden ("have been given to me")

The only exceptions are verbs with two accusative objects. In older forms of German, one of these accusative objects was a dative object. This dative object is removed, whereas the real accusative object stays.

Die Schüler die Vokabeln abfragen ("test the students on their vocab")

NOT Die Schüler abgefragt werden

Die Vokabeln abfragen ("the vocab be tested")

Perfect infinitives

The perfect infinitive is constructed by turning the old infinitive into the passive participle form and attaching the auxiliary verbs haben or sein after the verb.

• sehen – gesehen haben (transitive) ("see" – "saw/have seen")
• einen Vogel sehen – einen Vogel gesehen haben (transitive) ("see a bird –" "saw/have seen a bird")
• laufen – gelaufen sein (intransitive) ("walk – walked/have walked")
• einen schnellen Schritt laufen – einen schnellen Schritt gelaufen sein/haben ("walk at a fast pace" – "walked/have walked at a fast pace")

Note that the perfect infinitive of an intransitive verb is created the same way as the static passive infinitive of a transitive verb.

One can also build perfect infinitives of passive infinitives, both static and dynamic. Since the passive is intransitive, having no accusative object, one must use the auxiliary sein:

• sehen ("to see")
• gesehen worden sein ("to have been seen")
• gesehen geworden sein ("to have been being seen")

sein is used as an auxiliary verb, when the verb is:

• intransitive,
• indicates a movement from one place to another, or
• describes the alteration of a state

haben is used, when

• actually any other case, but could be described more specifically

Future infinitives

The future infinitive is more theoretical, because this infinite is only used in finite form. One keeps the old infinitive and appends the verb werden, which in the present tense means 'to become'.

nach Italien fahren – nach Italien fahren werden ("to drive to Italy" – "to be about to drive to Italy")

The future infinitive can also be built by a perfect infinitive, which is used in the future perfect.

den Baum gefällt haben – den Baum gefällt haben werden ("to have felled the tree" – "to be about to have felled the tree")

Infinitives with modal verbs

Modal verbs are verbs that modify other verbs, and as such, are never found alone. Examples may include the following: "may", "must", "should", "want", or "can". Such verbs are utilized by placing the modal infinitive behind the old (passive or perfect) infinitive, without changing any other word. Some modal verbs in German are: können, dürfen, müssen, brauchen, wollen, mögen, lassen.

dorthin fahren können ("to be able to drive there")

nach Rom fahren lassen ("let someone drive to Rome")

Accusativus cum infinitivo

Similar to Latin, there is an accusative and infinitive (ACI) construction possible. To construct it, one places a certain infinitive behind the last infinitive, then adds an accusative object before the inner complex infinitive. This can be done in two ways:

• Simple ACI
  • Subject – Verb – Object – Infinitive: "Ich sehe dich stolzieren" I see you strutting
• Complex ACI
  • Subject – Verb – Object – Compound infinitive: "Ich lasse dich ein Haus bauen" I let you build a house

The Infinitive with zu

The infinitive with zu has nothing to do with the gerundive, although it is created in a similar way. One simply puts the word zu before the infinitive, perhaps before the permanent prefix, but after the separable prefix.

zu lesen ("to read")

Ich lerne zu lesen ("I learn to read")

zu verlassen ("to leave")

Ich habe beschlossen, dich zu verlassen ("I've decided to leave you")

wegzuwerfen ("to throw away")

Ich habe beschlossen, das Buch wegzuwerfen ("I've decided to throw away the book")

The infinitive with zu extended with um expresses purpose (in order to...). The subject of the main clause and the verb in the infinitive must be identical.

Ich habe ein Meer überquert, um dich zu treffen – "I have crossed an ocean to meet you."

Conjugation

Main article: German conjugation

There are three persons, two numbers and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to consider in conjugation. There are six tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: weak and strong. Some grammars use the term mixed verbs to refer to weak verbs with irregularities. For a historical perspective on German verbs, see Germanic weak verb and Germanic strong verb.

Below, the weak verb kaufen 'to buy' and the strong verb singen "to sing" are conjugated.

	Weak verbs		Strong verbs
	Present	Past	Present	Past
ich	kaufe	kaufte	singe	sang
du	kaufst	kauftest	singst	sangst
er	kauft	kaufte	singt	sang
wir	kaufen	kauften	singen	sangen
ihr	kauft	kauftet	singt	sangt
sie	kaufen	kauften	singen	sangen

Conditional endings (except for sein "to be")

• All tenses and verbs: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en

sein "to be" is irregular in the conditional mood

• Present conditional: sei, seist, sei, seien, sei(e)t, seien
• Past conditional: wäre, wärst, wäre, wären, wär(e)t, wären

The (e)s are inserted when the stem of the verb ends in:

-chn -d, -dn, -fn, -gn, -t, -tm

The second person singular ending is -t for verbs whose stems end in:

-s, -ß, -x, -z

Examples

beten "to pray": weak transitive verb

• Past Participle: gebetet
• Present: bete, betest, betet, beten, betet, beten
• Past: betete, betetest, betete, beteten, betetet, beteten

singen "to sing": strong transitive verb

• Past Participle: gesungen
• Present: singe, singst, singt, singen, singt, singen
• Past: sang, sangst, sang, sangen, sangt, sangen

Some strong verbs change their stem vowel in the second and third person singular of the indicative mood of the present tense.

lesen "to read": strong transitive verb

• Past Participle: gelesen
• Present: lese, liest, liest, lesen, lest, lesen
• Past: las, last, las, lasen, last, lasen

The other tenses are described in the Sentences section, because they include construction of sentences.

Auxiliary verbs

werden "to become" (strong)

	Present	Past
ich	werde	wurde
du	wirst	wurdest
er	wird	wurde
wir	werden	wurden
ihr	werdet	wurdet
sie	werden	wurden

• Past participle: geworden

haben "to have" (mixed)

Compare the archaic English conjugation:

	Present	Past		Present	Past
ich	habe	hatte	I	have	had
du	hast	hattest	thou	hast	hadst
er	hat	hatte	he	hath	had
wir	haben	hatten	we	have	had
ihr	habt	hattet	ye	have	had
sie	haben	hatten	they	have	had

• Past participle: gehabt

sein "to be" (strong)

	Present	Past
ich	bin	war
du	bist	warst
er	ist	war
wir	sind	waren
ihr	seid	wart
sie	sind	waren

• Past participle: gewesen

Modal verbs

• müssen "to be required; must"
• sollen "to be supposed to; should"
• wollen "to want (with resolve)"
• mögen "to like"
• können "to be able; can; to be possible"
• dürfen "to be allowed; may"

Modal verbs are inflected irregularly. In the present tense, they use the preterite endings of the strong verbs. In the past tense, they use the preterite endings of the weak verbs. In addition, most modal verbs have a change of vowel in the singular.

müssen

sollen

wollen

mögen

können

dürfen

Present

Past

Present

Past

Present

Past

Present

Past

Present

Past

Present

Past

ich

muss

musste

soll

sollte

will

wollte

mag

mochte

kann

konnte

darf

durfte

du

musst

musstest

sollst

solltest

willst

wolltest

magst

mochtest

kannst

konntest

darfst

durftest

er

muss

musste

soll

sollte

will

wollte

mag

mochte

kann

konnte

darf

durfte

wir

müssen

mussten

sollen

sollten

wollen

wollten

mögen

mochten

können

konnten

dürfen

durften

ihr

müsst

musstet

sollt

solltet

wollt

wolltet

mögt

mochtet

könnt

konntet

dürft

durftet

sie

müssen

mussten

sollen

sollten

wollen

wollten

mögen

mochten

können

konnten

dürfen

durften

When a modal verb is in use, the main verb is moved to the end of the sentence.

For example:

Ich kann das Auto fahren. ("I can drive the car.") Ich soll die Karten kaufen. ("I'm supposed to buy the cards.") Er muss der Mutter danken. ("He must thank the mother.") Note: danken is a dative verb which is why die Mutter becomes der Mutter. For further information, please read the section about Dative verbs.

Dative verbs

Some verbs are dative verbs. When used, these verbs change the case of the direct object to dative. Many have in common that they change the direct object. Dative verbs include (but are not limited to):

antworten

danken

folgen

geben

gefallen

glauben

gratulieren

helfen

passen

vertrauen

verzeihen

Reflexive verbs

Some verbs require the use of a reflexive pronoun. These verbs are known as reflexive verbs. In English, these are often slightly modified versions of non-reflexive verbs, such as "to sit oneself down".

Imperative conjugation

There is an imperative for second person singular and second person plural, as well as for first person plural and second person formal.

The endings for second person singular informal are: -(e), -el or -le, and -er(e).

The endings for second person plural informal are: -(e)t, -elt, and -ert.

Fahren (wir/Sie)! – Fahr(e)! – Fahrt!

The imperative of first person plural and second person formal is identical to the infinitive.

This subtopic is strongly related to the construction of German sentences.

Verbal nouns and verbal adjectives

This section details the construction of verbal nouns and verbal adjectives from the main infinitive. The processes are the same both for simple and complex infinitives. For complex infinitives, adverbial phrases and object phrases are ignored, they do not affect this process; except something else is mentioned.

Past participle

There are some irregularities when creating the past participle form.

Weak verbs form their past participles with ge- plus the third person singular form of the verb.

• fragen (er fragt) → gefragt
• passen (es passt) → gepasst
• antworten (er antwortet) → geantwortet
• hören (er hört) → gehört
• fühlen (er fühlt) → gefühlt

Verbs with non-initial stress (practically always the result of an unstressed inseparable prefix, or foreign words ending in stressed -ieren or -eien) do not have ge- added to the verb.

• verführen (er verführt) → verführt
• miauen (er miaut) → miaut
• probieren (er probiert) → probiert
• prophezeien (er prophezeit) → prophezeit

For irregular verbs, the infinitive ending -en remains.

• gelaufen
• gegeben
• gegangen
• geworfen

The separable prefix remains in place.

• weggetragen
• umverteilt

NOTE Ich habe den Baum umgefahren (I drove over – crashed into – the tree)

NOTE Ich habe den Baum umfahren (I drove around the tree)

The past participles of modal and auxiliary verbs have the same form as their infinitives. But if these verbs are used alone, without an infinitive, they have a regular participle.

Ich habe den Chef besuchen dürfen (Chef = boss) (I was allowed to see the boss)

Ich habe zum Chef gedurft (unusual) (I was allowed in to the boss)

Present participle

To create the basic form of a present participle, you attach the suffix -d to the infinitive of the verb.

laufen – laufend ("walk" – "walking")

töpfern – töpfernd ("make pottery" – "making pottery")

lächeln – lächelnd ("smile" – "smiling")

verraten – verratend ("betray" – "betraying")

aufbauen – aufbauend ("establish" – "establishing")

Future participle or gerundive

A gerundive-like construction is fairly complicated to use. The basic form is created by putting the word zu before the infinitive. This is also the adverb.

zu suchen ("to be looked for")

Der Schlüssel ist zu suchen ("the key needs to be looked for")

zu verzeichnen ("to be recorded")

Ein Trend ist zu verzeichnen ("A trend is to be recorded")

The adjective is more complicated. Instead of the infinitive, one uses the present participle, and then declines it corresponding to gender, number, case and article of the nominal phrase. (Compare the German declension of adjectives.)

Der zu suchende Schlüssel ("the key to be looked for")

Ein zu lüftendes Geheimnis ("a secret to be revealed")

Agent nouns

Agent nouns (e.g. photographer from photograph in English) are constructed by taking the infinitive, removing the ending and replacing it by -er, -ler or -er(er). If the person is a woman, the endings have an extra -in on them. Note that in the feminine form a second syllable er is omitted, if the infinitive ends on ern or eren.

• infinitive: fahren "to drive"
  • agent noun, masculine: Der Fahrer "the (male) driver"
  • agent noun, feminine: Die Fahrerin "the (female) driver"

• infinitive: tischlern "to join (carpentry)"
  • agent noun, masculine: Der Tischler "the (male) joiner"
  • agent noun, feminine: Die Tischlerin "the (female) joiner"

• infinitive: verweigern "to refuse"
  • agent noun, masculine: Der Verweigerer "the (male) refuser"
  • agent noun, feminine: Die Verweigerin "the (female) refuser"

This form is hard to build for complex infinitives, therefore it is unusual:

• infinitive: weggehen "to go away"

does not usually become der Weggeher or die Weggeherin, but instead Derjenige, der weggeht ("the one going away")

or even

schnell zum Flughafen fahren um die Maschine noch zu erwischen ("to quickly drive to the airport to just catch the flight")

• does not become: Der Schnell-zum-Flughafen-um-die-Maschine-noch-zu-erwischen-Fahrer ("the quickly-driving-to-the-airport-to-catch-the-flight-driver")

Gerund

The normal gerund noun is generally the same word as the infinitive. The gerund does not have a plural, and its gender is neuter.

arbeiten – Das Arbeiten ("to work" – "working")

NOTE Die Arbeiten is not the feminine plural of the gerund Arbeiten,

it is the plural of Die Arbeit.

There is another kind of gerund that (sometimes) implies disapproval of the action. The ending of this form is -erei ( -lerei or erei ). It does not have a plural, and its gender is feminine.

arbeiten – Die Arbeiterei ("to work" – "this silly working")

laufen – Die Lauferei ("to run" – "this silly running")

The above form means a loose, vague abstractum of the verb's meaning. It is also often used to designate a whole trade, discipline or industry:

die Meierei – (once) "a milk-processing enterprise"

Cf. also Metzgerei, Fleischerei (butcher's establishment) which do not spring from verbs.

Similar to the form presented above, one may place the prefix ge- (after the separable prefix), if the verb doesn't have a permanent prefix, and then attach the ending -e ( -el, -er ). This noun indicates the same disapproval as the other one. It is a singularetantum, too, and it is neuter.

fahren – Das Gefahre ("to drive" – "silly driving")

laufen – Das Gelaufe ("running" – "silly running")

These forms are very hard to build for complex infinitives; therefore they are very unusual. When they occur, all object phrases and adverbial phrases are put before the gerund noun.

gesehen werden – Das Gesehen-Werden ("to be seen" – "being seen")

Tenses

Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions.

Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers, two moods and two tenses. The subjunctive mood is quite complicated to build; even many native speakers have problems with that matter. English native speakers should note that these tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". A sentence like Das Mädchen ist zur Schule gehend is still – theoretically – correct, but nobody speaks this way (by the way, Das Mädchen ist gehend zur Schule is completely wrong). One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial German, there does exist a progressive form, but it is only used with intransitive verbs, for example, am Essen sein meaning "to be eating".

• Present (Präsens) – It is the present-conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for present progressive, as well as for historical past. It is also very common to use it with a future meaning.

  Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")

• Preterite (Präteritum) – It is the past-conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly for written German and formal speech.

  Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")

• Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present-conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. The most important tense in spoken German to explain what happened in the past. Note that to express things like I have been waiting for 3 hours now, present tense is used: Ich warte jetzt schon seit 3 Stunden hier (literally, I wait now already since 3 hours here).

  Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")

• Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past-conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of the perfect form of the Preterite. Used to describe what had already happened in the past.

  Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")

• Future (Futur I) – It is the present-conjugated form of the future infinitive. Mainly for describing the future, but also for assumptions. This tense is used in spoken and written German, but Germans prefer the Präsens with future meaning instead.

  Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")

• Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present-conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. Used to refer to things that will have happened, that is be past, in the future. This tense is not really common German. Usually, perfect is used instead.

  Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")

In the third person singular and plural conjugations future perfect can also be used to express an assumption and refers to something that is assumed to have happened in the past.

Er wird das Auto gekauft haben ("He'll (surely) have bought the car")

Sie werden das Auto gekauft haben ("They'll (surely) have bought the car")

References

• Stern, Guy; and Bleiler, Everett F. Essential German Grammar, Dover Publ., 1961.

External links

• Verb Conjugation Trainer by Wie Geht's German
• German verb conjugation