Human genetic enhancement: Difference between revisions
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'''Gene doping''' is defined by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] as "the non-therapeutic use of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s, [[genes]], genetic elements, or of the modulation of [[gene expression]], having the capacity to improve athletic performance". [http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2008_List_En.pdf] A complex [[ethical]] and [[philosophical]] issue is what defines "gene doping", especially in the context of [[bioethical]] debates about [[human enhancement]].<ref name="Miah 2004">{{cite book| author = [[Andy Miah|Miah, Andy]]| title = Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport| publisher = Routledge| year = 2004| isbn = 0-415-29880-6}}</ref> An example of gene doping could involve the recreational use of [[gene therapy|gene therapies]] intended to treat muscle-wasting disorders. Many of these chemicals may be indistinguishable from their natural counterparts. In such cases, nothing unusual would enter the [[bloodstream]] so officials would detect nothing in a [[blood test|blood]] or [[urine test]]. |
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The historical development of policy associated with gene doping began in 2001 when the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) Medical Commission met to discuss the implications of gene therapy for sport. It was shortly followed by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA), which met in 2002 to discuss genetic enhancement at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] in New York. Also in 2002, the United States [[The President's Council on Bioethics|President’s Council on Bioethics]] met twice to discuss the ethics of genetic technology related to sport. In 2003, WADA decided to include a prohibition of [[gene doping]] within their [[World Anti-Doping Code]], which is formalized in its 2004 World Anti-Doping Code. Further, the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (AAAS) met in 2003 and 2004 to discuss the science and ethics of gene transfer technology for sport. |
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The [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) has already asked scientists to help find ways to prevent gene therapy from becoming the newest means of doping. In December 2005, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] hosted its second landmark meeting on gene doping, which took place in Stockholm. At this meeting, the delegates drafted a declaration on gene doping which, for the first time, included a strong discouragement of the use of genetic testing for performance. |
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The first product to be associated with genetic doping emerged on the approach to the [[2006 Winter Olympics|Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games]], where [[repoxygen]] was discussed as a possible substance in use at the Games. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Doping (sport)|Doping]] |
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*[[Gene therapy]] |
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*[[World Anti-Doping Agency]] |
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* [[List of doping cases in cycling]] |
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==References== |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.msu.edu/~folandwa/gd_index.html Gene Doping Documentary from Michigan State University] |
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*[http://www.wada-ama.org/en/t1.asp World Anti-Doping Agency Website] |
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*[http://www.GMathletes.net Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport (Routledge, 2004)], by [[Andy Miah]] |
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*[http://www.bioethicsport.org.uk Bioethics & Sport Blog] |
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*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa008&articleID=000E7ACE-5686-10CF-94EB83414B7F0000&pageNumber=3&catID=2 Scientific American July 2004 - Gene Doping] |
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*[http://www.media.paisley.ac.uk/andymiah/Miah2002GeneDopingGlasaBk.pdf Miah, A. (2003) Gene Doping: Sport, Values & Bioethics. In Glasa, J. (Ed.) The Ethics of Human Genetics. Strasburg, Council of Europe, pp.171-180] |
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*[http://www.fast.paisley.ac.uk Forum for the Analysis of Sport Technology] |
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*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000E7ACE-5686-10CF-94EB83414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (July 2004 Issue) Gene Doping] |
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*[http://www.tab.fzk.de/en/projekt/zusammenfassung/ab124.htm Summary of TAB Working report 124 "Gene Doping" on behalf of the German Parliament (April 2008)] cf. also [http://www.tab.fzk.de/de/gendoku_en.pdf Findings (February 2008)] |
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* The social aspects of Gene Doping is discussed in the [http://www.rusiriusradio.com/2007/06/29/show-117-weekend-edition-cyborgs-revolution-steve-wozniak/ RU Sirius Show #117 6.29.07] with Steve Wozniak and WorldChanger Jamais Cascio. |
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[[Category:Applied genetics]] |
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Revision as of 18:46, 2 February 2009
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