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Gay cruising in England and Wales

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Gay cruising describes the act of searching about a public place in pursuit of a partner for sex. This activity has existed in England and Wales since at least the 17th century and has a colourful legal history. It differs from prostitution in that the parties involved do not seek money for sex, and from gay nightclubs or bathhouses in that they are not on private premises, although they may take place on private land to which the public have been granted access.

History and origins

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The history of gay cruising is sparsely documented, as the illegality of gay sex meant that those who used such cruising grounds were likely to be discreet about them. Rictor Norton, author of Mother Clap's Molly House (a reference to Margaret Clap), is one of the few historians to address the topic. He believes that the first gay cruising grounds and gay brothels in London may have sprung up in the early 17th century; theatres were sometimes denounced as such by moralists of the time.

So-called "cruising grounds" or "cruising sites", where gay and bisexual men meet at a public place to cruise for sex, originated in the late 1600s (from the earliest known records, although it most likely originated much earlier) and has continued to the present day. Cruising came about owing to the illegality of homosexual acts in the United Kingdom. Prior to the Sexual Offences Act 1967, this illegality meant that many gay men could not live openly as homosexuals. Cruising provided a way for gay men to solicit sexual encounters while minimizing the risk of being caught by the police. When cruising first became known, it usually took place in public fields, parks, toilets (or "cottages" as they would become known as in the 20th century). In more recent times, public lay-bys located either on or off main roads or rural roads have also become popular sites. Gay beat is an Australian term.

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Before the 20th century, anal sex, whether conducted in public or private, was illegal under sodomy laws, including the Buggery Act set down by Henry VIII in 1533. The penalty for anal intercourse during most of this period was death; however, specific proof of successful anal penetration was required for this verdict to be brought. The lesser crime of "gross indecency" carried penalties including the pillory (as in the case of the Vere Street Coterie, who were arrested in a raid of a gay club in 1811), transportation and imprisonment.

The death penalty for anal sex was lifted in 1861.[1] An 1885 law prohibited "gross indecency", which included all erotic conduct between men.[2] Eventually, in 1967, some of the Wolfenden Report's recommendations of a decade earlier led to the decriminalisation of homosexual sex in private; no such legal privilege pertains to sex in public places, either for homosexual or heterosexual sex.[3][4] Therefore, despite more tolerance in the law and society at large, gay men have continued to be at risk of prosecution for public sex.

A number of well known people have been arrested for sex in public places in England and Wales, including:

The playwright Joe Orton wrote in his posthumously published diaries of his regular cottaging, but he did not incur prosecution.

Areas with a history of gay cruising

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Norton (2007) lists a number of London cruising grounds during the Georgian era. These included St. James's Park, Moorfields, the public privies at Lincoln's Inn, and Smithfield prior to the Gordon Riots.

Hampstead Heath in north London has a long history of gay cruising, which was accompanied by police arrests and attacks. From the late 1990s, this evolved into minimal active policing, and support from gay sexual health organisations.[18][19] During an interview on BBC News 24, the singer George Michael, who was allegedly caught cruising on Hampstead Heath by News of the World photographers, claimed that his cruising was de facto private because it occurred at 2am.[20] In 1992, Conservative MP Alan Amos resigned his parliamentary seat after he was found by the police "engaging in a homosexual act" on the Heath.[21]

Clapham Common in south London is well known for gay cruising. The Labour MP Ron Davies resigned from the government after national newspapers reported that he was attacked and robbed by a man whom he met on the Common. A number of homophobic attacks have occurred around the area, including the murder of Jody Dobrowski.[22] The gay-themed TV drama Clapham Junction was based around the lives of gay men in the area and included scenes of cruising and cottaging.[23]

Current situation

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The Sexual Offences Act 2003 prohibits all forms of sexual activity in a public lavatory, but has nothing to say about other forms of cruising. However, persons of any gender who engage in sexual intercourse in public can find themselves charged with offences under the Public Order Act 1986, if the police have sufficient evidence to convince a court of law that the activity was witnessed by a third party, or there was a high likelihood of the activity being witnessed by a third party.[24][25]

Presently,[when?] there is an active population of men who visit cruising grounds, which include parks, picnic areas and lay-bys where sex takes place in the bushes or other sheltered areas. These areas exist in all parts of Britain, including isolated rural areas. The attitude of the police to cruising at any given location varies, according to the time of the day or night, and the level of public concern measured by the number of complaints from local residents and councillors. Occasionally, police community support officers will visit a cruising area during the early hours of the morning with the intention of advising cruisers of the risk of homophobic attacks, and any persons seen to be involved in sexual behavior will be asked to move on rather than being arrested. A number of police forces actively participate in on-line discussions with cruisers in order to gather information on hate crimes and to discourage them from using locations about which complaints have been received.[26]

The current trend[when?] for gay cruising has been bolstered by a continued use of online media. Apps and websites including Grindr, Cruizerz.com and Squirt.org make arranged cruising possible, although this has been a source of questionable safety, with Russian gangs having been found to use such media to lure gay men into dangerous situations.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hawkes, Gail (2004), Sex and pleasure in western culture, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 127, ISBN 978-0-7456-1671-1
  2. ^ Kaplan, Morris B. (2005). Sodom on the Thames: sex, love, and scandal in Wilde times. Cornell University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780801436789.
  3. ^ Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution (1963), The Wolfenden report: report of the Committee on Homosexual Offenses and Prostitution, Stein and Day
  4. ^ Moran, Leslie J. (1996), The homosexual(ity) of law (annotated ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-07952-5
  5. ^ "London theatre record", London Theatre Record, 9, Issues 1-13, I. Herbert: 269, 1989, In early February 1873, Solomon was caught fucking George Roberts, a 60-year-old stable man, in a public toilet off Oxford Street.
  6. ^ Winwar, Frances (1933), Poor splendid wings: the Rossettis and their circle, Little, Brown, and Company, pp. 182–184, 241–242, 325–328
  7. ^ Parris, Matthew; Maguire, Kevin (2004), Great parliamentary scandals: five centuries of calumny, smear and innuendo (revised ed.), Robson, p. 126, ISBN 978-1-86105-736-5
  8. ^ "News in Brief: Conditional discharge for television actor". The Times. 13 December 1962. p. 17. Wilfred Brambell ... was conditionally discharged for a year and ordered to pay 25 guineas costs at West London Magistrates' Court yesterday for persistently importuning for an immoral purpose at Shepherds Bush Green on November 6
  9. ^ "News in Brief: Importuning by actor". The Times. 25 February 1981. p. 4. Peter Dudley, ... was fined £200 at Manchester City Magistrates' Court yesterday when he admitted importuning for an immoral purpose in a public lavatory
  10. ^ "Fine For "Persistently Importuning"". The Times. 22 October 1953. p. 5. John Gielgud aged 49, described on the charge sheet as a clerk, of Cowley Street Westminster, was fined £10 at West London yesterday on a charge of persistently importuning male persons of an immoral purpose at Dudmaston Mews, Chelsea.
  11. ^ Munn, Michael (2007), Lord Larry: the secret life of Laurence Olivier : a personal and intimate portrait, Anova Books, p. 165, ISBN 978-1-86105-977-2
  12. ^ Robinson, Shirleene (2008), Homophobia: An Australian History, Federation Press, p. 118, ISBN 978-1-86287-703-0
  13. ^ Parris, Matthew; Prosser, David; Pierce, Andrew (1995), Great parliamentary scandals: four centuries of calumny, smear and innuendo, Robson Books, p. 107, ISBN 978-0-86051-957-7
  14. ^ Darlington, Andrew (2001), I was Elvis Presley's bastard love-child & other stories of rock'n'roll excess, Critical Vision, p. 33, ISBN 978-1-900486-17-0
  15. ^ Lucas, Ian (1998), OutRage!: an oral history, Cassell, p. 188, ISBN 978-0-304-33358-5
  16. ^ Richards, Stephen (2003), Crime through time, Mirage Publishing, p. 294, ISBN 978-1-902578-17-0
  17. ^ Larkin, Colin (1998), Colin Larkin (ed.), The Virgin encyclopedia of R&B and soul, Virgin in association with Muze Inc., p. 121, ISBN 978-0-7535-0241-9
  18. ^ Howard, Patrick (30 July 2006). "Personal Column: 'I go with gay strangers. We have our own code'". The Independent. George Michael has admitted to "cruising" on Hampstead Heath. John O'Brien, a regular, knows the joys and pitfalls of al fresco sex
  19. ^ Lyttle, John (30 May 1997). "The way some sections of the gay press carry on you'd think a fundamental civil liberty was under threat". The Independent. You know gay summer has officially begun when Hampstead Heath is raided again. This summer, every summer ... The weather turns nice and the wildlife, you should pardon the expression, comes out. Hampstead locals taking their progeny for a little sun and air find both heels and buggy wheels sticking to discarded condoms and empty tubs of Crisco - those traditional, tell-tale signs that you have fairies at the bottom of your communal garden. Night and day, but especially night, there's the cackle of mating calls, beating-off around the bushes and a constant stream of furtive trade riding through the glen, occasionally stopping, the little Tinkerbells – so residents claim – to light a fire and verbally abuse those vicious homophobes who have the nerve to object. "I say, would you chaps mind awfully ..." when they turn a corner of woodland to find the Bum Boy Three going at it like the clappers against a mighty oak.
  20. ^ "Star to sue over "cruising" claim". BBC News. 28 July 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2009. George Michael has said he is to take legal action against a man who claimed he had a gay encounter with the singer.
  21. ^ Assinder, Nick (17 January 2000). "Clutching at straws". BBC News. Mr Amos resigned his seat after he was found by the police allegedly engaging in a homosexual act on Hampstead Heath.
  22. ^ Milmo, Cahal (18 October 2005). "Murder in park was latest in spate of anti-gay attacks". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. As he made his way home from visiting a friend, Mr Dobrowski was kicked and punched to death on the edge of a well-known gay cruising area on Clapham Common. Scotland Yard said yesterday the violence was so extreme that his killers had no use for a weapon. Fists and feet, rather than a club or knife, were enough to inflict the injuries to the head, neck and chest from which Mr Dobrowski died in hospital at 10.30am on Saturday.
  23. ^ Teeman, Tim (21 July 2007). "Progress, what progress". The Times. The drama set for the most publicity is Clapham Junction, about a disparate group of gay men whose lives cross one day after a civil commitment ceremony. They are all in some way compromised by their sexuality: they go to Hampstead Heath, Clapham Common and public lavatories for sex.[dead link]
  24. ^ "COTTAGING AND CRUISING: YOUR SAFETY, YOUR RIGHTS AND THE LAW" (PDF). Galop.org.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2017.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Bindel, Julie (16 September 2014). "The tricky business of policing sex in public". BBC News.
  26. ^ "Gaybod: Police Information and Advice". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2007.

Additional sources

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  • Norton, Rictor (2007), Mother clap's molly house: the gay subculture in England, 1700-1830 (2 ed.), Chalford Press, ISBN 978-1-84588-344-7
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