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Natural gas in Ukraine

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See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes and Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine

Ukraine extracts about 20 billion cubic meters of fossil gas each year, and since 2022 this has almost met demand.[1] Ukraine has been estimated to possess natural gas reserves of over 670 billion cubic meters (in 2022),[2] and in 2018 was ranked 26th among countries with proved reserves of natural gas.[3] In 2021, Ukraine produced 19.8 billion cubic meters (bcm or Gm3) of natural gas. To satisfy domestic demand of 27.3 bcm that year, Ukraine relied on gas imports (2.6 bcm) and withdrawal from underground storage (4.9 bcm). Winter demand can reach 150 mcm per day.[4]

During Soviet times, Ukraine produced a record of 68.7 bcm in 1976. At the time of independence in 1991, production was at 26.6 bcm, and fell in the 1990s to about 18 bcm. Since the mid-2000s, production has stabilised between 20 and 21 bcm.[5] Over 70% of domestic gas production is extracted by UkrGasVydobuvannya,[6] a subsidiary of the state-owned company Naftogaz. Private gas production companies in Ukraine are DTEK, Ukrnaftoburinnya, Burisma, Smart Energy, Poltava Petroleum Company, Geo Alliance Group, and KUB-GAS.[7]

Ukraine stopped buying gas from Russia in November 2015 to reduce gas dependence after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war,[8] but instead buys it indirectly from traders in Western Europe as part of the Russian gas that transits through Ukraine.[4] The contract to transit Russian gas expires at the end of 2024.[9]

Domestic production

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See also: UkrGasVydobuvannya

Domestic production peaked in 1975 at 68.1 billion cubic meters (bcm).[10][nb 1] Since then production gradually declined, stabilising in recent years at around 20 bcm.[10][nb 2]

Ukraine aimed to increase natural gas production in the Black Sea from 1 bcm in 2011 to 3 bcm in 2015.[10] In 2012, Black Sea production reached 1.2 bcm and was predicted to rise to 1.65 bcm in 2013.[10][nb 3]

Ukrainian government plans predicted that by 2030 about half of Ukraine's production will come from non-traditional gas deposits (including 6–11 bcm of shale gas a year).[10]

In 2012, Naftogaz and China Development Bank signed a deal to switch power and chemical production plants from natural gas to coal gasification technologies developed by China in order to reduce reliance on imported gas.[10]

Regions

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The oil and gas industry has activities in six regions of Ukraine:

Proven reserves

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Ukrainian natural gas reserves (2019)[16]
Region Millions m3
Kharkiv Oblast 317,630
Poltava Oblast 270,868
Lviv Oblast 72,272
Black Sea 37,506
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 30,556
Sumy Oblast 29,443
Autonomous Republic of Crimea 16,761
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 13,079
Luhansk Oblast 12,591
Chernihiv Oblast 9,296
Chernivtsi Oblast 3,408
Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2,987
Zakarpattia Oblast 1,289
Volyn Oblast 1,022
Odesa Oblast 137
Donetsk Oblast 84
Azov Sea 14

Consumers

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Ukraine is a major natural gas consumer, being ranked thirteenth in the world and fifth in Europe.[10] Consumption levels have fallen from 118 bcm in 1991 to less than 55 bcm in 2012,[10] and from 50.4 bcm in 2013 to 29.8 bcm in 2019.[17] Heavy industry is the largest consumer of natural gas in Ukraine (accounting for 40% of domestic consumption), followed by households (over 30%), and communal heating systems for government buildings and residential properties (20%).[10] It is estimated that 9% of gas is wasted.[10][nb 4]

Naftogaz stated on 17 December 2013 that only four Ukrainian Oblasts (provinces) made regular payments for natural gas.[18]

Ukraine announced on 26 March 2014 that household natural gas prices would rise by 50% from 1 May 2014 in order to receive an IMF $14–18 billion rescue package.[19]

In the first seven months of 2014, gas consumption in Ukraine fell by 15%;[20] this was amidst the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War.[14]

Electricity generation

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This section is an excerpt from Electricity in Ukraine § Gas.[edit]
Many small gas-turbine generators are used, as these are more difficult to attack than large gas-fired or coal-fired power plants.[21]

Imports

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Despite its own production of natural gas, Ukraine still had to import about 80% of its natural gas needs in 1999.[22] After 2008, the Ukrainian volume of imports of natural gas dropped.[10] According to estimates from 2017, Ukraine domestically supplies 63.8% of its own gas consumption, whereas 36.2% is imported from other countries.[23] Traditionally, Ukraine imported natural gas mainly from Turkmenistan and Russia (about two-thirds of its gas in 2012).[24][25] Since November 2012, Ukraine has diversified its suppliers of imported natural gas.[26][10][nb 5] On 9 January 2014, Ukrainian Energy and Coal Industry Minister Eduard Stavytsky stated that Ukraine (at that time) will buy only Russian natural gas "because it's currently the most profitable".[28]

On 16 June 2014, Russia halted its natural gas supplies to Ukraine because Ukraine refused to pay a debt to Gazprom of $4.5 billion that had arisen after Russia denounced the 2010 Kharkiv Pact on 31 March 2014.[29] In June 2014, Ukraine increased imports of natural gas from Poland and Hungary.[20] Ukraine has not bought gas directly from Russia since 2015, sourcing it instead from traders of the gas which is transported through Ukraine to be sold elsewhere in Europe.[4]

Prices of import

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Disputes over gas prices have led to several economic conflicts with Russia since 1990.[30] After 2004, Russia began to steadily raise the price of its natural gas exports to Ukraine, aiming to bring prices in line with the rates paid by other European states.[10] Until 2005, Ukraine was charged $50 per 1,000 m³; the price rose to $426 per 1,000 m³ in 2012.[10] In January 2013, Ukraine paid $430 per 1,000 m³.[31][nb 6]

Then Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin making a joint press statement on 18 January 2009 after they reached a deal on restoring gas supplies to both Europe and Ukraine.[33]

These rapid price increases raised Ukraine's annual cost of gas imports from less than $4 billion in 2005 to $14 billion in 2011 and 2012.[10] Natural gas is Ukraine's biggest import at present and is the main cause of the country's structural trade deficit.[10]

In the 17 December 2013 Ukrainian–Russian action plan, it was agreed that the cost of Russian natural gas supplied to Ukraine would be lowered to $268 per 1,000 cubic metres from a price of more than $400 in December 2013.[34][35]

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in February 2014 with the Russian military invasion of Crimea, severe tensions extended to the gas sector. The EU commissioner for energy, Günther Oettinger, was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU. The package signed on 30 October 2014 included Russian supplies of gas to Ukraine in the period of November 2014 through March 2015, conditioned on the payment of undisputed Ukrainian gas debt ($3 billion). The price for November and December 2014 was set at $378 per thousand cubic meters, to be adjusted in January. Deliveries were to be prepaid.[36] During that winter, Ukrainian monopoly Naftogaz was able to import limited quantities of gas from the EU (reverse flow from Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary) at Central European hub prices, around $250 per thousand cubic meters.

In 2014, due to a severe drop in the oil market price (the price halved between the middle and end of the year), Gazprom had to reduce the oil-linked gas price. On 9 January 2014, Naftogaz and Russia's Gazprom signed a supplement to the Russian-Ukrainian gas contract, setting the price of natural gas for Ukraine in the first quarter of 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters.[37]

Reverse flow

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Since the end of gas purchases from the Russian Federation in November 2015, Ukraine has started to purchase natural gas from Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, and is planning a provisional pipeline from Romania through Moldova.[citation needed] There is no physical reverse flow yet,[38][39] but a virtual reverse flow (also known as "netting"). Ukraine buys natural gas from international gas traders as part of the volumes that Gazprom sends westwards through Ukraine as transit country.[4]

The Russian Federation has refused to allow the transit of gas sales from Central Asia.[citation needed]

Ukraine as transit route of natural gas

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Main article: Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine

In 2020, Ukraine transited more natural gas than any other country in the world,[17] and it remains the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earns Ukraine about USD$3 billion per year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service.[10] Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes have been steadily decreasing.[10] In 2004, more than 120 bcm of Russian gas was transported through Ukraine; this figure dropped to just 84 bcm in 2012.[10]

The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes left many countries with a significant drop in their supplies when Russia cut off all natural gas supplies passing through Ukraine in 2009 and 2006.[30][40]

The transit of Russian gas to Europe will probably cease at the end of 2024.[41]

Shale gas

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Ukraine's largest natural gas fields are about 80–85% depleted, although there are still large quantities of unexploited gas reserves stored in hard-to-reach areas or solid rock.[42] Ukraine has Europe's third largest shale gas reserves, at 1.2 trillion cubic meters (tcm).[25]

There are two potentially large shale gas fields.[25] The Yuzivska gas field located in Donetsk Oblast and Kharkiv Oblast, and the Olesska gas field in Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast.[25] Ukraine signed a 50-year production sharing agreement with Royal Dutch Shell on 25 January 2013 involving the Yuzivska shale gas field.[10][31] The $10 billion deal was the largest foreign direct investment ever for Ukraine.[31] Full shale gas production was expected to depend on successful results from 15 test wells.[31] On 13 September 2013, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that the (containing all expenditures) price of shale gas will be $120–130 per 1,000 cubic meters.[43] On 5 November 2013, Ukraine signed a $10 billion shale gas production-sharing agreement with Chevron Corporation to develop the Olesska gas field.[44] The Ukrainian government projected that the Yuzivska and Olesska projects together could provide Ukraine with an additional 11 to 16 bcm of natural gas per year by 2018.[44] By 2030, a production of 6–11 bcm of shale gas a year is called for in Ukrainian Government plans.[10]

Ukraine originally expected commercial shale gas extraction to begin in 2017,[45][nb 7] but Shell pulled out of the Yuzivska project in 2015 as a consequence of the war in the Donbas region,[46] located near the field, a collapse in European natural gas prices,[17] and opposition from local residents.[42] Similarly, Chevron abandoned the Olesska project in the West of Ukraine due to increased geopolitical risks and a collapse in European natural gas prices.[17]

Storage

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There is 31 bcm of underground storage in Ukraine.[2]

2022 Russian invasion

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Some pipelines in Ukraine were damaged by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[47]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union from 1920 until 24 August 1991, when Ukraine declared its independence.[11]
  2. ^ In 2008, Ukraine's gas production was 21.014 bcm with natural gas output rising 1.7% to 19.985 bcm. Ukraine boosted gas production by 1.1% (year-on-year) during January–November 2009 to 19.413 billion cubic meters (bcm), with natural gas output rising 1.6% to 18.541 bcm.[12]
  3. ^ Ukraine has lost access to the Black Sea around Crimea to Russia.[13][14] The status of Crimea and of the city of Sevastopol is currently under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an autonomous republic of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's cities with special status, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea to be a federal subject of Russia and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three federal cities.[13][14][15]
  4. ^ For example, through heat loss during transmission.[10]
  5. ^ On 18 June 2013, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated "We currently buy gas from RWE and pump it through Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. This gas costs us less than the Russian gas that we buy on the border with Russia, and RWE sells us the same gas that it buys from Russia".[27] He also stated that Ukraine annually overpaid Russia USD$7 billion for natural gas.[27]
  6. ^ In June 2013, per 1,000 m3, Ukraine paid $421.7 for natural gas from Russia, $388.6 for natural gas from Germany, and $406.6 for natural gas from Hungary.[32]
  7. ^ On 13 September 2013, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov expected that extraction of shale gas in Ukraine would begin from 2015.[43]

References

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  1. ^ "Ukraine's UGV brings new high-throughput domestic gas well into production".
  2. ^ a b "The Forgotten Potential of Ukraine's Energy Reserves". Harvard International Review. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  3. ^ "Ukraine". CIA World Factbook. 1 January 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Factbox: Ukraine's energy options limited in event of Russian gas disruption". Reuters. 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-27. Ukraine has not imported gas directly from Russia since 2015, but it buys it from Western traders as part of the Russian gas that goes through Ukrainian territory to Europe. [..] If Russia maintains gas transit through Ukraine and transit gas pipelines remain operational, Ukraine is able to provide the population and industry with gas. [..] In theory, gas could be imported at up to 40 mcm per day, but this is barely feasible due to a lack of freely available resources in Europe and funds to buy it.
  5. ^ Datskevych, Natalia (2020-02-20). "Top 4 reasons Ukraine's gas production is so low". Business. Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2022-04-10. Figure: Ukraine's gas production in 1991-2019, billion cubic meters
  6. ^ http://www.oecd.org/corporate/SOE-Reform-in-the-Hydrocarbons-Sector-in-Ukraine-ENG.pdf , OECD Report on SOE Reform in the Hydrocarbons Sector in Ukraine
  7. ^ http://agpu.org.ua/en/association/section-member_companies/ Archived 2020-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Associations of Gas Producers of Ukraine
  8. ^ "Naftogaz open letter: a year without gas imports from Russia". www.naftogaz.com. Naftogaz. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2022-04-10. Today is the first anniversary since Naftogaz stopped importing gas from Russia.
  9. ^ "Ukraine plans to end Russian gas transit contract in 2024 – interview for Deutsche Welle | Naftogaz Ukraine". www.naftogaz.com. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Kyiv's gas strategy: closer cooperation with Gazprom or a genuine diversification". Centre for Eastern Studies. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23.
  11. ^ A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples by Paul Robert Magocsi, University of Toronto Press, 2010, ISBN 1442610212 (page 563/564 & 722/723)
  12. ^ Ukraine boosts gas production 1.1% up to November, Kyiv Post (December 10, 2009)
  13. ^ a b Gutterman, Steve (18 March 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions". Reuters.com. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  14. ^ a b c Ukraine crisis timeline, BBC News
  15. ^ UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity Archived 2018-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, China Central Television (28 March 2014)
  16. ^ 10 фактів про видобуток українського газу — Економічна Правда, 5 вересня 2019
  17. ^ a b c d "Ukraine energy profile". International Energy Agency. 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  18. ^ Only four regions regularly paying for gas in Ukraine – Naftogaz official, Interfax-Ukraine (17 December 2013)
  19. ^ Buckley, Neil (27 March 2014). "IMF pledges $14bn-$18bn rescue package for Ukraine". Financial Times.
  20. ^ a b "Ukraine imports 221 mln cubic meters of gas from Europe in July - Ukrtransgaz". Economy. Interfax-Ukraine. 2014-08-07. Retrieved 2022-04-10. According to preliminary data from the Central Dispatching Department, Poland exported 118 million cubic meters of gas to Ukraine, and Hungary - 103 million cubic meters. Total gas imports from Russia and Europe were 2.126 billion cubic meters (bcm) in July.
  21. ^ "Russia destroyed Ukraine's energy sector, so it's being rebuilt green".
  22. ^ Ukraine at the Crossroads: Economic Reforms in International Perspective by Axel Siedenberg (Editor), Lutz Hoffmann, Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 1999, ISBN 3790811890/ISBN 978-3790811896 (page 393)
  23. ^ "Ukraine - Europe". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2022-04-09. Natural gas - production 19.73 billion cu m (2017 est.); Natural gas - consumption 30.92 billion cu m (2017 est.); Natural gas - imports 12.97 billion cu m (2017 est.)
  24. ^ Europe Review 2003/4: The Economic and Business Report, Kogan Page, 2004, ISBN 0749440678/ISBN 978-0749440671 (page 384)
  25. ^ a b c d Ukraine picks Shell, Chevron to develop shale gas fields, Reuters (11 May 2012)
  26. ^ Naftogaz to buy 18 b cubic meters of gas from Gazprom in 2014, says Bakulin, Interfax-Ukraine (13 June 2013)
    Naftogaz Ukrainy buys 320-350 mcm of gas from Gazprom in May, says Stavytsky, Interfax-Ukraine (13 June 2013)
    German RWE ready to supply gas to Ukraine via Slovakia, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2013)
    Ukraine hopes for diversification of gas supply sources and emergence of new suppliers, Interfax-Ukraine (17 June 2013)
    Ukraine to continue diversification of energy supplies, says president, Interfax-Ukraine (30 August 2013)
  27. ^ a b Azarov: Russian gas from RWE costs Ukraine $100 less than gas bought on border with Russia, Interfax-Ukraine (18 June 2013)
  28. ^ "Ukraine to buy only Russian gas due to advantageous price - energy minister". Economy. Interfax-Ukraine. 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2022-04-09. Ukraine will currently buy only Russian natural gas as its price is the best for the country, Energy and Coal Industry Minister Eduard Stavytsky has said.
  29. ^ State Duma approves denunciation of Russian-Ukrainian agreements on Black Sea Fleet, ITAR-TASS (31 March 2014)
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-03/russia-to-charge-ukraine-more-than-germany-as-gas-discounts-end.html
    Ukraine crisis: Russia halts gas supplies to Kiev, BBC News (16 June 2014)
    Ukraine crisis: Russia halts gas supplies to Kiev, BBC News (16 June 2014)
    Russia Cuts Gas to Ukraine While Maintaining Flow to EU , Bloomberg News (16 June 2014)
  30. ^ a b Country profile: Ukraine, BBC News
  31. ^ a b c d Ukraine set to sign landmark $10 billion shale gas deal with Shell, Reuters (24 January 2013)
    Shell for shale: Ukraine signs major deal, Euronews (25 January 2013)
    UPDATE 1-Ukraine signs landmark $10 bln shale gas deal with Shell, Reuters (24 January 2013)
  32. ^ Ukraine pays $397.7 for gas from Europe in June, $421.7 from Russia, Interfax-Ukraine ( August 2013)
  33. ^ "'Gas to flow' after Moscow deal". BBC News. January 18, 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
  34. ^ Russia cuts Ukraine gas price by a third, BBC News (17 December 2013)
  35. ^ Ukraine to issue Eurobonds; Russia will purchase $15 bln, says Russian finance minister, Interfax-Ukraine (17 December 2013)
  36. ^ Russia-Ukraine gas deal secures EU winter supply, BBC (31 October 2014)
  37. ^ Naftogaz, Gazprom sign supplement to gas contract, set gas price for Ukraine in Q1, 2014 at $268.5 per 1,000 cubic meters - Stavytsky, Interfax-Ukraine (9 January 2014)
  38. ^ "Physical Flow: Drozdovichi Exit Point Ukrtransgaz (UA → PL)". Transparency Platform. ENTSOG. 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  39. ^ "Physical Flow: Beregdaróc Entry Point FGSZ (UA → HU)". Transparency Platform. ENTSOG. 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  40. ^ "EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine". BBC News. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
    "Ukraine 'stealing Europe's gas'". BBC. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
    The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: a comprehensive assessment Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine page 53-55 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Retrieved on October 13, 2009
    "Ukraine 'stealing Europe's gas'". BBC. 2006-01-02. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  41. ^ "Ukraine plans to end Russian gas transit contract in 2024 – interview for Deutsche Welle". 24 October 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Yuzivka: Between fake news and truth about Ukraine's gas independence Yuzivka: Between fake news and truth about Ukraine's gas independence". ukrinform.net. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  43. ^ a b Shale gas extraction in Ukraine to start in 2015, says premier, Radio Ukraine (16 September 2013)
  44. ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Balmforth, Richard (5 November 2013). "UPDATE 2-Ukraine signs $10 bln shale gas deal with Chevron". Reuters. It was expected that Olesska would produce 5 billion cubic metres per year - and possibly as much as 8-10 billion cubic metres, he said. The deal with Shell, which is at a similar level of investment, is for exploration at Yuzivska in eastern Ukraine. The two shale projects could provide Ukraine with an additional 11 to 16 billion cubic metres (bcm) of gas in five years' time, according to projections by the Kiev government.
  45. ^ "Ukraine sees 2017 for commercial shale gas output". Reuters. 16 May 2012.
  46. ^ Olearchyk, Roman (2015-06-11). "Shell to withdraw from shale gas exploration in eastern Ukraine". Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  47. ^ "Kyiv Mayor Klitschko says no Russian troops in city: As it happened". ABC News. 26 February 2022.
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