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Foreign relations of the Gambia

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The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom, Senegal, and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States. Starting in 1995, President Yahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya, the Republic of China (on Taiwan, before 2013), and Cuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued, throughout Jammeh's period, the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand, with little of direction.

Amat Jeng, a scholar on Gambia's foreign policy, argues that "The Gambia under Jammeh was not constrained by the bureaucratic hurly-burly which characterizes the foreign policy terrain of big democracies. In The Gambia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) had, on several occasions, been left in a vacuum, thereby placing it under the Office of the President. Between 1997 and 2013, the MFA had been occupied by more than 18 different ministers in more than 20 sworn-in occasions. This qualifies the argument that Jammeh had always had the power to fire ministers at will. In North Korea, the MFA has been occupied only by ten different foreign ministers since 1948."[1] During Yahya Jammeh's presidency, The Gambia's foreign relations were characterized by a mix of isolationism, confrontational diplomacy, and strategic alliances. Jammeh's regime frequently clashed with Western nations over human rights issues, resulting in strained relations with the European Union and the United States. He often pursued alliances with non-Western countries, such as China, Iran, and Libya, to counterbalance Western influence and gain economic support. His administration also pulled The Gambia out of the Commonwealth in 2013, accusing the organization of neo-colonialism. Jammeh's unpredictable and authoritarian leadership style made Gambia's foreign policy under his rule highly controversial and often isolated the country on the international stage.

Despite these tensions, Jammeh's government engaged in regional diplomacy within West Africa, maintaining membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), though relations with neighboring Senegal were often tense due to border disputes and differing political stances. Jammeh's erratic foreign policy choices ultimately contributed to The Gambia's diplomatic isolation until his ouster in 2017.

During his last years, the EU grew increasingly intolerant of Jammeh's iron-fist rule. Consequently, Brussels withheld millions of Euros to The Gambia. Jammeh fired back by expelling the EU's top diplomat in the country after he had accused the bloc and human rights activists of conniving to besmirch the image of his government for its stance on homosexuality.[2]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which the Gambia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 18 February 1965[3]
2  Japan 18 February 1965[4]
3  Turkey 18 February 1965[5]
4  South Korea 21 April 1965[6]
5  Germany 26 April 1965[7]
6  Senegal 13 May 1965[3]
7  Lebanon 24 May 1965[8]
8  Ghana 28 May 1965[9]
9  Nigeria 28 May 1965[3]
10  France 31 May 1965[10]
11  Israel 3 June 1965[3]
12  India 25 June 1965[11]
13  Russia 17 July 1965[12]
14  United States 9 August 1965[13]
15  Spain 14 August 1965[14]
16  Italy 30 October 1965[15]
17  Liberia 3 November 1965[16]
18  Mauritania 15 December 1965[17]
19  Serbia 1965[18]
20  Egypt 31 January 1966[19]
21  Belgium 7 February 1966[20]
22   Switzerland 30 March 1966[21]
23  Morocco 29 June 1966[22]
24  Netherlands 1 August 1966[23]
25  Canada 24 August 1966[24]
26  Ethiopia 17 October 1966[25]
27  Sierra Leone 10 December 1966[3]
28  Pakistan 1967[26]
29  Sweden 1968[27]
30  Austria 1970[28]
31  Hungary 14 June 1971[29]
32  Mali 25 June 1971[30]
33  Romania 30 July 1971[31]
34  Guinea 6 August 1971[32]
35  Czech Republic 19 February 1972[33]
36  Algeria 22 May 1972[34]
37  Tunisia 28 December 1972[35]
38  North Korea 2 March 1973[36]
39  Vietnam 30 October 1973[37]
40  Libya 1973[38]
41  Saudi Arabia 9 May 1974[39]
42  Guinea-Bissau 10 August 1974[40]
43  Venezuela 17 August 1974[41]
44  Kuwait 29 August 1974[42]
45  China 14 December 1974[43]
46  Zambia 30 December 1974[44]
47  Bangladesh 1974[45]
48  Poland 21 January 1975[46]
49  Iran 27 January 1975[47]
50  Cameroon 8 March 1975[48][49]
51  Luxembourg 15 April 1975[50]
52  United Arab Emirates 9 July 1975[51]
53  Ivory Coast 8 August 1975[52]
54  Mexico 15 August 1975[53]
55  Portugal 8 September 1976[54]
56  Malta 21 October 1976[55]
57  Uganda 16 November 1976[56]
58  Togo 10 May 1977[57]
59  Suriname 17 October 1977[58]
60  Qatar 22 January 1978[59]
61  Cape Verde January 1978[60]
—  Holy See 7 June 1978[61]
62  Denmark January 1979[62]
63  Brazil 11 May 1979[63]
64  Cuba 19 May 1979[64]
65  Argentina 15 January 1980[65]
66  Oman 4 February 1980[66]
67  Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 January 1981[67]
68  Niger 23 February 1981[68]
69  Malaysia 1981[69]
70  Australia 15 February 1982[70]
71  Iraq 16 February 1982[71]
72  Indonesia 30 May 1982[72]
73  Bahrain 6 February 1983[73]
74  Norway 8 February 1983[74]
75  Thailand 15 February 1985[75]
76  Yemen 28 March 1985[76]
77  Bahamas 1985[77]
78  Finland 1 September 1988[78]
79  Colombia 3 October 1988[79]
80  Maldives 3 July 1989[80]
81  Namibia 1990–1992[81]
82  Azerbaijan 11 November 1994[82]
83  Slovakia 18 August 1995[83]
84  Philippines 26 June 1996[84]
85  Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 July 1996[85]
86  Latvia 12 March 1998[86]
87  South Africa 7 August 1998[87]
88  North Macedonia 29 September 1998[88]
89  Croatia 16 October 1998[89]
90  Ukraine 2 July 1999[90]
91  Costa Rica 26 October 1999[91]
92  Lithuania 17 February 2000[92]
93  Kyrgyzstan 30 June 2000[93]
94  Cyprus 8 December 2000[94]
95  Ireland 29 May 2001[95]
96  Estonia 30 May 2001[96]
97  Belarus 10 April 2002[97]
98  Mauritius 4 March 2003[98]
99  Iceland 11 May 2004[99]
100  Madagascar 20 July 2004[100]
101  San Marino 29 October 2004[101]
102  Slovenia 25 August 2005[102]
103  Guatemala 25 September 2006[103]
104  Jordan 13 March 2007[104]
105  Uruguay 25 September 2007[105]
106  Sudan 13 February 2008[106]
107  Kenya 15 October 2008[107]
108  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 March 2009[108]
109  Guyana 24 September 2009[109]
110  Georgia 21 April 2010[110]
111  Paraguay 22 April 2010[111]
112  Cambodia 28 April 2010[112]
113  Myanmar 13 January 2011[113]
114  Kazakhstan 26 April 2011[114]
115  Solomon Islands 19 May 2011[115]
116  Jamaica 29 November 2011[116]
117  Ecuador 1 December 2011[117]
118  Mongolia 22 December 2011[118]
119  Moldova 12 June 2012[119]
120  Zimbabwe 19 July 2012[120]
121  Dominica 26 July 2012[121]
122  Tuvalu 26 July 2012[122]
123  Turkmenistan 9 August 2012[123]
124  Montenegro 16 August 2012[124]
125  Kiribati 27 September 2012[125]
126  Nauru 27 September 2012[126]
127  Rwanda 14 July 2014[127]
128  Fiji 24 October 2014[128]
129  Singapore 23 January 2015[129]
130  Brunei 21 January 2016[130]
131  Saint Lucia 13 April 2016[131]
132  Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 June 2016[132]
—  Kosovo 23 September 2016[133]
133  Tajikistan 18 December 2017[134]
134  Armenia 9 October 2018[135]
135  Malawi 19 February 2019[136]
136  Tanzania 25 April 2019[137]
137  Dominican Republic 10 May 2019[138]
138  Sri Lanka 10 May 2019[139]
139  Nicaragua 8 July 2019[140]
140    Nepal 24 May 2021[141]
141  Djibouti 1 July 2021[142]
142  Chad 31 August 2021[142][143]
143  Gabon 1 September 2021[143][142]
144  Angola 3 September 2021[143][142]
145  Comoros 11 October 2021[144]
146  Burundi 15 October 2021[145][146]
147  Equatorial Guinea 29 May 2022[147]
148  Republic of the Congo 17 June 2022[148]
149  Somalia 22 June 2022[149]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 20 September 2023[150]
150  Belize 22 September 2023[151]
151  Seychelles 16 November 2023[152]
152  Botswana 13 February 2024[153]
153  Uzbekistan 14 March 2024[154]
154  Marshall Islands 25 September 2024[155]
155  Benin Unknown
156  Burkina Faso Unknown
157  Greece Unknown
—  State of Palestine Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[156]
 Benin The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[157]
 Botswana The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[158]
 Burkina Faso The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[159]
 Cape Verde The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[160]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[161]
 Ghana The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[162]
 Guinea Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1971 when Guinea's first resident Ambassador in Bathurst Boubacar Kassory Bangoura, has presented his credentials to President Jawara.[32]
 Guinea-Bissau Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1974, when first ambassador of The Gambia Mr Sam Sarr presented his credentials to head of state Luis Cabral[40]
 Kenya The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[163]
 Liberia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[164]
 Libya The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[165]
 Mali 25 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1971 when Gambia's first Ambassador to Mali , Mr. Samuel Jonathan Okiki Sarr , presented his credentials to the Head of States , Lieut. Traore.[30]
 Mauritania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[166]
 Morocco The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and the Gambia supports Morocco in regards to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[167]
 Namibia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[168]
 Niger Both countries were members of ECOWAS.[169]
 Nigeria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[3]
 Rwanda The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[170]
 Somalia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[171]
 Sudan The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[172]
 Tanzania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[173]
 Tunisia 1972[174] The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[175]
 Uganda The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[176]
 Zambia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[177]

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 11 November 1994 See Azerbaijan-Gambia relations

On November 11, 1994, Azerbaijan and the Gambia signed the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations.[178]

 Bangladesh Bangladesh and Gambia maintain diplomatic relations.[179]
 China 14 December 1974[180] See China–Gambia relations

China and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.[181]

 India 25 June 1965 See Gambia–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1965[11]

 Iran Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.[182]
 Iraq 16 February 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1982 when the Gambian president , Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara , has received the credentials of Nadim Ahmad al - Yasin , as Iraq's nonresident ambassador to the Republic of Gambia.[71]
 Israel Both countries reestablished diplomatic relations on 13 September 1992.[183]
 Kuwait Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.[184]
 Malaysia 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1981[69]

See Gambia–Malaysia relations

The Malaysian embassy in Dakar is accredited to The Gambia while the Gambian embassy in Abu Dhabi is accredited to Malaysia. The relations are friendly and warm.[185]

 Oman Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.[186]
 State of Palestine Gambia and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relations.[187]
 Taiwan — See Gambia–Taiwan relations

The Gambia firstly established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1968, three years after The Gambia gained its independence from the United Kingdom.[2]

In 1974, The Gambia switched diplomatic relations from ROC to the People's Republic of China but switched again back to ROC in 1995. In December 2006, the Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) completed an official visit to the Gambia in part to pay respects to President Jammeh's inaugural ceremony and to donate funds for medical purposes. The Gambian Secretary of State reciprocated with an official visit to Taiwan. There have been several occasional official visits between the two countries. The People's Republic of China cut ties with the Gambia in 1995 after the latter established diplomatic links with the Republic of China (Taiwan). After 18 years, however, Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced the breaking of diplomatic ties with ROC to recognize PRC on 14 November 2013 citing national strategic interest, immediately even after receiving US$6.6  million worth of aid from the Republic of China (Taiwan) earlier. The ROC officially terminated its ties with The Gambia four days later on 18 November 2013.[188] In an unprecedented move, however, the PRC did not respond to Gambia's offer to establish diplomatic relations, presumably because of its desire to improve relations with Taiwan.[188] The PRC and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.[2]

 Turkey 18 February 1965
 United Arab Emirates Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.[190]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Mexico 15 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1975
  • Mexico is accredited to The Gambia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.[191]
 United States 9 August 1965 See Gambia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1965[192]

U.S. policy seeks to build improved relations with the Gambia on the basis of historical ties, mutual respect, democratic rule, human rights, and adherence to UN resolutions on counterterrorism, conflict diamonds, and other forms of trafficking. In accordance with U.S. law, most direct bilateral development and military assistance to the Gambia was suspended because of the 1994 coup d'état. U.S. assistance continues, however, in the form of food aid administered through Catholic Relief Services, support for democracy and human rights projects, and the financing of girls' secondary education. In addition, the Peace Corps maintains a large program with about eighty volunteers engaged in the environment, public health, and education sectors, mainly at the village level.

The Gambia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[193]
 Belgium Gambia has an embassy in Brussels.[194]
 Greece The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[195]
 Italy Italy is represented in Gambia through its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.[196]
 Luxembourg Gambia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels.[194]
 Netherlands Gambia is represented in the Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels.[194]
 Russia 17 July 1965 See Gambia–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1965.[197]

 Spain 14 August 1965 See Gambia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965[198]

 Sweden Gambia and Sweden maintain diplomatic relations.[179]
  Switzerland Gambia and Switzerland maintain diplomatic relations.[179]
 United Kingdom 18 February 1965[3] An 1889 agreement with France established the present boundaries. The Gambia became a British Crown Colony, British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901 and gradually progressed toward self-government. It passed a 1906 ordinance abolishing slavery.

During World War II, Gambian troops fought with the Allies in Burma. Banjul (then named Bathurst) served as an air stop for the U.S. Army Air Corps and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped overnight in Banjul en route to and from the Casablanca Conference in 1943, marking the first visit to the African continent by a sitting American president.

After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year. The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.

Pacific

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[199]

The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

The Gambia was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations from its independence in 1965 until its withdrawal in October 2013.[200]

After presidential elections in 2016, the winning candidate Adama Barrow promised to return The Gambia to the Commonwealth.[201] On 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018.[202][203] Boris Johnson, who became the first British Foreign Secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965,[204] announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth.[204]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c Jeng, Amat. "Gambia's Foreign Policy: The Gradual Shift Toward China and the Gulf".
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  8. ^ Chronology of Arab Politics, Volume 3. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut., 1965. p. 138.
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  10. ^ Diplomatic and Consular List. Gambia. Government Printer. 1967. p. 1.
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