Gallipoli: Difference between revisions
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== Battle of Gallipoli == |
== Battle of Gallipoli == |
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tash was a big part of the war |
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{{main|Battle of Gallipoli}} |
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The [[Battle of Gallipoli|Allied landing and subsequent campaign]] on the peninsula during [[World War I]] is usually known in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] as the ''Dardanelles Campaign'' and in Turkey as the ''Battle of Çanakkale''. In [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], the term ''Gallipoli'' alone is used to describe the 8 month campaign. |
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In early 1915 Russia was fighting a multi front war against Germany, Austria/Hungary, and Turkey. While it had a sizable army it struggled to deliver sufficient supplies to the troops. The landings at Gallipoli were an Allied attempt to clear a supply path through the Dardanelles to Russia. This would also assist them by putting pressure on Turkey by threatening Istanbul. On [[April 25]], [[1915]], after failed attempts to force a passage through the Dardanelles by naval forces alone, a force of British Empire and [[France|French]] troops landed at multiple places along the peninsula. The battles over the next 8 months saw high casualties on both sides due to the exposed terrain, weather and closeness of the front lines. The invasion forces were successfully blocked by the Turkish troops and the subsequent Allied withdrawal meant the Russians would not be receiving supplies through the Dardanelles. |
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The battle is often referred to for its successful stealthy retreat which was completed with minimal casualties, the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] forces completely retreating by [[December 19]], [[1915]] and the remaining British elements by [[January 9]], [[1916]]. |
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Overall, there were around 300,000 Allied casualties including around 100,000 deaths and 150,000 Turkish casualties including around 20,000 deaths. This campaign has become a "[[founding myth]]" for both [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and [[Anzac Day]] is still commemorated as a holiday in both countries. In fact, it is one of those rare battles that both sides seem to remember proudly. The Turks consider it a great turning point for their (future) nation and Australians and New Zealanders see it as the beginnings of the [[ANZAC spirit]]. |
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Many mementos of the Gallipoli campaign can be seen in the museum at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]], Australia, and at the [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand. This campaign also put a dent in the armour of [[Winston Churchill]], then the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], who had commissioned the plans to invade the Dardanelles. He talks about this campaign vividly in his memoirs. |
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The Gallipoli campaign gave an important boost to the career of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], a little-known army commander who became a national hero, was promoted to [[Pasha]], and became the founder of the modern Turkish state with the collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]], at the end of World War I. Kemal halted and eventually repelled the Allied advance, exceeding his authority and contravening orders to do so. His famous speech "I do not command you to fight, I command you to die. In the time it will take us to die we can be replenished by new forces" shows his courageous and determined personality. |
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===Anzac Day=== |
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{{main|Anzac Day}} |
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On April 25, 2005, to mark the 90th [[anniversary]] of the Gallipoli landing, government officials from Australia and New Zealand, most of the last surviving Gallipoli veterans, and many Australian and [[New Zealand]] tourists travelled to Turkey for a special dawn service at Gallipoli. ANZAC Day is the most important national day of commemoration for Australians. The then Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, and the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark were also in attendance, and Clark was accompanied by the official NZ defence force party, veterans of several past wars and 10 New Zealand college students who won the New Zealand 'Prime Minister's Essay Competition' with their work on Gallipoli. Attendance at the [[ANZAC Day]] dawn service at Gallipoli has become popular since the 75th anniversary. Upwards of 10,000 people have attended services in Gallipoli. |
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Until [[1999]] the Gallipoli dawn service was held at the Ari Burnu war [[cemetery]] at [[Anzac Cove]], but the growing numbers of people attending resulted in the construction of a more spacious site on [[North Beach (Gallipoli)|North Beach]], known as the "Anzac Commemorative Site". |
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In the Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park, an 11,000 people capacity portable tribune has been built in the Anzac Cove and Lone Pine Memorial region. The preparation work for the Anzac Day Ceremonies in the Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park has been going on. |
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In the run up to the 2007 Anzac Day service, the Turkish authorities said that they would be expecting about 15,000 Australian and New Zealand Citizens for the ceremonies which would take place in the Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park. Extensive preparatory works had been undertaken prior to then. |
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===Influence on the arts=== |
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The Battle of Gallipoli is the subject of a [[1981]] [[film|movie]], entitled ''[[Gallipoli (1981 film)|Gallipoli]]'', directed by [[Peter Weir]] and starring [[Mel Gibson]]. The film has been criticised for portraying the campaign as a mainly Australian one{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. In fact around 21,000 British died, 10,000 French, 8,700 Australians, 2,700 New Zealanders and 1,370 Indians. Nearly twice as many Turks died (85,000) as all the Allies combined. However it must also be noted that, relative to its population, Australia suffered more losses than any other nation in World War I{{Fact|date=April 2008}}. |
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[[Eric Bogle]] wrote in [[1972]] his famous ''[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]'' after having watched, in Australia, a parade of elderly veterans of the Gallipoli campaign. Versions of this song were later separately recorded by [[June Tabor]], [[The Skids]] and [[The Pogues]], as well as Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy. |
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The [[BBC]] produced a feature-length television drama, ''[[All the King's Men (1999 tv film)|All the King's Men]],'' (not to be confused with the [[All the King's Men|novel]] of the same name by [[Robert Penn Warren]]), that focused attention on a unit (the "[[Royal Norfolk Regiment#In the east|Sandringham Company]]") that was decimated at Gallipoli and which included men from [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V's]] estate at [[Sandringham House]]. |
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The campaign is also the subject of a 2005 [[Documentary film|documentary]], also named ''[[Gallipoli (2005 film)|Gallipoli]]'', by the Turkish filmmaker [[Tolga Örnek]], showing the bravery and the suffering on both sides through the use of surviving diaries and letters of the soldiers. For this film he has been awarded an honorary medal in the general division of the Order of Australia.[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18955928-1702,00.html] |
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Gallipoli is also a basis for the story "Solomons Song" by Bryce Courtenay |
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Swedish heavy metal band [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]], who typically writes music about famous battles, based their song [[Cliffs of Gallipoli]] on the Battle of Gallipoli. It was released on their 2008 album [[The Art of War (Sabaton album)|The Art of War]]. |
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==Ecclesiastical history== |
==Ecclesiastical history== |
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Revision as of 03:11, 3 June 2008
With the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles straits to the east. The name derives from the Greek Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), meaning "Beautiful City". The World War I campaign of Gallipoli lasted for eight months from April 1915 – December 1915. The terrain at Gallipoli was beachheads which lead up to huge mountain ranges. It was muddy in the trenches and many of the men caught Trench foot.
The British and French naval assault had failed from the very beginning with the ships suffering heavy damages from mines and shell fire. Then the land assault started, it to was a disaster. On 25 April 1915 the Anzacs landed 2km north of there designated zone. By the time the Anzacs landed the Turks had dug in, fortified the beachhead and had plenty of reinforcements. When the hit the shore they were straight away pelted with heavy machine gun fire. By nightfall on the first day only 900 meters were gained at the cost of 2000 casualties.
Over the next week another 27000 soldiers landed at Anzac Cove where they tried to control the beachhead and construct trenches all under the constant barrage of Turkish fire which at times was only 30 meters away.
With the battle at Anzac Cove not going to well the British decided to try a new tactic. Anzac troops were to attack the Turkish stronghold at Lone Pine and Nek in hope of distracting attention from 25000 British troops who were to land at Suvla Bay.
The battle of Lone Pine was a success but both sides suffered huge casualty rate. The Anzacs suffered 2300 casualties and the Turks suffered 6000. The battle of Nek was even worse. In the early hours of August 7 1915, hundreds of light horsemen charged the Turkish in four suicidal charges against the Turkish trenches only 45 meters away. In the 45 minutes of fighting 234 light horsemen died and 138 were wounded. While this happened the British landed safely.
History
natasha rocks
Battle of Gallipoli
tash was a big part of the war
Ecclesiastical history
Callipolis remains a Roman Catholic titular bishopric in the former Roman province of Thrace.
Callipolis was a suffragan of Heraclea. Lequien (I, 1123) mentions only six Greek bishops, the first as being present at the Council of Ephesus in 431, when the See was united to that of Coela (Coelia or Coele), the last about 1500. His list could easily be increased, for the Greek Orthodox See still exists; it was raised in 1904 to the rank of a metropolis, without suffragans, after the manner of most Greek metropolitan Sees. Lequien (III, 971) also gives the names of eight Latin bishops, from 1208 to 1518. (See Eubel, I, 269, note.) There are numerous schools and a small museum; a large cemetery is the resting place of many French soldiers who died of disease (chiefly cholera) during the Crimean War. The port is poor and trade unimportant, for want of roads. A Catholic mission was conducted in the Ottoman days by Assumpionist Fathers; there are also a number of Armenian and Greek Catholics, with priests of their respective rites.
See also
- Gallipoli Star
- Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park With Photographs
- ...in bidding 'Au revoir' to our honourable foes ...
- National Library of Australia
- Gallipoli Turkey
- Australian War Memorial Gallipoli Battlefield Tour 2007
- Illustrated article on the Gallipoli battlefields at 'Battlefields Europe'
Sources and references
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) [1]- Educational resources
- Les Carlyon "Gallipolli" (a day by day battle by battle account), 2001, ISBN 0385 604750, Transworld publishers
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