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IND Fulton Street Line

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IND Fulton Street Line
"A" train "C" train
The IND Fulton Street Line is served by the A and C.
Overview
OwnerCity of New York
Termini
Stations22
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemNew York City Subway
Operator(s)New York City Transit Authority
Daily ridership102,615[1]
History
Opened1915–1956
Technical
Number of tracks2-4
CharacterUnderground (Brooklyn)
Elevated (Queens)
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
ElectrificationDirect Current traction
Route map

Legend
Sixth Avenue Line
Eighth Avenue Line
Jay Street–MetroTech
Fourth Avenue Line
Court Street
Culver Line
 Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets
Lafayette Avenue
(Fulton Street)
Crosstown Line
 Clinton–Washington Avenues
Franklin Avenue
(Franklin Avenue Line)
 Nostrand Avenue
Kingston–Throop Avenues
Utica Avenue
Ralph Avenue
Rockaway Avenue
Broadway Junction
(Canarsie Line)
Bay Ridge Branch
Jamaica Line
 Liberty Avenue
Van Siclen Avenue
Shepherd Avenue
Euclid Avenue
Pitkin Yard
provision for extension
 Grant Avenue
former Fulton Street elevated
80th Street
88th Street
Rockaway Boulevard
Rockaway Line (former LIRR)
 104th Street
111th Street
Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard
Legend
 Express station
Local station
Closed station
This diagram:

The IND Fulton Street Line is a rapid transit line of the IND Division of the New York City Subway, running from the Cranberry Street Tunnel under the East River through central Brooklyn to a terminus in Ozone Park, Queens. The IND Rockaway Line branches from it just east of Rockaway Boulevard. The A train runs express during daytime hours and local at night on the underground portion of the line; it runs local on the elevated portion of the line at all times. The C train runs local on the underground portion of the line at all times except late nights.

The line runs primarily along Fulton Street, Pitkin Avenue, and Liberty Avenue. The underground portion, which constitutes the majority of the line, was built for the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), opening between 1936 and 1956. The elevated portion in Queens was originally part of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT)'s Fulton Street elevated line; the Elevated in Brooklyn was closed and demolished in stages with the opening of the subway line.

Description and service

[edit]

The following services use part or all of the IND Fulton Street Line:[2]

Service Between
  Time period Hoyt–
Schermerhorn Sts
Euclid Ave 		Euclid Ave
Rockaway Boulevard 		Rockaway Boulevard
Ozone Park–Lefferts Blvd
"A" train All except nights express local
Late nights local shuttle
"C" train All except nights local no service
Late nights no service

Under Fulton Street, the line is mainly single level, except at Nostrand Avenue, where the express tracks are on the upper level and the local tracks are on the lower level.[3] During the subway line's construction in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the old, now-demolished BMT Fulton Street Elevated (which the IND line replaced) had to be supported.

The stations along Liberty Avenue in Queens, from 80th Street–Hudson Street through Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard, as well as the current three-track elevated structure, were built for the elevated Fulton Street Line in 1915 as part of the BMT's portion of the Dual Contracts. This was the only section of the Fulton El that was built specifically to handle steel subway cars, as opposed to lighter wooden elevated cars.[4]

The current service pattern along the line is one of the newest in the New York City Subway system. Prior to December 1988, express service was only provided during rush hours, and before 1999, all trains ran local on weekends and weekday evenings after 9:00 pm. Since May 2, 1999, A trains run express along the line and C trains run local except during late nights, when A trains make all stops.

Route

[edit]

Entering Brooklyn via the Cranberry Street Tunnel as a two-track line, the IND Eighth Avenue Line travels east on Cranberry Street, then south on Jay Street. It becomes the Fulton Street Line at an interlocking north of Jay Street–MetroTech while briefly running parallel with the IND Culver Line. It turns away from the Culver Line onto Schermerhorn Street to the six-track Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station, which it shares with the Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Line. The local tracks are unused at Hoyt-Schermerhorn Streets, but connect to the abandoned Court Street station which is now the site of the New York City Transit Museum. At this point, the line becomes a four-track system until Euclid Avenue.[3]

The line continues east under Schermerhorn Street to the intersections of Third Avenue and Flatbush Avenue, across them onto Lafayette Avenue and then finally onto Fulton Street until Broadway Junction.[3]

After Broadway Junction, the line leaves Fulton Street via Truxton Street, crosses Broadway, curves through a corner of the East New York Yard, crosses Jamaica Avenue and then south on Pennsylvania Avenue. It then turns east onto Pitkin Avenue until Euclid Avenue station. East of Euclid Avenue, there are track connections to Pitkin Yard, and from either the express or local tracks to the two-track line towards Grant Avenue station. The four mainline trackways continue east on Pitkin Avenue, disused, and end at approximately Elderts Lane.[3][5]

Past Grant Avenue, the line joins the former Fulton Street elevated via a ramp as it enters Queens, swinging somewhat north until it is over Liberty Avenue.[3][6][7] Here, it becomes a three-track line, with the center track coming from Pitkin Yard. Just past Rockaway Boulevard, the IND Rockaway Line branches southward while the Fulton Street Line continues over Liberty Avenue to its terminus at Lefferts Boulevard.[3][6][8]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

The Fulton Street subway was the city-owned Independent System (IND)'s main line from Downtown Brooklyn to southern Queens.[9] Along with the IND Eighth Avenue Line, it was also alternately known as the Washington Heights−East New York Line.[10] The subway was built to replace the elevated Fulton Street Elevated, which ran above Fulton Street from Boerum Place to Van Sinderen Avenue, south along Van Sinderen Avenue to Pitkin Avenue, down Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue, and up Euclid Avenue, where it turned east on Liberty Avenue. As in Manhattan, the older elevated tracks were seen as depressing real estate values. The subway was designed to follow the elevated line as close as possible. It was routed along Schermerhorn Street due to the presence of the IRT subway already below Fulton Street in downtown Brooklyn and along Pennsylvania Avenue in East New York so that wider curves could be built, allowing faster speeds. The local tracks were always designed to terminate in downtown Brooklyn as local elevated trains would terminate at the Sands Street station. The groundbreaking for the line was held on April 16, 1929, at Fulton Street and Arlington Place, near the future Nostrand Avenue station.[11]

The construction of the line required multiple high-voltage transmission lines to be rerouted under Atlantic Avenue. Due to the presence of many gas mains, telephone lines, sewers, fire alarm wires, and telegraph connections, digging of the subway line had to be done by hand shovels. In October 1930, the roof of the subway tunnel was completed to Vanderbilt Avenue, and the roadbed was ready for the installation of tracks. The New York City Board of Transportation required four months to pass following the replacement of dirt in excavations before permanent pavement could be installed to allow the soil to settle.[12]

The line was opened from Jay Street to Rockaway Avenue on April 9, 1936, including the stub terminal at Court Street.[13][14]

To allow the subway line to be built, the following streets were widened from 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m): Jay Street between Nassau Street to Fulton Street, Smith Street between Fulton Street and Atlantic Avenue, and Schermerhorn Street between Smith Street and Nevins Street. The land acquired to widen the streets was valued at $1.75 million.[15]

Late 1930s and 1940s

[edit]

Further construction was delayed by funding problems due to the Great Depression in the 1930s.[5] This was temporarily solved by federal Works Progress Administration funding starting in 1936. The portion continuing from east of Rockaway Avenue along Pennsylvania and Pitkin Avenues to Crystal Street began construction in 1938.[10][16] The next portion east from Crystal Street to around Grant Avenue, including the Euclid Avenue terminal and the Pitkin Yard, began construction in 1940.[16][17] The progress lasted only a few years, as all work on the last portions in Brooklyn was stopped by December 1942 shortly after the United States entered World War II, with Broadway−East New York complete but not in operation due to lack of signal equipment, and the remaining stations to Euclid Avenue as unfinished shells.[5][10][16][18][19]

The Court Street station was closed on June 1, 1946, due to low ridership and because of its close proximity to the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station.[18][20] After World War II ended, workers and materials became available for public use again. The badly needed extension to the more efficient terminal at Broadway−East New York (the current Broadway Junction station) opened on December 30, 1946.[5][21]

The extension of the Fulton Street Line, the completion of which had been delayed due to war priorities, was finished by funds obtained by Mayor William O'Dwyer and was placed in operation on November 28, 1948, running along Pennsylvania Avenue and Pitkin Avenue to Euclid Avenue near the Queens border. Forty additional R10 cars were placed into service for the extension. The cost of the extension was about $46.5 million. It included the construction of the new Pitkin Avenue Storage Yard, which could accommodate 585 subway cars on 40 storage tracks.[4][5][10][21][22] Because these stations were completed later than the rest of the line, they received different design features than other IND stations, including different wall tiles and fluorescent lighting.[5][10][23]

The Fulton Street express tracks were not used in regular service until October 24, 1949. A trains began running express during rush hours to Broadway–East New York, with E trains extended to provide local service.[24] The express reduced travel time by five minutes.[25]

1950s to 1990s

[edit]

In 1953, the platforms were lengthened at Ralph Avenue and Broadway–East New York to 660 feet (200 m) to allow E trains to run eleven car trains. The E began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000.[26][27][28]

In late 1952, the Board of Transportation began construction on a connection between the IND and both the Fulton El and the Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, which included a new underground station at Grant Avenue.[29][30][31][32] The connection from the 80th Street elevated station to the rest of the BMT Fulton Elevated was severed on April 26, 1956, and the IND was extended east (track direction south) from Euclid Avenue via the intermediate station at Grant Avenue, and a connecting ramp (known as the Grant Avenue ramp).[4][6][33] The new service to Lefferts Boulevard began three days later.[4][6][8][34] On June 28, 1956, the connection to the IND Rockaway Line east of Rockaway Boulevard was opened.[4][8][35][36][37][38]

2000s to present

[edit]

The 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Capital Plan called for the Fulton Street Line's Clinton–Washington Avenues, Kingston–Throop Avenues, and Van Siclen Avenue stations, along with 30 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.[39][40] However, in April 2018, it was announced that cost overruns had forced the MTA to reduce the number of subway stations included in the program from 33 stations to 20. The stations to be renovated along the IND Fulton Street Line were among the 13 stations without funding, which will be pushed back to the 2020–2024 Capital Plan.[41]

As part of a program to upgrade the signaling of the New York City Subway, the MTA's 2020–2024 Capital Program calls for adding communications-based train control (CBTC) to several more lines, including the IND Fulton Street Line west of the Euclid Avenue station.[42][43] The CBTC signaling system would replace the line's existing signal system, which has not been upgraded since the line originally opened in the 1930s and 1940s.[44] On November 9, 2022, the MTA put out the request for proposals for the design-build contract to install CBTC on the Fulton Street Line between High Street and Euclid Avenue.[45] CBTC installation on the rest of the Fulton Street Line from Euclid Avenue to Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard was proposed as part of the MTA's 2025–2029 Capital Program.[46][47]

Second System planned route

[edit]

Early in the planning of the subway, the city considered recapturing parts of the BMT Jamaica Line,[48] which had been built under the Dual Contracts. This would have created two branches of the Fulton Street Subway east of Broadway Junction. Bellmouths were built into the outer walls of the subway tunnel just east of the Broadway Junction station for a future connection.[3]

The extension of the IND Fulton Street Line would have included a station at Cross Bay Boulevard in Ozone Park.

The IND Fulton Street Line was supposed to be extended farther east into Queens as part of the IND Second System, via an extension of the Fulton Elevated or a new subway. The line would have gone as far as Springfield Boulevard in Queens Village or 229th Street in Cambria Heights, both near the Nassau County border. The line would have also had a spur to the Rockaways.[5][9][49][50][51]

The 1929 Second System plan suggested recapturing and extending the Fulton elevated along Liberty, Brinkerhoff and Hollis Avenues to Springfield Boulevard, near Hempstead Turnpike, Belmont Park, and the Queens Village LIRR Station.[5][9][50] The 1939 plan, meanwhile, proposed extending the subway along Pitkin Avenue to Cross Bay Boulevard in South Ozone Park, then along Linden Boulevard to Cambria Heights near the Cross Island Parkway. A spur would have branched off east of Cross Bay Boulevard, turning south to join with the former Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road (now the IND Rockaway Line).[5][49][51] This extended Fulton Street Line would have also facilitated service from the planned Second Avenue Subway via a river tunnel from Lower Manhattan to the then-terminal station at Court Street.[49][51][52]

In a 1940 plan, which was revised in 1945, the IND Fulton Street Line would connect to the IND Rockaway Line in a similar manner to the 1939 plan, via an extension of the subway under Pitkin Avenue. The line, east of Euclid Avenue, would be 4 tracks, with local stations at 76th Street and 84th Street, and an express station at Cross Bay Boulevard. At Cross Bay Boulevard, a flying junction would let the local tracks cross over to the inside and the express tracks cross over to the outside. The layout would be similar to that of Manhattan's 168th Street station. East of Cross Bay Boulevard, another flying junction would bring a two-track branch over the line to a pair of portals north of Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue station. Meanwhile, the Fulton Street Line's four tracks would merge into two tracks, and end at 105th Street (today's Aqueduct Racetrack), where a scissors crossover would be present just west of the station. Crossovers would also be located between the local and express pair of tracks east of 76th Street, and between the two express tracks east of Cross Bay Boulevard.[53]

Currently the line ends at Lefferts Boulevard in Ozone Park (the former end of the Fulton El), and only the Rockaway extension was completed.[6][8] The mainline tracks that go past the Euclid Avenue station were to be part of a 4-track line to Cambria Heights.[5]

Station listing

[edit]
Station service legend
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only Stops late nights only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Disabled access Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Disabled access ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
Disabled access ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
Neighborhood
(approximate) 		Disabled access Station Tracks Services Opened Transfers and notes
Brooklyn
Begins as a continuation of the IND Eighth Avenue Line express tracks (A all times ​C all except late nights);
with connecting tracks to the IND Sixth Avenue Line local tracks (no regular service)
Downtown Brooklyn Disabled access Jay Street–MetroTech express A all times ​C all except late nights February 1, 1933 IND Culver Line (F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction​)
BMT Fourth Avenue Line (N late nights R all times ​W limited rush hour service only)
Local tracks begin
Disabled access Court Street local April 9, 1936 Closed 1946, reopened 1976 as the New York Transit Museum
Local tracks continue east from Court Street; Express tracks continue south then east from Jay Street–MetroTech
Elevator access to mezzanine only Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets all A all times ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936 IND Crosstown Line (G all times)
Local tracks, and platforms between local and express tracks, unused
Fort Greene Lafayette Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936
Clinton Hill Clinton–Washington Avenues local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936
Bedford–Stuyvesant Disabled access Franklin Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936 BMT Franklin Avenue Line (S all times)
Nostrand Avenue all A all times ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936 local tracks on lower level, express tracks on upper level
B44 Select Bus Service
Kingston–Throop Avenues local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936
Disabled access Utica Avenue all A all times ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936 B46 Select Bus Service
Ralph Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936
Rockaway Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights April 9, 1936
East New York Broadway Junction all A all times ​C all except late nights December 30, 1946 BMT Canarsie Line (L all times)
BMT Jamaica Line (J all times ​Z rush hours, peak direction)
originally Broadway-East New York
Liberty Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights November 28, 1948
Van Siclen Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights November 28, 1948
Shepherd Avenue local A late nights ​C all except late nights November 28, 1948
Disabled access Euclid Avenue all A all times ​C all except late nights November 28, 1948
Connecting tracks to Pitkin Yard and Grant Avenue spurs; mainline tracks dead-end
City Line Grant Avenue all A all times April 29, 1956
Queens
Single express track begins from Pitkin Yard (no regular service)
Ozone Park 80th Street local A all times September 25, 1915[54]
88th Street local A all times September 25, 1915[54]
Rockaway Boulevard local A all times September 25, 1915[54] Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service
IND Rockaway Line splits (A all times)
104th Street local A all times September 25, 1915[54]
Richmond Hill 111th Street local A all times September 25, 1915[54]
Disabled access Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard all A all times September 25, 1915[54] Q10 bus to JFK Airport

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  2. ^ "Subway Service Guide" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e "First Leg of Rockaways Transit Opened at Cost of $10,154,702" (PDF). The New York Times. April 30, 1956. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  7. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: neighborhood". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Duffus, R.L. (September 22, 1929). "Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Trains Roll on $47,000,000 Fulton St. Subway Extension". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 29, 1948. p. 2. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "New Fulton Street Subway Officially Started as Byrne Turns Earth; Ground is Broken For Subway Line Along Fulton St.; Byrne Turns First Spade of Arlington Pl. Earth as Merchants Applaud". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 17, 1929. p. 4. Retrieved August 28, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Fulton St. Subway Gateway to World" (PDF). Brooklyn Standard Union. October 16, 1930. p. 3. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  13. ^ "Two Subway Links Start Wednesday". The New York Times. April 6, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  14. ^ "New Subway Link Opened By Mayor; He Tells 15,000 in Brooklyn It Will Be Extended to Queens When Red Tape Is Cut". The New York Times. April 9, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  15. ^ "Transit Board Land Ceded To Boroughs; New Street Areas, Valued at $10,000,000, Are in Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx. Acquired In Condemnation Widening of Thoroughfares for Subways Also Has Increased Real Estate Values". The New York Times. January 28, 1932. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  16. ^ a b c Linder, Bernard (February 2006). "Fulton Street Subway". New York Division Bulletin. 49 (2). Electric Railroader's Association: 2. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
  17. ^ "Subway Contract Given to Boro Firm". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 12, 1940. p. 2. Retrieved August 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b Blauvelt, Paul (June 9, 1946). "Shortages Snarl $50,000,000 Tube Links". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 21. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Kramer, Frederick A. (1990). Building the Independent Subway. Quadrant Press. ISBN 9780915276509.
  20. ^ Foley, A.J. (1946). "Sign for the Closing of the Court Street Station, 1946; IND Crosstown Line". New York Transit Museum. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  21. ^ a b Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  22. ^ "Fulton Subway Stations Open After All-Night 'Dry Runs'". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 28, 1948. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Last Word in Subways and Cars for Boro". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 23, 1948. p. 8. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "IND Faster Service Will Start Sunday" (PDF). New York Times. October 20, 1949. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  25. ^ "Improving Subway Service". New York Daily News. October 1, 1949. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  26. ^ Ingalls, Leonard (August 28, 1953). "2 Subway Lines to Add Cars, Another to Speed Up Service" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  27. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (November 20, 1949). "Transit Platforms on Lines in Queens to be Lengthened" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  28. ^ Noonan, Dan (March 6, 1951). "Transit Board to Add 1 Car to Fulton St. IND Trains: 11-Car Units Will East Rush Hour Jam in Boro". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 5. Retrieved July 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Cashmore Hails Slum Clearance in Downtown Section". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. October 16, 1952. p. 10. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  30. ^ Noonan, Dan (August 13, 1954). "Asks Funds for New Boro Criminal Courts Building: Plan To Construct It at Smith and Atlantic". Brooklyn Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  31. ^ "$7,000,000 Signal Job To Be Let In February: City Approves $1,000,000 Contracts For Station And Sub-Station in Broad Channel And For The Rehabilitation Of The Liberty Avenue Line". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 23, 1954. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  32. ^ "$7,000,000 Signal Job To Be Let In February: City Approves $1,000,000 Contracts For Station And Sub-Station in Broad Channel And For The Rehabilitation Of The Liberty Avenue Line" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 23, 1954. p. 7. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  33. ^ "Architectural Rendering of Grant Avenue Control Building: IND Fulton Line". New York Transit Museum. August 11, 1954. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  34. ^ Cunningham, Joseph; DeHart, Leonard O. (1993). A History of the New York City Subway System. J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang.
  35. ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  36. ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 6. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  37. ^ "TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  38. ^ "To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation". Greenpoint Weekly Star. Fultonhistory.com. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  39. ^ "MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long "Revamp"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  40. ^ "MTAStations" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  41. ^ Berger, Paul (April 3, 2018). "New York Subway Cuts Back Plans to Renovate Stations". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  42. ^ Guse, Clayton (September 16, 2019). "MTA Announces $51 Billion Plan to Save the Subway, Treat NYC's Transit Sickness". nydailynews.com. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  43. ^ "MTA Capital Program 2020–2024". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  44. ^ Duggan, Kevin (March 29, 2022). "MTA Plans Next Batch of Subway Signal Upgrades". amNewYork. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  45. ^ "Solicitation Title: S48019 Design-Build Services for Communication Based Train Control Fulton Line in Brooklyn". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  46. ^ Andres, Czarinna (September 18, 2024). "MTA Unveils $68.4 Billion Capital Plan to Modernize NYC Transit – but Funding Questions Amid Congestion Pricing Pause Remain". amNewYork. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  47. ^ Burkett, N.J. (September 18, 2024). "MTA Proposes Five-Year Capital Plan Wish List Including Replacing All Subway Cars". ABC7 New York. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  48. ^ "Route of Tri-Boro Loop Subway System". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 12, 1927. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ a b c Roger P. Roess; Gene Sansone (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 416–417. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
  50. ^ a b Board of Transportation of the City of New York Engineering Department, Proposed Additional Rapid Transit Lines And Proposed Vehicular Tunnel, dated August 23, 1929
  51. ^ a b c Project for Expanded Rapid Transit Facilities, New York City Transit System, dated July 5, 1939
  52. ^ Jaffe, Alfred (December 6, 1946). "Borough Subway Relief Still 2 or 3 Years Off". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved October 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ^ Track diagram of the revised plan
  54. ^ a b c d e f "New Elevated Line Opened for Queens" (PDF). The New York Times. September 26, 1915. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
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