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The verb "to french", though not attested until after "French fried potatoes" had appeared {{Fact|date=November 2007}}, can refer to "[[julienning]]" of vegetables as is acknowledged by some dictionaries,<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?french "french :] (...) Usage: often capitalized – 1 : to trim the meat from the end of the bone of (as a chop) – 2 : to cut (green beans) in thin lengthwise strips before cooking" (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.)</ref> while others only refer to trimming the meat off the [[shank]]s of chops.<ref>"to French: to prepare, as a chop, by partially cutting the meat from the shank and leaving bare the bone so as to fit it for convenient handling" (Oxford English Dictionary)</ref> In the UK, "Frenched" lamb chops (particularly for serving as a 'rack of lamb') have the majority of the fat removed together with a small piece of fatty meat from between the ends of the chop bones, leaving mainly only the meat forming the "eye" of the chop attached.
The verb "to french", though not attested until after "French fried potatoes" had appeared {{Fact|date=November 2007}}, can refer to "[[julienning]]" of vegetables as is acknowledged by some dictionaries,<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?french "french :] (...) Usage: often capitalized – 1 : to trim the meat from the end of the bone of (as a chop) – 2 : to cut (green beans) in thin lengthwise strips before cooking" (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.)</ref> while others only refer to trimming the meat off the [[shank]]s of chops.<ref>"to French: to prepare, as a chop, by partially cutting the meat from the shank and leaving bare the bone so as to fit it for convenient handling" (Oxford English Dictionary)</ref> In the UK, "Frenched" lamb chops (particularly for serving as a 'rack of lamb') have the majority of the fat removed together with a small piece of fatty meat from between the ends of the chop bones, leaving mainly only the meat forming the "eye" of the chop attached.


zacks a homo
===Belgium===
[[Belgians]] claim that "French" fries are in fact Belgian, but definitive evidence for the origin has not been presented. Belgian historian Zack Barros recounts that potatoes were already fried in 1680 in the [[Spanish Netherlands]], in the area of ''"the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] valley between [[Dinant]] and [[Liège]], Belgium. The poor inhabitants of this region allegedly had the custom of accompanying their meals with small fried [[fish]], but when the [[river]] was frozen and they were unable to fish, they cut potatoes lengthwise and fried them in [[cooking oil|oil]] to accompany their meals."''<ref name=belgiangov1>
{{cite web
|title = Specialities: Frites
|publisher = Belgian Federal Government
|url = http://www.belgium.be/eportal/application?origin=indexDisplay.jsp&event=bea.portal.framework.internal.refresh&pageid=contentPage&docId=25267.0
|accessmonthday = [[25 Oct]]
|accessyear = [[2006]]}}</ref><ref name=fritkotmax1>
{{cite web
|title = Geschiedenis van de friet
|publisher = Fritkot Max
|language = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|url = http://www.fritkotmax.be/wf00020.htm
|accessmonthday = [[25 Oct]]
|accessyear = [[2006]]}}</ref><ref name=jcwebdesign_cw1>
{{cite web
|title = Geschiedenis
|language = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|author = Creemers, Jochen & Willekens, Kurt
|publisher = De Frietsite (JC webdesign) © 2003-2004
|url = http://users.pandora.be/jc-webdesign/geschiedenis.htm
|accessmonthday = [[25 Oct]]
|accessyear = [[2006]]}}</ref>

The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] concur with a [[Southern Netherlands|Southern Netherlandish]] or Belgian origin when referring to ''Vlaamse frieten'' ('[[Flanders|Flemish]] fries'). In 1857, the [[newspaper]] ''Courrier de Verviers'' devotes an article to Fritz (assumed pun with'' 'frites'''), a Belgian [[entrepreneur]] selling French fries at fairs, calling them "''le roi des pommes de terre frites''". In 1862, a stall selling French fried potatoes (see [[French_fries#Belgium_2|''frietkot'']]) called "''Max en Fritz''" was established near [[Het Steen]] in Antwerp.<ref name=ilegems1>
{{cite book
|last = Ilegems
|first = Paul
|title = De Frietkotcultuur
|language = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|publisher = Loempia
|origyear = 1993
|pages =
|url =
|doi =
|id = ISBN 90-6771-325-2}}</ref><ref name=fritkotmax1/>

A Belgian legend claims that the term "French" was introduced when [[United Kingdom|British]] or [[North America|American]] soldiers arrived in Belgium during [[World War I]], and consequently tasted Belgian fries. They supposedly called them "French", as it was the official language of the [[Belgian Army]] at that time.<ref name=fritkotmax1/> But the term "French fried potatoes" had been in use in America long before the [[Great War]].

Whether or not Belgians invented them, "frites" "quickly became the national [[snack]] and a substantial part of both national dishes — making the Belgians their largest per capita consumers {{Fact|date=February 2007}} in [[Europe]], and their "symbolic" creators.


===France===
===France===

Revision as of 18:29, 12 May 2008

French fries (North America; sometimes not capitalized[1]), chips (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, and Commonwealth nations), fries,[2], or French-fried potatoes (formal) are pieces of potato that have been deep-fried.

In a bowl.
Oven baked

Culinary origin

The straightforward explanation of the term is that it means potatoes fried in the French sense of the verb "to cook", which can mean either sautéing or deep-grease frying, while its French origin, frire, unambiguously means deep-frying : frites being its past participle used with a plural feminine substantive, as in pommes de terre frites ("deep-fried potatoes").[3][4] Thomas Jefferson, famous for serving French dishes, wrote exactly the latter French expression.[3][5] In the early 20th century, the term "French fried" was being used for foods such as onion rings or chicken, apart from potatoes.[6][7]

The verb "to french", though not attested until after "French fried potatoes" had appeared [citation needed], can refer to "julienning" of vegetables as is acknowledged by some dictionaries,[8] while others only refer to trimming the meat off the shanks of chops.[9] In the UK, "Frenched" lamb chops (particularly for serving as a 'rack of lamb') have the majority of the fat removed together with a small piece of fatty meat from between the ends of the chop bones, leaving mainly only the meat forming the "eye" of the chop attached.

zacks a homo

France

Many Americans attribute the dish to France — although in France they are almost exclusively thought of as Belgian — and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. "Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches" ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small cuttings") are noted in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801-1809) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.[3] It is worth noting, though, that France had recently annexed what is now Belgium, and would retain control over it until the Congress of Vienna of 1815 brought it under Dutch control.[10] In addition, from 1813[11] on, recipes for what can be described as French fries, occur in popular American cookbooks. By the late 1850s, one of these mentions the term "French fried potatoes".[12]

Recipes for fried potatoes (not clearly specified how) in French cookbooks date back at least to Menon's Les soupers de la cour (1755). It is true that eating potatoes was promoted in France by Parmentier, but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular. And the name of the dish in languages other than English does not refer to France; in French, they are simply called "pommes de terres frites" or, more commonly, simply "pommes frites" or 'frites'.

Spain

Some claim that the dish was invented in Spain, the first European country in which the potato appeared via the New World colonies, and assumes the first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in Galicia,[citation needed] from which it spread to the rest of the country and further to the Spanish Netherlands, more than a century before Belgium was created there.

Professor Paul Ilegems, curator of the Friet-museum in Antwerp, Belgium, believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila fried the first chips, referring also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine.[13][14]

Spreading popularity

United Kingdom

The first chip fried in Britain was apparently on the site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market in 1860. In Scotland, chips were first sold in Dundee, "...in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy – the chip – was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city’s Greenmarket."[15]

United States' world-wide influence

Cutting potatoes at an In-N-Out Burger in Las Vegas, Nevada

Although the thicker cut English style of fried potato was already a popular dish in most Commonwealth countries, the thin style of french fries has been popularized worldwide in part by U.S.-based fast-food chains like McDonald's and Burger King. This came about through the introduction of the frozen French fry invented by the J.R. Simplot Company of Idaho in the early 1950s. Before the handshake deal between Ray Kroc of McDonald's and Jack Simplot, potatoes were hand-cut and peeled in the restaurants, but Simplot's frozen product reduced preparation time and aided the expansion of the McDonald's franchise. One of the few fast-food chains that still prepares fresh potatoes on the premises is In-N-Out Burger. Others include Nathan's Famous, Five Guys, Harvey's in Canada, and Penn Station.[16]

Recent developments

Pre-made french fries have been available for home-cooking since the seventies, usually having been pre-fried (or sometimes baked), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag.

Newer varieties of French fries include those which have been battered and breaded, and many U.S. fast-food and casual food chains have turned to dusting with kashi, dextrin and flavors coating for crispier fries with particular tastes. Results with new batterings and breadings, followed by microwaving, remain sub-standard, though oven frying may deliver reasonable fries, albeit different from the traditionally fried item.[17]

Cooking

Cooking
Draining after cooking
Prepared at a restaurant with thermostat temperature control. (The lack of bubbles in oil indicates an oil temperature of less than 120 °C)

Some home cooks who prepare French fries from scratch cook them a single time in a generous amount of oil pre-heated to a temperature around 375 °F (190 °C, medium to high heat power dial settings depending on the amount of fries to available fryer heat power) until they are golden and slightly crisp. For pre-cooking use a professional deep fryer with a thermostat temprature control for quick oil temperature control and quick return toward initial oil temperature. The method recommended by most cookbooks, and used by many restaurants, especially those reputed to have excellent French fries, cook them in two stages: first at a thermostat temperature at around 350 °F (177 °C initially, the oil temperature reduces to 140 °C to 150 °C), until the fries are nearly cooked but limp, still pale and not too dried; then, after they have been removed from the oil and allowed to cool, at a higher temperature, generally around 375 °F (190 °C), fries are fried again until they are golden and crisp, which normally takes less than a minute. A third method, attributed to the celebrated French chef Joël Robuchon for the home cook, is to put the sliced potatoes into a saucepan with just enough cold oil in it to cover the potatoes, then cook them over high heat until golden, stirring occasionally.[18] This chef mainly uses a more traditional style after blanching (boiling, but not over cooking in water) the cut potatoes in boiling water.[19]

The Belgian way of cooking 'frites' is generally in two stages.

First the peeled and lengthwise crisscross cut potatoes are 'pre-fried' for about 7 to 12 minutes in oil or – traditionally – beef dripping preheated to about 130 to 186 °C (medium-low to medium-high heat power dial settings depending on the amount of fries to oil and moisture removed by previous cooking time to allow the oil to cool), to cook the inner part without burning the outside, while some of the moisture is driven out and where the fragrance starts to develop. When the fries are added to the oil, the oil at first cools quickly (cooling dependng on amount of fries and previous cooking time) and is quickly kept at secret values (98 °C to 122 °C for relatively long cooking times, 142 °C for three minutes for first cooking time) to prevent the potatoes from burning. The fries stay a pale beige to yellow color and not too dry when finished at this stage. The fries would not be burned with brown patches at this stage. Then they are taken out, tossed to avoid clumping, and generally allowed to cool down and dry for at least 30 minutes to make the fries more crispy and less greasy later. This intermediate product can be either frozen for 'instant' deep-frying later, or as several batches of 'pre-fried' fries prepared (e.g., when fries stands are opened for the day, or at home ahead of a company of guests) for rapid frying and almost simultaneously serving later.
The second stage where the cooked flavor is achieved involves frying for about two to five minutes in oil or beef fat preheated to 175 to 195 °C (as high as the oil or fat can safely stand, but without burning the fries before this time period: a too high temperature breaks it down to rather poisonous compounds) depending on the initial temperature of the fries. The (cool) batches must be small enough relative to the quantity of oil or fat for its preheated temperature to stay sufficiently high (125 °C to 160 °C depending on moisture cooked out from previous cooking time) already during the first half minute of the frying process. Generally the cook is guided more by the color of the product than by timing; and by experience with the particular variety of potato. As a rule-of-the-thumb, one might wait until the fries start to float near the surface. The oil temperature must reach specific values (115 °C to 125 °C for long cooking times, or 142 °C to 165 °C for short cooking times; 142 °C for three minutes initial cooking time) for a specific amount of time after the fries has been precooked. The cooking task is to get sufficient cooking time (8 to 16 minutes) without allowing the fries to become too greasy. Can avoid the fries from becoming too greasy by cooking it at high oil temperatures at the start of the pre-cooking; once this stage has been achieved, the fries will not get much greasier when cooking for longer times later. Cool and dry the fries for at least 25 minutes to make it more crispy later. Cooling the fries may help precipitate the oil making it less greasy later. Once more the fries are sturdily tossed and preferably also kind of centrifuged (vigorously swerving the batch around in a wide recipient, in the shape of the base of a cone upside down, held in front of the cook's belly – common for professional batch frying), and shortly tossed again – thus removing excessive fattiness and preventing loss of the outer crispness.
Ideally, the fries have a golden to golden-brown appearance and a bite through the crispy outside reveals a soft inside. For a given depth of the crispy crust, the balance with the soft cooked potato inside is determined by the thickness; no less than 13 mm traditionally to 10 mm towards the end of the 20th century, before frying, are typical for Belgium. Some restaurants may cut as thin as 5 mm. In a good professional friterie stand, the cut is done in a single action by driving the whole peeled potato standing vertically, through a horizontal raster of crosswise sharp blades. This easily removable (for cleaning) and exchangeable set of blades defines the thickness of the frites. Some potatoes like Bintjes or Russet potatoes can produce a fried fish, beefy and pastry like fragrance after being fried for a specific amount of time (over 10 minutes) above a specific temperature (118 °C).

Typically for U.S. fast-food restaurants, is a preparation prior to cooking:

In an interview, Burger King president Donald Smith said that his chain's fries are sprayed with a sugar solution shortly before being packaged and shipped to individual outlets. The sugar carmelizes in the cooking fat, producing the golden color customers expect. Without it, the fries would be nearly the same color outside as inside: pasty yellow. Smith believes that McDonald's also sugar-coats its fries. McDonalds was assumed to fry their fries for a total time of about 15 to 20 minutes, and with fries fried at least twice. The cooking time could be estimated be seeing the hollowness of the fries stick after breaking it. The secret oil temperature(s) was assumed to be such that the color of the fries would still be a pale beige before the final frying. The final frying time seems to be less than a four minutes at higher oil tempratures. The fries appear to contain beef lard, or shortening. [20]

Variants

Sweet potato fries served with a restaurant meal in Harvard Square

French fries have numerous variants, from "thick-cut" to "shoestring", "joe joes", "crinkle", "curly" and many other names. They can also be coated with breading and spices, which include garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, paprika and salt to create "seasoned fries", or cut thickly with the skin left on to create potato wedges, or without the skin to create "steak fries", essentially the American equivalent of the British "chip". Sometimes, French fries are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory): these are often sold frozen and are called "oven fries" or "oven chips".

In France, the thick-cut fries are called 'pommes Pont-Neuf'[21] or simply 'pommes frites', about 10 mm; thinner variants are 'pommes allumettes' (matchstick potatoes), ±7 mm, and 'pommes pailles' (potato straws), 3-4 mm (roughly ⅜, ¼ and ⅛ inch respectively). The two-bath technique is standard (Bocuse). 'Pommes gaufrettes' or "waffle-cut potatoes" are not typical French fried potatoes, but actually crisps obtained by quarter turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once.[22]

A Belgian chef patented "steppegras" ('prairie grass'), his variety of extremely thin-cut French fried potatoes developed in 1968 while working in Germany. The name refers to a dish including its particular sauce, and to his restaurant.[23]

In Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and elsewhere, the term "French fries" was made popular by American fast-food franchises setting up restaurants and serving narrow-cut (shoestring) fries. Traditional "chips" in the United Kingdom and Ireland are usually cut much thicker, typically between ⅜ and ½ inches (9.5-13 mm) square in cross-section and cooked twice, making them less crunchy on the outside and fluffier on the inside. Since the surface-to-volume ratio is lower, they have a lower fat content. Chips are part of the popular take-away dish fish and chips. In Australia, the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand, few towns are without a chip shop (colloquially, a chippie/chippy).

Food pairings

Fish and chips.

Besides being a popular snack in themselves, French fried potatoes as a side dish to specific food or an integral part of a named dish often typify a country:

  • In Belgium, steamed mussels: mosselen-friet (Dutch) or moules-frites (French), a popular summer dish when the mussels arrive, typically from Zeeland. Also biefstuk-friet or bifteck-frites (which may be served with beef or horse steak), with plainly seasoned fries or served with a Belgian sauce, and usually a simple salad. A quick and inexpencive traditional is a deep fried egg on top of a plate of chips.
  • In France, grilled steak: steak-frites.
  • In Spain, fried eggs: huevos con patatas.
  • In the United Kingdom, chips are a popular staple. Chip shops (or "chippies") commonly serve several dishes with chips such as cod (fish and chips) and battered sausage (battered sausage and chips). British cafes, on the other hand, serve more traditional fare, such as fried eggs (double egg and chips).
  • In the United States, hamburgers: Burger and fries.
  • In Germany, sausage with curry-flavored ketchup: Currywurst.
  • In Norway, Finland and Sweden, kebab, hamburgers and sausages.
  • In Israel, chips are served in pita bread with breaded chicken or falafel, along with cucumber and tomato, and condiments such as hummus, tahini, or tzatziki.

Accompaniments

With chili and cheese

French fries are almost always salted just after cooking. They are then served with a variety of condiments, notably ketchup, curry, curry ketchup (mildly hot mix of the former), hot or chili sauce, mustard, mayonnaise, bearnaise sauce, tartar sauce, tzatziki, feta cheese, garlic sauce, fry sauce, ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, gravy, brown sauce, vinegar (especially malt vinegar), lemon, piccalilli, pickled cucumber, gherkins, very small pickled onions, or honey.[24][25]

Australia

Chips are sometimes eaten with tomato sauce (which is in fact different from traditional ketchup), but most often with salt and most shops offer a choice of plain or chicken salt (seasoned salt). When served at a Fish and Chip shop, where a thicker cut of chip is traditionally served, vinegar is also offered as a traditional accompaniment. Many shops may also offer gravy. Potato wedges are also popular which consist of a quartered, often with the skin left on, seasoned fried potato. Potato wedges are commonly eaten with sweet chilli sauce and sour cream.

Belgium

A typical frietkot in Brussels streets.

Even the smallest Belgian town has a frietkot (literally 'fries shack').[26] This Dutch language term also became adopted by the French speaking part of the country in addition to the French friterie; an equivalent though slightly less colloquial Dutch form for such vending stall is frietkraam, while a frituur — from French friture — can as well be in a proper shop possibly furnished with tables. Traditionally, take-away chips were picked by the fingers out of a tip bag wrapped from a square paper, while walking on the streets. By the 1970s and 80s with several meat accompaniments gaining popularity, more practical open carton boxes became standard and tiny plastic forks available. One can order a small or large portion, often three or four sizes are priced.
Fries with mayonnaise is a fastfood classic in Belgium, often eaten without any side orders. The limited choice around 1960 between a pickled herring, a cold large meatball boulet or red coloured garlic sausage cervela (both often served deep-fried later on), or a beef or (now rarely) horsemeat stew, became expanded by stoofvlees or stoofkarbonade and a wide variety of deep-fried meats as chicken legs, beef or pork sticks, minced beef and/or pork and/or chicken and/or turkey in all shapes (balls, sticks, sausages) mixed with a dosage of fat and condiments to one's preference, usually factory made. An example of an additional on-the-spot preparation is sometimes in Flanders called mammoet speciaal (mammoth special), a large frikandel (curryworst in the Antwerp and Flemish Brabant) deep-fried and cut so as to put chopped onion in the V-shaped length and dressed with mayonnaise (as real as factory made can be, not frietsaus--see below) and (curry-)ketchup. The earliest of the current wide array of sauces, are mayonnaise, frietsaus or sauce pommes-frites ("fry sauce" in English--see the sections on France and the Netherlands) and one called pickles which is actually piccalilly.[27][25] Though Belgians do not sprinkle vinegar on fries, they may eat them with cold mussels out of the shells preserved in vinegar, entirely uncomparable to the national dish with freshly boiled hot mussels served in the shells.

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, a serving of fries can be ordered with a covering of sirene, a grated white brine cheese.

Canada

File:Poutine123.jpg
Poutine

In Canada, French fries are the main component of a dish called 'poutine': a mixture of French fries with fresh cheese curds (sometimes rasped cheese), covered with a hot gravy (usually), hot chicken sauce (much less common), or chicken BBQ sauce (rarely). This dish is most popular in Quebec fast food chains such as La Belle Province, and Lafleur Restaurants; however, its popularity has begun to spread in Quebec, and then across Canada, and is also carried in national chains such as Harvey's[28] and New York Fries[29] as well as Canadian outlets of international franchises such as A&W[30] , Burger King[31] and Mc Donald's. (A similar variant, 'disco fries' is found in several New England cities.)

Throughout Canada, white vinegar is a popular condiment for French fries. No other country is known to so enjoy white vinegar (as opposed to malt or other vinegars) on its fries (although it is served as an accompaniment for Fish and Chips in Australia). Most major Canadian fast-food outlets provide white vinegar packets next to their ketchup packets in their stores, and many restaurants keep white vinegar on their tables. That is not to say that the use of malt vinegar is not common – particularly amongst those of English heritage. In most traditional 'fish & chips' shops in Canada, malt vinegar is more prevalent. However, ketchup and vinegar remain the most popular condiments used on French fries in Canada.

In Newfoundland, "chips, dressing and gravy" (sometimes referred to by outsiders as "Newfie fries") comprise French fries topped with "dressing" (turkey stuffing made with summer savoury) and gravy. Another variation consists of topping the French Fries with either ground beef, hot dogs, dressing and cheese and topped with gravy.

Denmark

In Denmark the traditional accompaniment to French fries is remoulade sauce.

France

In France a common dish is fries and a steak called a «steak-frites» (steak-fries). French fries are also popular alongside the sandwich grec, roasted or fried chicken, and hamburgers. The fries are often accompagnied by ketchup, mayonnaise, "ketchup-mayo" (a mixture of the two), and sometimes a vaguely béarnaise-like sauce called "sauce pommes frites" (found also under the same name and with a similar form in French-speaking Belgium, and in Dutch-speaking Belgium and the Netherlands as frietsaus), which is available at local McDonald's restaurants and in bottled form in supermarkets. [32]

Germany

In Germany, accompaniments are usually limited to ketchup and mayonnaise. The two are often offered together, commonly called Pommes rot-weiß ("fries, red and white"). Although mustard may also be available at the same fast food stand to serve with Bratwurst, it is not considered a French fry condiment. Curry ketchup is a common condiment when the French fries are served with a Currywurst. Larger currywurst outlets offer a variety of atypical sauces, such as aioli, wasabi mayonnaise, and honey mustard.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, hot chips are usually served salted, and tomato sauce is a popular accompaniment. At fish & chip shops, where the chips are of a thicker cut, they are usually served with fried fish fillets, and without tomato sauce, though this is frequently available at an additional cost. United States-style takeaway outlets (such as McDonald's, Burger King) usually serve thin-cut chips (KFC is a notable exception), salted, with tomato sauce as an option. Pie carts and hot-food outlets at fairgrounds, stadiums and other events usually serve thick-cut chips in a large paper cup, invariably with tomato sauce drizzled over the chips.

Netherlands

File:IMGP4604.JPG
With tartar sauce, served in a cone in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, vending points are often very similar to the ones in Belgium but called snackbars. Peanut sauce is popular (also called satay sauce, after the Indonesian meat sate on which the same sauce is used). The Dutch also use the word mayonnaise to refer to frietsaus (fries-sauce) a thicker, less acidic sauce made specially to accompany French fries (as made famous in the film Pulp Fiction). Another interesting combination is Patat Oorlog (Dutch for: French Fries War), which is French fries with a variety of sauces, a variety that differs from region to region, and even from one snackbar to another. While it sometimes means mayonnaise (or rather, frietsaus), peanut sauce and chopped raw onions, in other places it means the fries are accompanied with all condiments available. Dutch snackbars typically offer at least 8 condiments or combinations of them (the condiments are never free in Dutch snackbars), but some serve up to 40 different styles. The Dutch usually eat their fries with other popular deep-fried fast foods such as the kroket and frikandel. A well made fries recipe would give the fries a fried fish and pastry like fragrance. The texture of this fries indicates that it may have first been blanched before frying.

Philippines

In the Philippines, they are often served with a sprinkling of powdered flavors, primarily cheese, sour cream or barbecue. In some fast food chains, these are topped with cheese sauce and minced bacon.

Poland

In Poland chips (fries) are a popular fast-food, with the Poles calling them "frytki". The usual elongated baton shape is now popular, but is not the original shape. The national recipe mandated slicing the potatoes into rings, and then frying them, usually accompanied by onions. Fries are served with ketchup, mustard or garlic sauce.

Sweden

In Sweden, the fries are called Pommes Frites (Pronounced Påmmfritt) is often served with any kind of sauce, mostly with ketchup. Dipping the fries in ice cream also occurs, although it is far from a common practice.

United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland

In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, traditionally chips are usually accompanied by salt and malt vinegar, and in some areas onion vinegar. The fondness for vinegar on chips has led to some outlets using spray misters, such as used for misting plants or spraying cleaning products, for the even distribution of vinegar to chips; this ensures an even coating of vinegar, meaning there are no "pools" where vinegar and salt form a small clump. In most of the UK, chicken nuggets and chips are popular with children. In England and Wales, gravy and curry sauce are available from some chip shops. In Northern England, Scotland and South Wales, chips and gravy is a popular dish, while in the South 'cheesy chips' (chips with grated cheddar thickly sprinkled on) are popular. In Britain and Ireland, the term french fries refers exclusively to the long thin version served in fast food establishments. The most common accompaniment for chips in England is tomato ketchup; other sauces used include barbecue sauce, burger sauce, mayonnaise, mustard and brown sauce or a combination thereof. When chips are served with other fried foods such as fish or battered sausage, mushy peas or baked beans are a popular addition. In the Midlands and some Northern regions of England a takeaway of chips with either mushy peas or baked beans is called a "pea mix" or "bean mix" respectively.

In Scotland salt and vinegar tends to be served in most places, with salt and sauce (a mixture of brown sauce and vinegar) a local specialty served in Edinburgh and parts of Fife. Often the vinegar is actually non-brewed condiment, a solution of acetic acid coloured with caramel. Fish and chips in parts of Scotland is more commonly called a 'fish supper'.

In Ireland, chips are served with salt and vinegar, with gravy, mayonnaise, pepper sauce, curry sauce, kebab sauce and mushy peas being common accompaniments. Fish and chips or kebab are common. Chips are also commonly served with any combination of coleslaw, curry sauce, garlic sauce and grated cheese which is known as a 'garlic and cheese chip'. Burger sauce is also very a popular accompaniment.

In the Isle of Man, chips are traditionally served with cheese and gravy.

United States

Fries with a burger, served in an American diner.

In the United States, by far the most popular condiment for fries is ketchup, so much so that consumption of restaurant fries drives ketchup sales.[33] Occasionally mustard is used, and malt vinegar mainly available at restaurants which serve fish and chips. Fries are sometimes coated with melted cheese, called cheese fries. This can be in combination with chili, making chili cheese fries. A staple at many sports bars is fries with bleu cheese dressing as a dip, or sometimes ranch dressing.

Steak fries are thicker-cut fries, often with the skins intact. They are often coated with spices or marinaded before cooking. They may be fried or baked in the oven.[35]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, restaurants are usually found serving fries with sugar over a dollop of soft butter.

Health aspects

French fries can contain a large amount of fat (usually saturated) or oils from frying. Some researchers have suggested that the high temperatures used for frying such dishes may have results harmful to health (see acrylamides). In the United States about ¼ of vegetables consumed are prepared as French fries and are proposed to contribute to widespread obesity. Frying French fries in beef tallow, recently discarded from the McDonald's recipe, adds saturated fat to the diet. Replacing tallow with tropical oils such as palm oil simply substitutes one saturated fat for another. Replacing tallow with partially hydrogenated oil reduces cholesterol but adds trans fat, which has been shown to both raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.[36][37][38] Many restaurants now advertise their use of unsaturated oils. Five Guys, for example, advertises their fries are prepared in peanut oil.[39]

In 1994, the well-known owner of Stringfellows nightclub in London, Peter Stringfellow, took exception to McCain Foods' use of the name "Stringfellows" for a brand of long thin French fries and took them to court. He lost the case (Stringfellows v McCain Food (GB) Ltd (1994)) on the basis that there was no connection in the public mind between the two uses of the name, and therefore McCain's product would not have caused the nightclub to lose any sales.[40][41]

In early 2003 some members of the US congress proposed calling French fries Freedom Fries in response to France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq. By 2006 the menu at the House restaurant had reverted to calling them French fries.[42]

In June 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture, with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont, Texas, classified batter-coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. Although this move was mostly for trade reasons (French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a "processed food"), this received significant media attention partially due to the documentary Super Size Me.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  2. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 2000
  3. ^ a b c Hess, Karen (2005). "The Origin of French Fries". PPC (Petits Propos Culinaires), journal of food studies and food history (3×/year by Prospect Books, Devon) (68): p. 39. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "Objets de la recherche : frite" (in French). ATILF Analyse et traitement informatique de la langue française, TLFi Le trésor de la langue française informatisé. Part. passé substantivé au fém. de frire*, p. ell. de pommes de terre dans le syntagme pommes de terre frites. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Fishwick, Marshall W. fee required "The Savant as Gourmet". The Journal of Popular Culture. vol 32 (part 1). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: p. 51-58. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1998.3201_51.x. ISSN 0022-3840. Relevant quote for WP:VERIFY? {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Check |url= value (help)
  6. ^ Mackenzie, Catherine (7 Apr1935). "Food the City Likes Best". The New York Times Magazine: SM18. Retrieved 2007-04-15. … the chef at the Rainbow Room launches into a description of his special steak, its French-fried onion rings, its button mushrooms … {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Rorer, Sarah Tyson. "Page 211". Mrs. Rorer's New Cook Book. Philadelphia: Arnold & Company. pp. p. 211. Retrieved 2007-04-12. French Fried Chicken {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "french : (...) Usage: often capitalized – 1 : to trim the meat from the end of the bone of (as a chop) – 2 : to cut (green beans) in thin lengthwise strips before cooking" (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.)
  9. ^ "to French: to prepare, as a chop, by partially cutting the meat from the shank and leaving bare the bone so as to fit it for convenient handling" (Oxford English Dictionary)
  10. ^ Ebeling, Charles (2005-10-31). "French fried: From Monticello to the Moon, A Social, Political and Cultural Appreciation of the French Fry". The Chicago Literary Club. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Ude, Louis. The French Cook
  12. ^ Warren, Eliza. (at Google books) The economical cookery book for housewives, cooks, and maids-of-all-work, with hints to the mistress and servant. London: Piper, Stephenson, and Spence. pp. p. 88. OCLC 27869877. French fried potatoes {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |url= value (help); External link in |origyear= (help)
  13. ^ Schoetens, Marc (December 13, 2005). "Heilige Teresa bakte de eerste frieten" (in Dutch). De Morgen. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (Feb 252007 found archived as "Nieuw boek van frietprofessor Paul Ilegems over frietkotcultuur" 20051213.3133206672696574)
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference ilegems1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Dundee Fact File". Dundee City Council. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Green, Frank (27 Jul2003). "In-N-Out Burger carves niche in the fast-food market". QSRWeb, portal for the Quick Service Restaurant industry. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Gerdes, Sharon (1 Dec2001). "Batters and Breadings Liven Tastes". Virgo Publishing © – Food Product Design. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Steingarten, Jeffrey. The Man Who Ate Everything. Vintage Books. pp. 409–411. ISBN 0-375-70202-4.
  19. ^ Whittington, Richard ©. "The Perfect Chip". Charlie Hicks Greengrocer, Hay on Wye, Hereford, UK. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Poundstone, William. Big Secrets. William Morrow and Co. p. 23. ISBN 0-688-04830-7.
  21. ^ Evelyn Saint-Ange, Paul Aratow (translator), La Bonne Cuisine de Madame E. Saint-Ange: The Essential Companion for Authentic French Cooking, Larousse, 1927, translation Ten Speed Press, 2005, ISBN 1-580-08605-5, p. 553.
  22. ^ "Les pommes gauffrettes" (in French). 'Chef Simon' Sabine et Bertrand SIMON. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ^ "Steppegras" (in Dutch). Restaurant Steppegras. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  24. ^ "Side Dishes: International French Fries". Food Services of America. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ a b "Les sauces servies traditionnellement avec les frites en Belgique: Les pickles belges (Belgian Pickles)" (in French). belgourmet. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  26. ^ Whether Herstappe's eighty-odd inhabitants have a 'frietkot'? Belgium's smallest municipality Saint-Josse-ten-Noode has at least one. "frite(rie)s". EuroBRU portail de la capitale de l'Europe. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
    *The figure of speech is obviously not exaggerated:
    * Bouillon, Pierre; Bodeux, Jean-Luc; D'Artois, Didier; De Boeck, Philippe; Deffet, Eric; Dellisse, Daniel; Detaille, Stéphane; Du Brulle, Christian; Fiorilli, Thierry; Huon, Julie; Lamquin, Véronique; Lefèvre, Gabrielle; Leroy, Marcel; Maron, Guy; Meuwissen, Eric; Moreau, Catherine; Pierre, Philippe; Saint-Ghislain, Valéry; Surmont, Eddy; Vanham, Vincent (2005-06-30). "Ouske c'est chez nous". Le Soir, édition Namur/Luxembourg (in French): p. 1. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (See heading 'Fritkot')
    * Sambre, Pierre. "Belgitude > La frite dorée ; Gloire nationale: l'eclosion du cornet cool". Le Tribune de Bruxelles, free with newspapers La Libre Belgique, La Dernière Heure, etc (in French): p. 40. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Text "date=2002-12-19" ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ^ Franquin (1973). "Gaston Lagaffe aka Guust Flater: Gare aux gaffes d'un gars gonflé" (jpg) (in French). Editions Dupuis. p. last. en crocquant quelques frites... Hmum.. Délicieuses...avec des pickles. (while eating some fries... Hmm.. Delightful... with piccalilly [Belgian pickles]) {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (publication date showing a sauce, outside Belgium rarely used with fries, to have been typical before far more kinds became available)
  28. ^ http://www.harveys.ca/eng/nutritional_info/Harveys_NAG_V2.pdf
  29. ^ http://www.southstburger.com/pdf/SOUTH_ST-launch_release4.pdf
  30. ^ Poutine - Large
  31. ^ Burger King - Our menu
  32. ^ "Sauce pommes frites" in Benedicta's "Oh Ouizz!" line
  33. ^ Vegetable Consumption Away from Home on the Rise
  34. ^ "Sunset Grille Menu". Sunset Grille. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Oven Steak Fries
  36. ^ "Fats and Cholesterol". Harvard School of Public Health. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Trans: The Phantom Fat". Nutrition Action Healthletter (Center for Science in the Public Interest). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff (22 Jun2006). "Dietary fats: Know which types to choose © 1998-2006". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Five Guys
  40. ^ "Sequel opportunities". AKME Publications – Akme Student Law Library, with permission: earlier published in the New Law Journal, 25 March1994 and in abriged form in The Author of Spring 1994. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite web}}: Text "author Solomon, Nicola" ignored (help)
  41. ^ "Section 7 – Intellectual Property" (pdf). Semple Piggot Rochez Ltd. 2001. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  42. ^ Bellantoni, Christina (2006-08-02). "Hill fries free to be French again ; GOP in House mum about it". Washington Times. pp. A.01. ISSN 0732-8494. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to French fries.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
  • Bocuse, Paul. La Cuisine du marché, Paris, 1992.
  • Tebben, Maryann. ""French" Fries: France's Culinary Identity from Brillat-Savarin to Barthes (essay)". online journal Convivium Artium: Food Representation in Literature, Film, and the Arts © 2006. Department of Modern Languages and Literatures, University of Texas at San Antonio. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Notes

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