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The '''French colonial empire''' is the set of territories outside Europe that were under French rule primarily from the 1600s to the late 1960s (some see the French control of places such as [[New Caledonia]] as a continuation of that colonial empire). In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the [[British Empire]]. The French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 km² (4,767,000 sq. miles) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 12,898,000 km² (4,980,000 sq. miles) at the time, which is 8.6% of the Earth's total land area. |
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France began to establish colonies in North America, the [[Caribbean]] and India, following [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] successes during the [[Age of Discovery]], in rivalry with Britain for supremacy. A series of wars with Britain during the 1700s and early 1800s which France lost ended its colonial ambitions on these continents, and with it is what some historians term the "first" French colonial empire. In the 19th century, France established a new empire in Africa and [[South East Asia]]. Some of these colonies lasted beyond the invasion and occupation of France by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. |
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Following the war, anti-colonial movements began to challenge French authority. France unsuccessfully fought bitter wars in the 1950s and early 1960s in [[Vietnam]] and [[Algeria]] to keep its empire intact. By the end of the 1960s, most of France's colonies had gained independence, save for a series of islands and archipelagos which were integrated into France as [[Overseas departments and territories of France|overseas departments and territories]]. These total altogether 123,150 km² (47,548 sq. miles), which amounts to only 1% of the pre-1939 French colonial empire's area, with 2,624,505 people living in them in 2009. All of them enjoy full political representation at the national level, as well as varying degrees of legislative [[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]]. (See [[Administrative divisions of France]].) |
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==First French colonial empire== |
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[[Image:France colonial Empire10.png|450px|thumb|Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue — plain and hachured) French colonial empires]] |
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The excursions of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] and [[Jacques Cartier]] in the early 1500s, as well as the frequent voyages of French boats and fishermen to the [[Grand Banks]] off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] throughout that century, were the precursors to the story of France's colonial expansion. But Spain's jealous protection of its foreign monopoly, and the further distractions caused in France itself in the later 16th century by the [[French Wars of Religion|French Wars of Religion]], prevented any constant efforts by France to settle colonies. Early French attempts to found colonies in 1612 at [[São Luís]] ("[[France Équinoxiale]]"), and in [[Brazil]], in 1555 at [[Rio de Janeiro]] ("[[France Antarctique]]") and in [[Florida]] (including [[Fort Caroline]] in 1562) were not successful, due to a lack of official interest and to Portuguese and Spanish vigilance. |
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The story of France's colonial empire truly began on July 27, 1605, with the foundation of [[Port Royal, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] in the colony of [[Acadia]] in North America, in what is now [[Nova Scotia]], Canada. A few years later, in 1608, [[Samuel De Champlain]] founded [[Quebec City|Quebec]], which was to become the capital of the enormous, but sparsely settled, fur-trading colony of [[New France]] (also called Canada). |
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New France had a rather small population, which resulted from more emphasis being placed on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlements. Due to this emphasis, the French relied heavily on creating friendly contacts with the local Indians. French relations with the Native peoples has been considered more humane than positions taken by their Spanish and English rivals. Without the insatiable appetite of New England for land, and relying solely on Indians to supply them with fur at the trading posts, the French composed a complex series of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections. These became the most enduring alliances between the French and the Indians. The French did not set out to take over all Indian land like England, nor did they want them to work like slaves as did the Spanish. The French were however under pressure from religious orders to convert the Indians to Catholicism. New France allowed a great degree of independence for the Natives, and did not try to suppress all traditional religious practices. |
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Although, through alliances with various [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes, the French were able to exert a loose control over much of the North American continent, areas of French settlement were generally limited to the [[St. Lawrence River]] Valley. Prior to the establishment of the 1663 [[Sovereign Council of New France|Sovereign Council]], the territories of New France were developed as mercantile colonies. It is only after the arrival of intendant [[Jean Talon]] in 1665 that France gave its American colonies the proper means to develop population colonies comparable to that of the British. But there was relatively little interest in colonialism in France, which concentrated rather on dominance within Europe, and for most of its history, New France, was far behind the [[British North America|British North American]] colonies in both population and economic development. Acadia itself was lost to the British in the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]] in 1713. |
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In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] in the basin of the [[Mississippi River]]. The extensive trading network throughout the region connected to Canada through the [[Great Lakes]], was maintained through a vast system of fortifications, many of them centred in the [[Illinois Country]] and in present-day [[Arkansas]]. |
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[[Image:Quebec_nouvelle_france.jpg|thumb|left|Québec was known as 'Nouvelle France' or New France]] |
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As the French empire in North America grew, the French also began to build a smaller but more profitable empire in the [[West Indies]]. Settlement along the South American coast in what is today [[French Guiana]] began in 1624, and a colony was founded on [[Saint Kitts]] in 1625 (the island had to be shared with the English until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, when it was ceded outright). The ''[[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]]'' founded colonies in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]] in 1635, and a colony was later founded on [[Saint Lucia]] by (1650). The food-producing plantations of these colonies were built and sustained through [[slavery]], with the supply of slaves dependent on the [[African slave trade]]. Local resistance by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] resulted in the [[Carib Expulsion]] of 1660. |
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The most important Caribbean colonial possession did not come until 1664, when the colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] (today's [[Haiti]]) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of [[Hispaniola]]. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest [[sugar]] colony in the Caribbean. The eastern half of Hispaniola (today's [[Dominican Republic]]) also came under French rule for a short period, after being given to France by Spain in 1795. |
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French colonial expansion was not limited to the [[New World]], however. In [[Senegal]] in [[West Africa]], the French began to establish trading posts along the coast in 1624. In 1664, the [[French East India Company]] was established to compete for trade in the [[far East|east]]. Colonies were established in India in [[Chandernagore]] (1673) and [[Pondicherry]] in the Southeast (1674), and later at [[Yanam]] (1723), [[Mahe]] (1725), and [[Karikal]] (1739) (see [[French India]]). Colonies were also founded in the Indian Ocean, on the Île de Bourbon ([[Réunion]], 1664), Île de France ([[Mauritius]], 1718), and the [[Seychelles]] (1756). |
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==Colonial conflict with Britain== |
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In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire. These wars were the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1744–1748), the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), the War of the [[American Revolution]] (1778–1783), the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French Revolution]] (1793–1802) and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803-1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the [[French and Indian Wars]]. This cyclic conflict is known as the [[Second Hundred Years' War]]. |
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[[Image:Bellin Indoustan 1770.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carte de L'Indoustan. Bellin, 1770]] |
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Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive — despite French successes in India under the French Governor-General [[Joseph François Dupleix]] — the Seven Years' War, after early French successes in [[Minorca]] and North America, saw a French defeat, with the numerically superior British (over one million to about 50 thousand French settlers) conquering not only [[New France]] (excluding the small islands of [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]]), but also most of France's West Indian (Caribbean) colonies, and all of the [[French India|French Indian outposts]]. While the peace treaty saw France's Indian outposts, and the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe restored to France, the competition for influence in India had been won by the British, and North America was entirely lost — most of [[New France]] was taken by Britain (also referred to as [[British North America]], except Louisiana, which France ceded to Spain as payment for Spain's late entrance into the war (and as compensation for Britain's annexation of Spanish Florida). Also ceded to the British were [[Grenada]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the West Indies. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral. |
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Some recovery of the French colonial empire was made during the [[France in the American Revolutionary War|French intervention in the American Revolution]], with Saint Lucia being returned to France by the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, but not nearly as much as had been hoped for at the time of French intervention. True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]]), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a massive slave revolt, caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the [[French Revolution]] of 1789. The slaves, led eventually by [[Toussaint Louverture]] and then, following his capture by the French in 1801, by [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], held their own against French, Spanish, and British opponents, and ultimately achieved independence as [[Haiti]] in 1804 (Haiti became the first black republic in the world, much earlier than any of the future African nations). In the meanwhile, the newly resumed war with Britain by the French, resulted in the British capture of practically all remaining French colonies. These were restored at the [[Peace of Amiens]] in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. France's repurchase of Louisiana in 1800 came to nothing, as the final success of the Haitian revolt convinced [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to its sale to the United States in 1803 (the [[Louisiana Purchase]]). Nor was the French attempt to establish a colony in [[Egypt]] in 1798–1801 successful. |
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==Second French colonial empire== |
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At the close of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], most of France's colonies were restored to it by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], notably [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]] in the West Indies, [[French Guiana]] on the coast of South America, various trading posts in [[Senegal]], the ''Île Bourbon'' ([[Réunion]]) in the Indian Ocean, and France's tiny Indian possessions. Britain finally annexed [[Saint Lucia]], [[Tobago]], [[the Seychelles]], and the ''Île de France'' ([[Mauritius]]), however. |
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The true beginnings of the second French colonial empire, however, were laid in 1830 with the [[French rule in Algeria|French invasion of Algeria]], which was conquered over the next 17 years. During the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]], headed by [[Napoleon III]], an attempt was made to establish a colonial-type [[protectorate]] in Mexico, but this came to little, and the French were forced to abandon the experiment after the end of the [[American Civil War]], when the American president, [[Andrew Johnson]], invoked the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. This [[French intervention in Mexico]] lasted from 1861 to 1867. Napoleon III also established French control over [[Cochinchina]] (the [[Southern Vietnam|southernmost]] part of modern [[Vietnam]] including [[Saigon]]) in 1867 and 1874, as well as a protectorate over [[Cambodia]] in 1863. |
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It was only after the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–1871 and the founding of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] (1871-1940) that most of France's later colonial possessions were acquired. From their base in Cochinchina, the French took over [[Tonkin]] (in modern [[northern Vietnam]]) and [[Annam (French Colony)|Annam]] (in modern [[central Vietnam]]) in 1884-1885. These, together with Cambodia and Cochinchina, formed [[French Indochina]] in 1887 (to which [[Laos]] was [[Franco-Siamese War of 1893|added in 1893]], and [[Kwang-Chou-Wan]] <ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_Foreign_colonies.html]</ref> in 1900). In 1849, the [[Shanghai French Concession|French concession]] in [[Shanghai]] was established, lasting until 1946. |
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[[Image:Colonies of the second French colonial empire.jpg|right|thumb|275px|French colonies in 1891 (from ''[[Le Monde Illustré]]'').<br /> |
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1. Panorama of ''Lac-Kaï'', French outpost in China.<br /> |
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2. ''Yun-nan'', in the quay of [[Hanoi]].<br /> |
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3. Flooded street of Hanoi.<br /> |
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4. Landing stage of Hanoi]] |
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Influence was also expanded in [[North Africa]], establishing a protectorate on [[Tunisia]] in 1881 (Bardo Treaty). Gradually, French control was established over much of Northern, Western, and [[Central Africa]] by the turn of the century (including the modern nations of [[Mauritania]], [[Senegal]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Republic of Congo]]), as well as the east African coastal enclave of [[Djibouti]] ([[French Somaliland]]). The [[Voulet-Chanoine Mission]], a military expedition, was sent out from Senegal in 1898 to conquer the Chad Basin and unify all French territories in West Africa. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the Foureau-Lamy and Gentil missions, which advanced from Algeria and Middle Congo respectively. With the death of the Muslim warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], the greatest ruler in the region, and the creation of the Military Territory of Chad in 1900, the Voulet-Chanoine Mission had accomplished all its goals. The ruthlessness of the mission provoked a scandal in Paris. As a part of the [[Scramble for Africa]], France had the establishment of a continuous west-east axis of the continent as an objective, in contrast with [[Cape To Cairo|the British north-south axis]]. This resulted in the [[Fashoda incident]], were an expedition led by [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]] was opposed by forces under [[Lord Kitchener]]'s command. The resolution of the crisis had a part in the bringing forth of the [[Entente Cordiale]]. During the [[Agadir Crisis]] in 1911, Britain supported France and [[Morocco]] became a French protectorate. |
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At this time, the French also established colonies in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], including [[New Caledonia]], the various island groups which make up [[French Polynesia]] (including the [[Society Islands]], the [[Marquesas]], the [[Tuamotus]]), and established joint control of the [[New Hebrides]] with Britain. |
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The French made their last major colonial gains after the [[World War I|First World War]], when they gained mandates over the former [[Turkey|Turkish]] territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that make up what is now [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], as well as most of the former German colonies of [[Togo]] and [[Cameroon]]. A hallmark of the French colonial project in the late 19th century and early 20th Century was the [[civilizing mission]] (''mission civilisatrice''), the principle that it was Europe's duty to bring civilization to benighted peoples. As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanization in French colonies, most notably [[French West Africa]]. Africans who adopted French culture, including fluent use of the [[French language]] and conversion to Christianity, were granted equal French citizenship, including suffrage. Later, residents of the "[[Four Communes]]" in Senegal were granted citizenship in a program led by the Afro-French politician [[Blaise Diagne]]. |
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==Collapse of the empire== |
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[[Image:French Colonial Nations.jpg|thumb|A poster symbolising the French colonial empire titled: "Three colors, one flag, one empire"]] |
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The French colonial empire began to fall apart during the [[Second World War]], when various parts of their empire were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Madagascar]], the US and [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]], and Germany and Italy in [[Tunisia]]). However, control was gradually reestablished by [[Charles de Gaulle]]. The [[French Union]], included in the 1946 [[French Constitution|Constitution]], replaced the former colonial Empire. |
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However, France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the [[decolonization]] movement. [[Paul Ramadier]] ([[SFIO]])'s cabinet repressed the [[Malagasy Uprising]] in 1947. In Asia, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s [[Vietminh]] declared [[Vietnam]]'s independence, starting the [[First Indochina War|Franco-Vietnamese War]]. In [[Cameroun]], the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]]'s insurrection, started in 1955 and headed by [[Ruben Um Nyobé]], was violently repressed. |
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When this ended with French defeat and withdrawal from Vietnam in 1954, the French almost immediately became involved in a new, and even harsher conflict in their oldest major colony, [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria]]. [[Ferhat Abbas]] and [[Messali Hadj]]'s movements had marked the period between the two wars, but both sides radicalized after the Second World War. In 1945, the [[Sétif massacre]] was carried out by the French army. The [[Algerian War of Independence|Algerian War]] started in 1954. Algeria was particularly problematic for the French, due to the large number of European settlers (or ''[[pieds-noirs]]'') who had settled there in the 125 years of French rule. [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s accession to power in 1958 in the middle of the crisis ultimately led to independence for [[Algeria]] with the 1962 [[Evian Accords]]. |
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The [[French Union]] was replaced in the new 1958 [[French Constitution|Constitution]] by the [[French Community]]. Only [[Guinea]] refused by referendum to take part to the new colonial organization. However, the French Community dissolved itself in the midsts of the Algerian War; all of the other African colonies were granted independence in 1960, following local [[referendum]]s. Some few colonies chose instead to remain part of France, under the statuses of [[French overseas departments and territories|overseas ''départements'' (territories)]]. Critics of [[neocolonialism]] claimed that the ''[[Françafrique]]'' had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was creating new ties through [[Jacques Foccart]]'s help, his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular the [[Biafra secession]] (or Nigerian civil war) during the late 1960s. |
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==French settlers== |
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Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the [[Americas]], with the exception of the [[Huguenots]]. However, significant emigration of mainly [[Roman Catholic]] French populations led to the settlement of the provinces of [[Acadia]], Canada and [[Louisiana]], both (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the [[West Indies]], [[Mascarene]] islands and Africa. |
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On December 31, 1687 a community of French [[Huguenots in South Africa|Huguenots]] settled in South Africa. Most of these originally settled in the [[Cape Colony]], but have since been quickly absorbed into the [[Afrikaner]] population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of [[New France]]. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379_21/canada.html British North America: 1763-1841]</ref> From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 colonists immigrated from France to the [[St. Domingue]]. In 1805, when the French were forced out of St. Domingue ([[Haiti]]) 35,000 French settlers were given lands in [[Cuba]].<ref>[http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/jrm2.htm Hispanics in the American Revolution]</ref> Out of the 40,000 inhabitants on [[Guadeloupe]], at the end of the 17th century, there were more than 26,000 blacks and 9,000 whites.<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/label-france-issues_2555/label-france-no.-41_4201/tourism-and-discovery_4252/guadeloupe-the-mosaic-island_6508.html Guadeloupe : the mosaic island]</ref> |
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French law made it easy to continue and pillage the land of the north vietnamese and the africans for centuries to come. In fact the french actually tortured countless millions for failing to speak french. Combine this with their love of communist, such as Ernesto "Che" Guevera and Ho Chi Minh and it becomes clear that the french were simply unfit for empires of any type... for thousands of ''colons'', ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and East Africa, India and [[Indochina]] to live in mainland France. It is estimated that 20,000 ''colons'' were living in [[Saigon]] in 1945. 1.6 million European ''[[pieds noirs]]'' migrated from [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures]</ref> In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 [[pied-noir|French Algerians]] left [[Algeria]] in the most massive relocation of population in Europe since the [[World War II]]. In the 1970s, over 30,000 French ''colons'' left [[Cambodia]] during the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime as the [[Pol Pot]] government confiscated their farms and land properties. In November 2004, several thousand of the estimated 14,000 French nationals in [[Ivory Coast]] left country after days of anti-white violence.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,138116,00.html France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation], FOXNews.com</ref> |
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Apart from [[French-Canadians]], [[Québécois]], [[Acadians]], [[Cajuns]], and [[Métis people|Métis]] other populations of [[French people|French]] ancestry outside metropolitan France include the ''[[Caldoche]]s'' of [[New Caledonia]] and the so-called ''Zoreilles'' and ''[[Franco-Réunionnaise|Petits-blancs]]'' of various [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean islands]]. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Evolution of the French Empire]] |
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*[[Overseas departments and territories of France]] |
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*[[Decolonization]] |
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*[[Global empire]] |
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*[[French law on colonialism]] (2005 law, repealed in 2006) |
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*[[Franco-Trarzan War of 1825]] |
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*[[French colonial forces]] |
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*[[French colonisation of the Americas]] |
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*[[French Colonial Union]] |
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*[[French Equatorial Africa]] |
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*[[French Empire]] (for the European based empires) |
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*[[French West Africa]] |
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*[[La Francophonie]] |
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*[[Franco-Mauritian]] |
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*[[Franco-Réunionnaise]] |
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*[[French Canadian]] |
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*[[Pied-noir]] |
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*[[Caldoche]] |
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*[[Postage stamps of the French Colonies]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
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*C. M. Andrew; A. S. Kanya-Forstner French Business and the French Colonialists. The Historical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 981-1000 |
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*Mathew Burrows 'Mission civilisatrice': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860-1914. The Historical Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar., 1986), pp. 109-135 |
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*Vincent Confer French Colonial Ideas before 1789. French Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3. (Spring, 1964), pp. 338-359 |
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*Rupert Emerson Colonialism Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 4, No. 1, Colonialism and Decolonization (Jan., 1969), pp. 3-16 |
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*Guy Martin The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy. The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Jun., 1985), pp. 189-208 |
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*C. W. Newbury; A. S. Kanya-Forstner. French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1969), pp. 253-276 |
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*Thomas Pakenham ''The Scramble for Africa'' (1991) |
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*Maria Petringa ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006) |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.worldhistoricalatlas.com Historical maps of French colonial empire] Maps to be combined and compared |
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*[http://www.lafrique.com L'Afrique francophone] |
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*[http://www.mfa.go.th/web/120.php Threats to the national independence of Thailand], from [[Thailand]]'s [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |
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*[http://oyc.yale.edu/history/france-since-1871/content/sessions/session-12-french-imperialism-charles-keith-1 French Colonialism], lecture on the colonial period 1871 to 1914, via [[Open Yale Courses]] (45-min audio/video/text) |
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{{Former French colonies}} |
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{{Colonialism}} |
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{{Empires}} |
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{{New France}} |
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[[Category:Former colonies of France| ]] |
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[[Category:Colonialism]] |
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[[Category:French Colonial Empire and World War I| ]] |
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[[Category:Overseas empires]] |
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[[bg:Френска колониална империя]] |
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[[cs:Francouzské kolonie]] |
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[[de:Französische Kolonien]] |
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[[es:Imperio colonial francés]] |
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[[eu:Frantziar Inperio Koloniala]] |
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[[fa:تاریخ استعمارگری فرانسه]] |
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[[fr:Empire colonial français]] |
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[[he:האימפריה הצרפתית]] |
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[[id:Kekaisaran kolonial Perancis]] |
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[[it:Impero coloniale francese]] |
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[[nl:Franse koloniale Rijk]] |
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[[ja:フランス植民地帝国]] |
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[[pl:Francuskie imperium kolonialne]] |
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[[pt:Império colonial francês]] |
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[[ro:Imperiul colonial francez]] |
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[[sh:Francuski kolonijalni imperij]] |
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[[fi:Ranskan siirtomaat]] |
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[[sv:Franska kolonialimperiet]] |
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[[th:จักรวรรดิฝรั่งเศส]] |
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[[vi:Các thuộc địa thực dân Pháp]] |
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[[tr:Fransız Sömürge İmparatorluğu]] |
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[[zh:法蘭西殖民帝國]] |
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Revision as of 16:46, 23 April 2009
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French colonial Empire | |
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| An anachronous map of the French colonial Empire. An anachronous map of the French colonial Empire. |
