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Algerians in France

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Algerians in France
Total population
1,637,000 (People of Algerian origin)[1][2]
(465,849) Algerian-born people[3][4][5][6]
Languages
French (Maghrebi French),
Arabic (Algerian Arabic),
Amazighi (Kabyle Berber),(Chaoui Berber)
Religion
Majority Sunni Islam
Minority Judaism, Christianity,[7][8] Irreligion[8]
Related ethnic groups
Moroccans in France
Tunisians in France

Algerians in France are people of Algerian descent or nationality living in France. People of Algerian origin account for a large sector of the total population in France. Some immigrated during colonial rule in Algeria starting in the 1920s, and large numbers chose to emigrate to France from the 1960s onwards due to political turmoil in Algeria.[9]

Demographics

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The 2011 Census recorded 465,849 Algerian-born people.[10]

Year Algerian-born population + descendants Foreigners Migrants Other data
1999 418,884[11] 475,000[12]
2005
2006 691,816[13]
2007 475,000[12]
2008
2009
2010
2011 465,849[10] [14]
2012 469,595[10][15][1][2]
≈3.46% of the French Population

[16]
2013

Migration

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The migration of Algerians to France happened in multiple waves: from 1913–1921, from 1922–1939, and from 1940–1954. During the years of 1947–1953, specifically, France saw a large influx of Maghrebi immigrants. Legal Algerian immigrants numbered 740,000 between these years[17]

In the 1950s, the French government began encouraging Algerian migration, as a result of pressure from businesses. This pressure was partly caused by the lack of workers in post-WWII France (Germain 23). In December 1958, they instituted the Social Action Fund, which supported African immigrants by allocating 500 million Francs towards Maghrebi immigrant shelters and housing. However, the situation these immigrants were in was still unpleasant as a result of their employers, who took them as indentured servants. Thus, they were paid low wages and given little government aid compared to other workers. Ultimately, many of them were deported back to Africa. However, by the late 1950s, France's intake of Algerian migrants began to outnumber those being deported, resulting in a sharp uptick in the French Algerian population.[17]

In the 1960s, Algerians continued to attempt to immigrate to France. Many of these people obtained three month work visas, reflecting their intent to work in France for a short time period before returning home. However, the French government viewed this is as a hostile move, assuming that these immigrants intended to stay in the country permanently. Thus, the government continued to regularly deport Algerians. They were required to have a French address to remain in the country, which most Algerian immigrants did have. However, officials simply didn't believe the authenticity of their identification and paperwork; thus, in the 1960s, the French government deported 5–8% of African immigrants. By 1968, there were 40,000 Africans in France.[18]

Causes of migration

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The migratory movement of Maghrebis into France is generally attributed to push factors. There was little opportunity to move freely throughout society in Algeria, so many were motivated to migrate to France for a better life.[18] The presence of a post-colonial economic opportunity gap when Algeria was freed after the Algerian War also contributed to the increase of Algerian immigrants.[17] Additionally, some Maghrebis migrated to France because they would have more political freedom to protest French suppression in Algeria than they would in their home country.[18]

History

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Role of Algerians in WWII

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From 1943–1945, approximately 200,000 Maghrebis enlisted into France's armed forces. Additionally, an additional ≈100,000 Maghrebis participated in the war effort through working in wartime industries.[17]

Post WWII

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While Maghrebis played a significant role in France's war effort, their contribution was ignored after the war. Rather, the French government continued their oppression in Algeria, angering North Africans in France and causing the rise of African rights groups. African rights groups include the Algerian Populist Party and the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties.[17]

Racism

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See also: Arenc affair

In the 1950s, the French government used racism as a tool to delegitimize the efforts of African Nationalist groups. The government used tensions between different groups to depict Algerian immigrants as barbaric in propaganda campaigns. This was massively effective, negatively affecting public opinion on African immigrants. The 1953 survey by the National Institute of Demographic Studies showed that North Africans and Germans were ranked last in sympathy levels for immigrants. This impact is exemplified by a piece published by the L'Aurore, a French periodical, in which it was written:

"In Paris, North Africans are specialists and record makers in the nocturnal attack. The Arab is, quite precisely, the thief who waits on the corner of the road for the late passerby, whom he clubs for the sake of a watch…"

–          L'Aurore, 1954[17]

In the 1960s, this sort of racial propaganda continued with the help of public health institutes. They targeted Algerian immigrants along with other African immigrants from Mauritius, Mali and other countries.[18] A study, published in 1963, entitled "Black workers in the Parisian region" (Les travailleurs noirs dans la region parisienne), outlined reasons for why, for public health reasons, African immigrants were not beneficial for France:

"They are accustomed to wearing practically nothing in Africa where the temperature ranges from 90 to 100 degrees, and when they arrive in Paris, especially during the cold winter, they are highly prone to catching disease like tuberculosis".

This report also cited Africans' perceived diets as reason to reject them as workers. These public health officials were under the impression that Africans ate only simple foods such as rice and beans, and therefore, could not survive the heavy workload required of them in France. In reality, Africans ate a variety of healthy food and balanced meals.[citation needed] This report further argued that these food deficiencies meant Africans were ridden with disease. Thus, African immigrants in France were required to carry around passbooks with detailed medical information, and were often randomly stopped and checked by French officials.[18]

This type of racial bias showed a resurgence in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the French political party, the National Front. Jean-Marie Le Pen, the leader of the National Front, led with the slogan "Two million immigrants, two million unemployed". Le Pen is also quoted as saying "Yes, I believe in racial inequality… they do not all have the same capacity to evolve". During this time, books with black children featured on the covers were banned. As the 1990s progressed, the National Front's influence grew. The group took political control of the French city of Toulon, and promised to deny housing to African immigrants living in the city.[19]

Religion

[edit]

According to a 2023 report, the 2020 INED-INSEE surveys have stated, 91 percent of those who grew up in Muslim families claim the religion of their parents.[20][21]

According to the national survey of 2020 holden by the INSEE, 64% of the French of Algerian origin who were surveyed adhered to Islam; at the same time, 4% of the French of Algerian origin adhered to Christianity, of whom 3% were Catholics and 1% other Christians (without further specification).[8] 32% of the French of Algerian origin declared that they had no religion.[8] According to the same survey 89% of Algerian-born people in France adhered to Islam.[8]

Ethnic groups

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Arabs

[edit]
See also: Arabs in France

Arabs form the majority of Algerians living in France.[22]

Berbers

[edit]
See also: Berbers in Algeria and Berbers in France

The Berbers in France form a significant portion of the Algerian community in the country. Berbers in France are mostly Muslims with a Christian minority estimated numbers between 40,000-60,000.[7]

Jews

[edit]
See also: History of the Jews in Algeria

Following Algerian independence in 1962, most of Algeria's Jews, having been granted French citizenship in 1870, left with the pied-noirs. The vast majority moved to France, and the rest moved to Israel. Today, most Jews in France are of Maghrebi origin.[23]

Turks

[edit]
See also: Turks in Algeria and Turks in France

There are several thousand Algerian Turks living in France, having emigrated or descended from parents who came to the country from Algeria rather than Turkey.[citation needed] Some Algerians with Turkish origins have contributed to the arts, sports and politics in France. For example, Nafissa Sid-Cara, who was the first female minister to serve in the French Fifth Republic as well as the first ever Muslim woman to serve as a minister in a French government,[24] was born into a family of Turkish origin which had been established in Algeria;[25] her brother Chérif Sid Cara was also a notable politician and doctor.[25] Other notable French politicians of Algerian-Turkish origin include Mourad Kaouah[26] who served as the deputy of Algiers from 1958 to 1962.[27] Notable writers include Moroccan-born Leïla Chellabi whose father was an Algerian Turk who obtained French citizenship;[28] Mustapha Haciane was born in Algeria into a Turkish family and currently resides in Paris;[29] and Leïla Sebbar is paternally of Turkish origin through her grandmother.[30]

There are also several notable sportsman of Algerian-Turkish origin, including the former pole vaulter and Olympian Patrick Abada[31] as well as footballers Benjamin Stambouli and Mustapha Stambouli. Numerous sources claim that the actress Isabelle Adjani is paternally of Algerian-Turkish origin.[32][33][34][35][36]

Notable people

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b fr:Diaspora algérienne[circular reference]
  2. ^ a b Portrait de la diaspora algérienne et de ses forces Archived 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Ecomnews Med
  3. ^ "Statistiques et études". Insee.
  4. ^ "7 millions de Franco-Algériens". Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  5. ^ Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés – Insee Références – Édition 2012, Insee 2012
  6. ^ https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination>
  7. ^ a b Fontaine, Darcie (2016). Decolonizing Christianity: Religion and the End of Empire in France and Algeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 173-175. ISBN 9781107118171.
  8. ^ a b c d e Drouhot, Lucas; Simon, Patrick; Tiberj, Vincent (30 March 2023). "La diversité religieuse en France: transmissions intergénérationnelles et pratiques selon les origines" [Religious diversity in France: Intergenerational transmissions and practices according to the origins] (PDF) (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2023. Website (archive)
  9. ^ "Résultats de la recherche | Insee".
  10. ^ a b c "Résultats de la recherche | Insee". www.insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  11. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 11 May 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Infos migrations n° 20 – février 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  13. ^ "Accueil − Insee − Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques | Insee". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  14. ^ "Résultats de la recherche | Insee". www.insee.fr. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  15. ^ "Résultats de la recherche | Insee".
  16. ^ "7 millions de franco algeriens". Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Deroo, Eric (2014). Colonial Culture in France since the Revolution. Indiana University Press. pp. 372–379.
  18. ^ a b c d e Germain, Felix (2016). Decolonizing the Republic: African and Caribbean Migrants in Postwar Paris, 1946–1974. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 21–40.
  19. ^ "The Resurgence of Racial Hate in France". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education: 141–142. 1997 – via JSTOR.
  20. ^ https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6793308?sommaire=6793391#onglet-2
  21. ^ https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence
  22. ^ https://minorityrights.org/communities/north-africans/
  23. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour, France". Jewish Virtual Library.
  24. ^ Goodwin, Stefan (2009), Africa in Europe: Interdependencies, relocations, and globalization, Lexington Books, p. 274, ISBN 978-0739127667
  25. ^ a b Forzy, Guy (2002), Ça aussi – c'était De Gaulle, Volume 2, Muller édition, p. 134, ISBN 2904255494, La secrétaire d'Etat musulmane Nafissa Sidkara, d'une vieille famille d'origine turque établie en Algérie, et caution involontaire, comme son frère le Docteur Sid Cara lui aussi membre du gouvernement français...
  26. ^ Spiaggia, Josette (2012), J'ai six ans: et je ne veux avoir que six ans, Editions du Félibre Laforêt, p. 104, ISBN 978-2953100990, Mourad Kaoua (par la suite député d'Alger de 1958 à 1962) d'origine turque...
  27. ^ Bouyarden, Salima (2013), "Political participation of European Muslims in France and the United Kingdom", in Nielsen, Jorgen (ed.), Muslim Political Participation in Europe, Edinburgh University Press, p. 106, ISBN 978-0748677535
  28. ^ Chellabi, Leïla (2008), Autoscan: Autobiographie d'une intériorité, LCD Médiation, p. 237, ISBN 978-2909539751, Mon père, né Algérien d'origine turque, a quitté l'Algérie pour le Maroc où il a fait sa vie après être devenu, par choix, français. Mais à chaque démarche on le croit d'abord marocain puis on sait qu'il est d'origine algérienne et turque, cela se complique.
  29. ^ Déjeux, Jean (1984), Dictionnaire des Auteurs Maghrébins de Langue Française, KARTHALA Editions, p. 121, ISBN 2-86537-085-2, HACIANE, Mustapha Né en 1935 à Rouiba dans une famille d'origine turque. A 17 ans, il écrit au lycée des poèmes engagés...Réside à Paris.
  30. ^ Sebbar, Leïla (2010), Voyage en Algéries autour de ma chambre, Suite 15, retrieved 16 July 2017, mon père et lui sont cousins germains par leurs mères, des sœurs Déramchi, vieilles familles citadines du Vieux Ténès d'origine turque
  31. ^ Afrique-Asie, Issues 178–190: Sports, Société d'Éditions Afrique, Asie, Amérique Latine, 1979, p. 414, Les Jeux méditerranéens vont s'ouvrir à Alger, quand on apprend que le perchiste français Patrick Abada a émis le souhait de ... La vérité est pourtant toute simple : Abada est d'une vieille famille algéroise (d'origine turque) dont de ...
  32. ^ Oscherwitz, Dayna; Higgins, MaryEllen (2009), The A to Z of French Cinema, Scarecrow Press, p. 16, ISBN 978-0810870383, ADJANI, ISABELLE (1955-). Actress and producer. Isabelle Yasemin Adjani was born in Gennevilliers, France, the daughter of a German mother and an Algerian-Turkish father.
  33. ^ Katz, Ephraim; Nolen, Ronald Dean (2013), The Film Encyclopedia 7e: The Complete Guide to Film and the Film Industry, HarperCollins, p. 1948, ISBN 978-0062277114, Adjani, Isabelle. Actress. b. June 27, 1955, Paris, to an Algerian father of Turkish ancestry and a German mother.
  34. ^ Verlant, Gilles; Mikaïloff, Pierre (2011), Le Dictionnaire des années 80, Larousse, p. 14, ISBN 978-2035861504, Adjani (Isabelle) Née à Paris le 27 juin 1955, d'un père algérien d'origine turque et d'une mère allemande, Isabelle Adjani grandit dans la banlieue nordouest de Paris, à Gennevilliers.
  35. ^ Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2005), Petit Futé Hauts-de-Seine, Nouvelles Editions de l'Université, p. 35, ISBN 2746913518, Isabelle Adjani (1955). Isabelle Yasmine Adjani est née le 27 juin 1955 à Paris d'une mère allemande et d'un père algérien d'origine turque.
  36. ^ Thompson, Chantal; Phillips, Elaine (2012), Cengage Advantage Books: Mais Oui! – Volume 1, Cengage Learning, p. 13, ISBN 978-1111835828, Isabelle ADJANI BIOGRAPHIE Née Isabelle Yasmine Adjani, le 27 juin 1955, Gennevilliers, France Père algérien d'origine turque, mère allemande
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