François Gérard

Francois Gérard
Portrait by Thomas Lawrence (c. 1824)
Born	François Pascal Simon Gérard (1770-03-12)12 March 1770 Rome, Papal States
Died	11 January 1837(1837-01-11) (aged 66) Paris, France
Nationality	French
Education	Pajou, Brenet, David
Known for	Portrait painting

François Pascal Simon Gérard (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa paskal simɔ̃ ʒeʁaʁ], 4 May 1770 – 11 January 1837), titled as Baron Gérard in 1809, was a French painter. He was born in Rome, where his father occupied a post in the house of the French ambassador, and his mother was Italian. After he was made a baron of the Empire in 1809 by Emperor Napoleon, he was known formally as Baron Gérard.

Life and career

Portrait by Antoine-Jean Gros, c. 1790

François Gérard was born in Rome to J. S. Gérard and Cleria Matteï. At the age of twelve, Gérard obtained admission into the Pension du Roi in Paris. From the Pension, he passed to the studio of the sculptor Augustin Pajou, which he left at the end of two years for the studio of the history painter Nicolas-Guy Brenet, whom he quit almost immediately to place himself under Jacques-Louis David.

In 1789, he competed for the Prix de Rome, which was carried off by his comrade Girodet. The following year (1790), he once more showed up, but the passing of his father prevented him from finishing his work and forced him to travel to Rome with his mother. He eventually made it back to Paris in 1791, but due to his extreme poverty, he was forced to abandon his studies in favor of a job that would pay him money right away. David at once availed himself of his help, and one of that master's most celebrated portraits, of Louis-Michel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau, may owe much to the hand of Gérard. This painting was executed early in 1793, the year in which Gérard, at the request of David, was named a member of the revolutionary tribunal, from the fatal decisions of which he, however, invariably absented himself.

Family tomb in Montparnasse Cemetery

In 1794, he obtained the first prize in a competition, the subject of which was The Tenth of August, that is, the storming of the Tuileries Palace on that date in 1792. Further stimulated by the successes of his rival and friend Girodet in the Salons of 1793 and 1794, Gérard (aided by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, the miniaturist) produced in 1795 his famous Bélisaire. In 1796, a portrait of his generous friend (conserved today in the Louvre) obtained undisputed success, and the money received from Isabey for these two works enabled Gérard to execute in 1797 his Psyche et l'Amour (illustration). At last, in 1799, his portrait of Madame Mère established his position as one of the foremost portrait-painters of the day.

In 1808, as many as eight (and in 1810, no less than fourteen) portraits by him were exhibited at the Salon, and these figures afford only an indication of the enormous numbers which he executed yearly. All of the leading figures of the Empire and of the Bourbon Restoration, and all of the most celebrated men and women of Europe, sat for Gérard. This extraordinary vogue was due partly to the charm of his manner and conversation, for his salon was as much frequented as his studio. Madame de Staël, George Canning, Talleyrand and the Duke of Wellington have all borne witness to the attraction of his society.

Rich and famous, Gérard was stung by remorse for earlier ambitions abandoned; at intervals, he had indeed striven with Girodet and other rivals to prove his strength at history painting, still a more prestigious genre than portraiture. His Bataille d'Austerlitz (1810) showed a breadth of invention and style which was even more conspicuous in L'Entrée d'Henri IV à Paris (at Versailles), the work with which in 1817 he paid homage to the returned Louis XVIII. After this date, Gérard declined, watching with impotent grief the progress of the Romantic school.

Loaded with honors – baron of the Empire in 1809, member of the Institut on 7 March 1812, officer of the Légion d'honneur, first painter to the king – he worked on, sad and discouraged. He painted several works to celebrate the Coronation of Charles X in 1825. The revolution of 1830 added to his disquiet, and on 11 January 1837, after three days of fever, he died.

Gérard is best remembered for his portraits. The color of his paintings has suffered, but his drawings show in uninjured delicacy the purity of his line, and those of women are specially remarkable for a virginal simplicity and frankness of expression. His students included Heinrich Christoph Kolbe.

Selected works

• 
  Marius Returning to Rome, 1789
• 
  Antoine-Jean Gros, 1791
• 
  Flora Caressed by Zephyr, 1802
• 
  Maria-Letizia Bonaparte, 1803
• 
  Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul, 1803
• 
  Portrait of Mary Nisbet, 1803
• 
  Catherine Grand, 1804
• 
  Marshal Michel Ney, 1805
• 
  Portrait of Joachim Murat, 1808
• 
  Portrait of Talleyrand, 1808
• 
  Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte, 1808
• 
  Portrait of Jérôme Bonaparte, 1811
• 
  Portrait of Joachim Murat, king of Naples and of the Two Sicilies, 1811–1812, private collection, Paris
• 
  Marie Louise, Empress of France, 1812
• 
  Portrait of Louis XVIII, 1814
• 
  Napoleon I as Emperor, 1805
• 
  Portrait of Juliette Récamier, 1802
• 
  Portrait of Empress Joséphine
• 
  Portrait of Désirée Clary
• 
  Portrait of Catherine Grand, Princesse de Bénévent
• 
  Portrait of Hortense de Beauharnais
• 
  Portrait of Hortense de Beauharnais
• 
  Cupid and Psyche
• 
  Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, 1810
• 
  Portrait of the Count of Artois, 1815
• 
  Teresa of Ávila
• 
  Entry of Henry IV into Paris, 1817
• 
  Corinne at Cape Misenum, 1819–1821, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
• 
  Portrait of the Duke of Berry, 1820
• 
  Duchess of Berry, 1820
• 
  Adelaide of Orleans, 1821
• 
  Louis XVIII in his Study, 1823
• 
  Daphnis and Chloe, c. 1824, oil on canvas, The Detroit Institute of Arts
• 
  Portrait of Charles X, 1825
• 
  Zoé Talon and her Children, 1825
• 
  Maximilien Sébastien Foy, 1826
• 
  The Coronation of Charles X, 1827
• 
  Lord Stuart de Rothesay, 1829
• 
  Portrait of Louis Phillippe I, 1834
• 
  Reading of the Declaration to the Deputies, 1836
• 
  Mme de Staël as her character Corrine (posthumously)

See also

• Neoclassicism in France

References

Sources

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gérard, François". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 764–765.
• Lenormant, Charles (1847). François Gérard, peintre d'histoire: essai de biographie et de critique (2nd ed.). Paris: Adolphe René et compagnie. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A biography by Charles Lenormant.
• Gérard, Henri; Viollet-le-Duc, Adolphe (1867). Correspondance de François Gérard: peintre d'histoire, avec les artistes et les personnages célèbres de son temps. Paris: Adolphe Lainé et J. Havard. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A biography by Adolphe Viollet-le-Duc followed by François Gérard's correspondence collected by his nephew Henri Gérard.
• Gérard, Henri (1888). Lettres adressées au baron François Gérard, peintre d'histoire, par les artistes et les personnages célèbres de son temps (3rd ed.). Paris: A. Quentin. Retrieved 10 May 2009. A different biography by his nephew Henri Gérard, 14 etched portraits, additional letters and notes.

External links

• Corinne at the Cape of Misena., the painting of 'Mme de Staël as her character Corrine' engraved by Joseph Goodyear for The Amulet annual, 1832.