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Fortescue (company)

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Fortescue
Company typePublic
ASX: FMG
ISINAU000000FMG4
IndustryMetals, mining and energy
Founded2003
HeadquartersPerth, Western Australia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dino Otranto (CEO, Metals)
Mark Hutchinson (CEO, Energy)
Andrew Forrest (Executive Chairman) (majority shareholder)
ProductsIron ore, steel, gold, copper, lithium
RevenueIncrease A$17.62 billion (2020)[1]
Increase A$11.50 billion (2020)[1]
Increase A$6.50 billion (2020)[1]
Total assetsIncrease A$48.05 billion (2020)[1]
Total equityIncrease A$26.41 billion (2020)[1]
Number of employees
11,000+ (2020)[1]
Subsidiaries• Fortescue Energy
• Fortescue Metals
• FMG Resources Pty Ltd
• Ncz Investments Pty Ltd
• Pilbara Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd
• The Nullagine Joint Venture
• FMG Resources (August 2006) Pty Ltd
• Chichester Metals Pty Limited
• FMG Magnetite Pty Ltd
• Pilbara Marine Pty Ltd
• FMG Pilbara Pty Ltd
• Karribi Developments Pty Ltd
• FMG Solomon Pty Ltd
• FMG Iron Bridge Limited
• Fmg Pacific Limited
Websitewww.fortescue.com
FMG iron ore train, 2008
FMG iron ore train on Turner River, 2008

Fortescue is a global metal mining company headquartered in Australia. Fortescue focused on iron ore mining under the name of Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) until July 2023.[2] As of 2017, Fortescue is the fourth-largest iron ore producer in the world.[3] The company has holdings of more than 87,000 km2 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, making it the largest tenement holder in the state,[4] larger than both BHP and Rio Tinto.[5]

Governance

[edit]

As of May 2022 Andrew Forrest is Executive Chairman and owns a third of the company.[6] Dino Otranto is the CEO of Fortescue's Metals division (Aug 2023–),[7] and Mark Hutchinson is the CEO of the Energy division.[8]

Former Chief Executive Elizabeth Gaines is now global brand ambassador.[9][10]

Mining projects

[edit]

The group has two main areas of operation located within the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the Chichester Hub and Solomon Hub. Plans to develop a third, Western Hub were as of 2017 in developmental stage. In 2017 Fortescue started exploration of possible mining tenements in South America and other parts of Australia.[11] FMG engages professional lobbyists to represent their interests to parliaments in multiple jurisdictions. In South Australia, they are represented by Spring Street Advisory Pty Ltd.[12]

Chichester Hub

[edit]

Located in the heart of the Pilbara, the Chichester Hub is made up of Fortescue's flagship minesite Cloudbreak and the second minesite Christmas Creek. The total Chichester Hub produces 90 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of iron ore plus an additional five mtpa from a joint venture with BC Iron.[13]

Cloudbreak

[edit]

Fortescue's first minesite Cloudbreak in 2013 mined 40 million tonnes of iron ore a year.[13] The horizontal nature of the deposits at Cloudbreak called for a new mining approach to those used at other mines which operate on vertical deposits of ore. Overburden removal is done using conventional blast, truck and shovel methods while specially designed surface miners cut and load the ore into trucks for transport to the run of mine stockpiles. Screening, crushing and desand plants at the Cloudbreak ore processing facility prepare and refine the product before the ore is stockpiled ahead of transport to port. The train loadout facility at Cloudbreak is capable of feeding 16,000 tonnes of ore per hour on the 2.7-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) trains ready for the journey along the 256-kilometre (159 mi) heavy-haul railway to the facilities at Herb Elliott Port.[citation needed]

Christmas Creek

[edit]

Mining began at Christmas Creek, 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the east of Cloudbreak, in May 2009. Subsequent expansion projects have lifted production capacity to 50 million tonnes per annum.[when?][13] The operations at Christmas Creek are undergoing expansion and in late 2010 a fifty-kilometre extension to the existing Port Hedland to Cloudbreak rail line was completed to transport the ore to Cloudbreak. The first ore-processing facility (OPF) was commissioned at Christmas Creek in April 2011 with a second OPF commissioned in 2012. As part of the second expansion, a number of additional infrastructure projects were completed, including a 6.3-kilometre (3.9 mi) overland conveyor, a new airstrip, an expansion of the power plant and increasing capacity at the operations village to 1,600 rooms.[13]

In January 2013, Fortescue awarded Macmahon Holdings a $1.8 billion mining services contract for its Christmas Creek mine expansion. The Christmas Creek expansion increases the capacity of the Chichester operations to 95 million tons a year, and was a key component of the company's 155-million-tonne-a-year expansion plans.[14]

Solomon Hub

[edit]
Main articles: Firetail mine and Kings Valley mine (Western Australia)

Located in the middle of Fortescue's 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) Pilbara tenement area, the Solomon Hub was Fortescue's next major project. It has almost twice the resource and less than half the strip ratio of the Chichester Hub. Fortescue's Exploration team has already[when?] delineated more than 2.86 billion t (2.81 billion long tons; 3.15 billion short tons) of resource at the Solomon Hub and there are identified exploration prospects targeting up to 5 billion t (4.9 billion long tons; 5.5 billion short tons). In May 2013, Fortescue officially opened its 20-million-tonne-per-annum (mtpa) Firetail mine at Solomon.[15] In December 2013, the company announced it had achieved first production from its 40 mtpa Kings Valley mine.[16]

The train load out (TLO) facility at Firetail was commissioned in November 2012 and the first ore was transported on the Fortescue Hamersley Rail Line in December 2012. In December 2012 Fortescue opened the 129-kilometre (80 mi) Solomon Railway that connects Solomon to Fortescue's mainline to its port operations.[17]

A third operation within the Solomon hub, the Queens Valley mine, was approved for construction in 2019 at a projected cost of A$417 million. The mine, located 15 km west of the Kings Valley mine, is scheduled to open in 2022.[18]

Eliwana mine

[edit]
Main article: Eliwana mine

In May 2018 Fortescue announced a US$1.28 billion development of a new mine in the Pilbara at the Eliwana site. This expansion will include an additional 143 km of railway and a dry ore processing plant capable of processing 30 million tonnes a year. The new mine is expected to have an 18-year lifespan and will be funded from the company's cash flow.[19]

The project is expected create 1,900 construction jobs and 500 permanent full-time positions with production expected to commence in 2020. The Eliwana mine is part of Fortescue's strategy to move to a 60 per cent iron-grade product.[19]

Iron Bridge mine

[edit]

Scheduled to open 2022, the Iron Bridge mine, located 145 kilometres south of Port Hedland, is projected to produce 22 million tonnes of high-grade 67% magnetite per annum. The project is a joint venture between Fortescue and Formosa Steel, with Baosteel as a minority share holder. The project suffered from cost explosion, with the latest projection of A$4.87 billion being 30 per cent higher than the original estimate.[20][21]

BC Iron

[edit]

BC Iron is a much smaller mining company with iron ore deposits at Nullagine. In 2009, the two companies entered into a 50-50 joint venture in which BC Iron manages mining, crushing and screening, and trucking while Fortescue is contracted to provide haulage and port services to the joint venture.[22] In December 2012 Fortescue sold a 25% stake to BC Iron Ore for A$190 million and agreed to increase the available capacity to the NJV on Fortescue's rail and port infrastructure from the existing 5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa), to 6 mtpa for the life of the joint venture.[23]

Atlas Iron

[edit]

In June 2018 Fortescue announced the purchase of 15% of junior iron ore miner Atlas Iron. This brought Fortescue's ownership stakes up to nearly 20%. The acquisition of a controlling interest in Atlas Iron was planned to give Fortescue access to greater port capacity as well as additional higher-grade iron ore tenements. This also potentially allowed a move towards lithium production.[24]

This move was also potentially giving Fortescue access to the North West Infrastructure joint venture. This venture was a collaboration between Atlas Iron, Brockman Mining and FerrAus.[25]

In October 2018, however, Atlas was acquired by Redstone Resources, a fully owned subsidiary of Hancock Prospecting,[26] and delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange on 21 November 2018.[27]

Belinga, Gabon

[edit]

In February 2023 Fortescue Metals Group inked in an agreement to develop iron ore at Belinga in north-eastern Gabon with a road and railway to an existing port of Owendo. The initial quantity of ore to be exported is 2 million tonnes of ore per year.[28]

Diversifying production

[edit]
Gold, copper and lithium

In 2017 Fortescue announced they were looking to diversify their portfolio by exploring for metals and minerals in South America and other parts of Australia. Gold, copper and lithium were highlighted as commodities of interest.[29]

"We continue to undertake early-stage, low-cost exploration on copper gold prospective tenements in South Australia and New South Wales and have assessed high-potential, early-stage exploration tenements in Ecuador, where Fortescue was granted 32 exploration areas."[30]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Map showing route of the Fortescue railway

The company has built a mine, a 260-kilometre (162 mi) private railway and a new port at Point Anderson (aka Herb Elliot Port)[31] near Port Hedland. The Fortescue rail line has a flyover over the Mount Newman railway, and a crossing of the BHP Billiton railway. The "first ore on ship" on the line occurred in May 2008, three-and-a-half years after construction started.[32]

The railway's 240-wagon iron ore trains are amongst the heaviest trains in the world.[32] The 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard-gauge) heavy-haul railway is used by 35,200-tonne (34,644-long-ton; 38,801-short-ton) trains up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) long carrying 29,000 tonnes (28,542 long tons; 31,967 short tons) of ore at a 40-tonne (39-long-ton; 44-short-ton) axle load (the weight of the two 4,000-horsepower [3 MW] engines is extra). The railway is available to other miners for a fee. Atlas Exports has signed a commercial agreement to use the line and port.[32]

The railway parallels another iron ore railway, the BHP Billiton railway, for over 100 kilometres (62 mi). Fortescue had sought access to use this line, but BHP declined.[33]

The FMG railway uses the up-to-date electronically controlled pneumatic brakes for all its rolling stock.

Shipping fleet

[edit]
Herb Elliot Port, Port Hedland, 2016

As of June 2018 Fortescue has an operating fleet of seven ore carriers with an eighth currently[when?] in construction. Four of the carriers were built by the Yangzijiang shipyard in Jiangsu, China. The rest of the fleet is being built by Guangzhou Shipyard International.[34]

The current operating fleet is:

  • FMG Nicola
  • FMG Grace
  • FMG Sophia
  • FMG Sydney
  • FMG Matilda
  • FMG David
  • FMG Amanda – Arrived in Port Hedland in June 2018. Named after Amanda Bennell, a long-term Aboriginal employee with Fortescue.[34]

Fortescue Future Industries (Now Fortescue Energy)

[edit]

In 2020, Fortescue Future Industries was created to produce energy in several countries, starting with the 60 MW solar farm at its Chichester Hub.[35]

In October 2021, Fortescue Future Industries and Plug Power Inc. announced a joint venture to build a green hydrogen equipment manufacturing facility in Aldoga, Queensland. The first stage, due for completion in 2022, is expected to double the world's green hydrogen capacity. When the plant is completed, it is expected to be the largest of its type in the world.[36][37]

Also in October 2021, Fortescue Future Industries and Incitec Pivot announced a feasibility study for a new ammonium nitrate production plant in Brisbane. The plant would use PEM electrolysers to generate hydrogen to produce ammonium nitrate, mainly used as fertiliser and as a component in explosives, replacing the conventional manufacturing process which uses natural gas.[38][39]

In November 2021 it was announced that Fortescue Future Industries would build a plant in Río Negro Province, Argentina, that initially in 2024 would produce 600 MW of green hydrogen a year, rising to 15GW by 2030.[40]

In March 2022, Fortescue Future Industries acquired UK-based Williams Advanced Engineering (WAE), now rebranded as Fortescue Zero. As part of this acquisition, Fortescue and WAE will jointly develop the world first, zero emission electric Infinity Train that charges itself using the Earth's gravitational force.[41][42]

In July 2023 Fortescue Metals Group and Fortescue Future Industries were combined to form Fortescue.[2]

Controversy

[edit]

Misleading and deceptive conduct court case

[edit]

In late 2004 and early 2005, Fortescue chairman and then-CEO Andrew Forrest made a series of announcements that Fortescue had entered into "binding agreements" with three significant Chinese state-owned entities to build and finance infrastructure for the company.[43][44] The Australian Securities & Investments Commission took legal action against FMG and Forrest. Although an initial ruling by Justice John Gilmour[45] in 2009 found Forrest hadn't acted in a misleading or deceptive manner,[46] Chief Justice Patrick Keane and judges Arthur Emmett and Raymond Finkelstein of the Federal Court of Australia[47] overturned this decision in 2011, finding that FMG and its chairman and CEO, Andrew Forrest, had engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct and breached the continuous disclosure provisions in the Corporations Act, 2001,[48] by claiming to have binding contracts with China.[46]

The court found that a Chinese framework agreement does not amount to a binding contract, in the natural meaning of the word.[49] If found to have breached director's duties, Forrest faced the possibility of being banned as a director of an ASIC-listed company.[50] FMG appealed against the decision,[51] and in October 2012, the High Court found in favour of FMG and Forrest, reversing the decision of the full bench of the Federal Court and agreeing with the original 2009 decision by Justice Gilmour.[52] In his judgement, Justice Honour concluded that Fortescue's releases "correctly represented that there was an agreement, and that it was in the view of the parties binding from the time of board approval".[43]

Despite the early announcement, in 2008, the group loaded its first iron ore shipment bound for China. Fortescue have at least ten Chinese steel mill contracts lasting for around ten years. Baosteel was the first company to receive their iron ore.[53]

[edit]
Further information: Kings Valley mine (Western Australia)

Since 2008 Fortescue have been in a legal battle with the traditional owners of the Solomon Mine area, the Yindjibarndi people, where Fortescue (then FMG) acquired mining leases and has been mining since 2013.[54] When Fortescue started planning the Solomon Hub, it entered negotiations with the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal corporation. However, the relationship deteriorated in 2007 when the Yindjibarndi people discovered that FMG had the legal authority to destroy their sacred sites and was doing so during the mine's construction.[55]

After the corporation rejected FMG's royalty offer, the miner supported a breakaway group, the Wirlu-Murra Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation, reportedly to facilitate Fortescue's approvals to mine. This group paid individuals $500 each to attend a meeting in 2010, where the deal was approved. Prior to this, the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation (YAC) had lodged its opposition to the grant of the three licenses to the Native Title Tribunal in 2009, initially failing to win orders preventing the grant of the licenses. The YAC also failed in its initial Federal Court appeal of that decision last year, and the state government issued the mining licenses to FMG in late November 2010. Both FMG and the YAC are now waiting on the results of a new appeal to the Full Bench of the Federal Court.[56][57] The company estimated the extraction of 2.4 billion tons of ore over the next 40 years, worth $280 billion, offering less than a deal struck by Rio Tinto that would provide $2 billion over 40 years.[58]

On 8 April 2011, Slater & Gordon, representing the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation in its negotiations with FMG, requested FMG compensate the Yindjibarndi community. In March 2011, FMG was accused of supporting a break-off group[59][60] to divide the local Yindjibarndi community during negotiations for access to traditional Yinjibarndi land for the planned $8.5 billion Solomon Hub project. While the law firm admitted FMG has put compensation money up, it said it was insufficient in comparison with the profits that will be made from this mine on the client's traditional land, as well as the royalty (tax) amounts that have been paid to non-Aboriginal people.[61]

In 2021 negotiations over an Indigenous Land Use Agreement failed, and as of May 2022 the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation is as of May 2022 leading a native title compensation claim in the Federal Court, asserting that FMG have been mining on Yindjibarndi land without an agreement. According to the National Native Title Tribunal, the Federal Court needs to make a determination on whether the community is eligible for "compensation for the loss, impairment, diminution or extinguishment of native title rights and interests in the area".[9]

As of 2023, Fortescue has not provided any compensation or received permission from the Yindjibarndi people to carry out mining on their land, despite them receiving permission from a larger local Aboriginal corporation, composed of most of the community leaders and elders. Fortescue's operations in the area have destroyed about 250 cultural and sacred sites.[62]

In 2024, the case between Fortescue and Yindjibarndi people continued in the Federal Court. A hearing was held in Roebourne and at a sacred site on Yindjibarndi country, called Bangkangarra, located in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara. The Federal Court was informed that a ceremony traditionally used to reconcile the Yindjibarndi people of the Pilbara after disputes has now been impacted by a division among the traditional owners.[63] During the court hearing on-country, a visibly upset Yindjibarndi elder testified before the Federal Court that Fortescue Metals Group had "stolen" and "destroyed" Yindjibarndi land.[64] Yindjibarndi elder Stanley Warrie wept as he directed Federal Court judge Stephen Burley to observe the red land, now marred by Fortescue’s large metal pipes on the outskirts of its iron ore pit.[65] Warrie told the Federal Court “Fortescue has stolen the land...This is my religion, and it’s been destroyed, my stories, my life. Yindjibarndi land is where my religion is.”[66]

During the court case, a senior Yindjibarndi person testified that the land had been so disturbed that it no longer attracted birds, flora, fauna, and sources of traditional food. When asked why, the traditional owner pointed to a mine processing site and stated, “You can see what’s happening here, this infrastructure.” He further explained that trucks and cars used at the mine site had disrupted the land.

The court then visited another location—a rock shelter with evidence of occupation dating back 35,000 years—situated beneath an iron ore haulage road. Justice Burnley remarked that he wanted the court to note the "constant and audible sound of vehicles" during the visit.[67]

Fortescue maintains that it does not owe compensation to the Yindjibarndi people, arguing that the responsibility lies with the state of WA, which granted the tenements. The WA government disagrees, asserting that the miner is solely responsible.

Both parties agreed that compensation is owed. This was conveyed to the court during a week-long hearing at the town hall in Roebourne, the same location where negotiations between the Yindjibarndi people and Andrew Forrest broke down in 2011.

Some Yindjibarndi people have stated that the divisions among family and community members resulting from the Fortescue case may be irreparable.[68]

Aboriginal engagement

[edit]

In August 2013, CEO Nev Power announced the company had achieved its target of awarding $1 billion in contracts to Aboriginal business by the end of 2013.[69][70][71] Fortescue had made the commitment in 2011 to award $1 billion in contracts to businesses at least 25% owned by Aboriginal Australians through its Billion Opportunities program.[72]

In reaching its target six months early, the company had signed 102 contracts and subcontracts with 50 businesses[70] including $500 million worth of contracts with six Aboriginal joint ventures and Morris Corporation representing the largest-ever package of contracts awarded to Aboriginal businesses.[73] Of the contracts awarded, Fortescue said more than 80% were awarded to Aboriginal businesses that were at least half indigenous owned.[70] Fortescue chairman Andrew Forrest told The Guardian: "The depth of what the Indigenous people have achieved and the change in direction they're taking is really historic."[72]

However, Fortescue's 20 year conflict with Yindjibarndi people has globally marred their reputation.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "30 June 2019 Full Year Results" (PDF). Fortescue. 26 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b "'Fortescue Future Industries' to disappear as Forrest unites hydrogen and metals businesses under same brand name". 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ Largest Iron Ore Producers in the World in 2017. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  4. ^ "Annual General Meeting 2010". Fortescue. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  5. ^ "Fortescue rejects Rio's Pilbara land swipe". Finance. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  6. ^ "Forrest takes back the top job at Fortescue in shake-up". Australian Financial Review. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Exodus? Ha! New FMG boss claims 'industry-low turnover'". The West Australian. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  8. ^ Parkinson, Giles (28 August 2023). "Look, no offsets: Fortescue refines green energy plans as it heads to "real zero"". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  9. ^ a b Lannin, Sue (25 May 2022). "Fortescue Metals could face paying traditional owners millions of dollars in native title compensation claim". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  10. ^ van Leeuwen, Hans (17 May 2022). "Forrest takes back the top job at Fortescue in shake-up". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  11. ^ Serapio, Jr., Manolo (27 September 2017). "Australia's Fortescue considers diversifying into gold, copper, energy". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  12. ^ "Lobbyist Portal". www.lobbyists.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d "Chichester Hub". Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Macmahon wins major Christmas Creek contract". Mining Weekly. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
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  16. ^ Smith, Thomas. "FMG pushes 175 - MiningNews.net". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014.
  17. ^ "Solomon Hub". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  18. ^ Newell, Daniel (22 May 2019). "FMG green lights $US287m Solomon extension with Queens Valley development". The West Australian. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  19. ^ a b Gray, Darren (28 May 2018). "Fortescue Metals to develop $1.7b iron ore project in WA". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  20. ^ Ballard, Henry (11 January 2022). "Fortescue considers taking backseat at Iron Bridge". Australian Mining. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
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  22. ^ Australian Financial Review 25 July 2012, p26
  23. ^ "Fortescue announces sale of 25% interest in Nullagine Iron Ore Joint Venture" (PDF). Fortescue. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
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  25. ^ Gray, Darren (8 June 2018). "Why 'Twiggy' Forrest wants to stop a corporate marriage". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  26. ^ Hosie, Ewen (18 October 2018). "Hancock secures compulsory takeover of Atlas Iron in Rinehart win". Australian Mining. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Atlas Iron : Removal from Official List". 21 November 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  28. ^ Belinga iron ore
  29. ^ Serapio, Manolo Jr. "Australia's Fortescue considers diversifying into gold, copper, energy". U.S. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  30. ^ "Our Operations". Fortescue. n.d. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  31. ^ "Port and Rail". Fortescue. 19 April 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  32. ^ a b c John Kirk (July 2008). "Fortescue opens the world's heaviest haul railway". Railway Gazette International. p. 427. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  33. ^ Nick Kingsley (1 March 2007). "Fortescue goes its own way". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  34. ^ a b "Fortescue's seventh ore carrier arrives in Port Hedland". www.fmgl.com.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  35. ^ Parkinson, Giles (11 November 2020). "Fortescue leads "stampede" into green energy with stunning plans for 235 gigawatts of wind and solar". RenewEconomy.
  36. ^ Parkinson, Giles (10 October 2021). "New $1 billion-plus project in Queensland to double world's green hydrogen production capacity". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Plug Power to Partner with Fortescue Future Industries to Manufacture Electrolyzer Technology in Australia". Yahoo Finance. Plug Power, Inc. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  38. ^ Colasimone, Dan (11 October 2021). "Queensland announces plans to use hydrogen to produce green ammonia on industrial scale in Brisbane". ABC News. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  39. ^ Parkinson, Giles (11 October 2021). "Fortescue plans Australia's first major green ammonia plant near Brisbane". Renew Economy. Mullumbimby, NSW. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  40. ^ Collins, Leigh (4 November 2021). "Iron-ore billionaire Andrew Forrest unveils 15GW green hydrogen project in Argentina". Recharge. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  41. ^ "Mining Firm Building World's Most Efficient Electric Train That Charges Itself Using Gravity". IndianWeb2.com. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  42. ^ "Fortescue announces official re-brand of WAE to Fortescue Zero". Fortescue Zero. 10 June 2024.
  43. ^ a b "FORTESCUE METALS GROUP AND ANDREW FORREST SUCCEED IN HIGH COURT APPEAL AGAINST ASIC". Corrs. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  44. ^ Yeates, Clancy (3 October 2012). "High Court ends long row on Fortescue". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  45. ^ Sexton, Elizabeth (29 September 2011). "'Twiggy' Forrest allowed to fight false statements decision". Brisbane Times.
  46. ^ a b Hewett, Jennifer (24 December 2009). "Ruling leaves Andrew Forrest out of the woods". The Australian.
  47. ^ Burrell, Andrew (29 September 2011). "Andrew Forrest wins leave to appeal Federal Court ruling". The Australian.
  48. ^ "Fortescue Metals appeal: implications for corporate disclosure and directors' duties". Blake Dawson. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  49. ^ Jorrs, Cameron; Miers, Tom. "ASIC v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd and Forrest". Carter Newell. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012.
  50. ^ Hargovan, Assoc Prof Anil (2 June 2011). "Fortescue chief Andrew 'Twiggy' Forrest exits; court case looms". University of New South Wales.
  51. ^ Kitney, Damon (30 March 2011). "It was a tough job, says D'Aloisio". The Australian.
  52. ^ "Forrest wins High Court appeal". ABC News. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  53. ^ "Fortescue loads iron ore shipment". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 2008.
  54. ^ "Fortescue has 'stolen' and 'destroyed' Yindjibarndi land: elder". Australian Financial Review. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  55. ^ Maxwell, Rudi (12 April 2024). "FMG's Pilbara actions 'like kicking a dog when it's down', court hears". WAtoday. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
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  57. ^ "The West Australian". Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  58. ^ Lloyd Jones (18 April 2011). "FMG's Andrew Forrest faces human rights complaint". PerthNow.
  59. ^ Cowie, Tom (11 April 2011). "FMG native title meeting a 'shambles'". ABC News.
  60. ^ Mayman, Jan. "Fairfax Syndication Photo Print Sales and Content Licensing". newsstore.fairfax.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014.
  61. ^ "Slater & Gordon backs Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation". Slater & Gordon Lawyers. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  62. ^ Mercer, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Sadness, anger as billionaire miner's legal battle with the Yindjibarndi puts native title rights on trial". ABC News. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  63. ^ "Yindjibarndi native title holders continue to fight FMG mine for damage to traditions". NITV. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  64. ^ "Fortescue has 'stolen' and 'destroyed' Yindjibarndi land: elder". Australian Financial Review. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  65. ^ "Fortescue has 'stolen' and 'destroyed' Yindjibarndi land: elder". Australian Financial Review. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  66. ^ "Fortescue has 'stolen' and 'destroyed' Yindjibarndi land: elder". Australian Financial Review. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  67. ^ "Fortescue has 'stolen' and 'destroyed' Yindjibarndi land: elder". Australian Financial Review. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  68. ^ "Yindjibarndi native title holders continue to fight FMG mine for damage to traditions". NITV. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  69. ^ "$1b in work for Aboriginal businesses". SBS News. 6 August 2013.
  70. ^ a b c Latimer, Cole (6 August 2013). "Fortescue awards $1bn in contracts to Indigenous companies - Australian Mining". Mining Australia. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  71. ^ "Fortescue meets Aboriginal contract target". Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  72. ^ a b Davidson, Helen (6 August 2013). "Twiggy Forrest 'smashes' target of $1bn in contracts to Indigenous companies". The Guardian.
  73. ^ "Fortescue Metals Group Limited : Fortescue awards largest ever parcel of contracts to Traditional Owners - 4-Traders". 4 Traders. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
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