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Broadway (Los Angeles)

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Broadway Theater and
Commercial District (NRHP)
Broadway Theater and
Entertainment District
(City of Los Angeles)
Broadway looking north towards the historic Theater and Commercial District from Hoxton Hotel Roof (11th St.), September 2020
Broadway (Los Angeles) is located in Los Angeles
Broadway (Los Angeles)
Location300—849 S. Broadway
Los Angeles, California
Coordinates34°2′48″N 118°15′4″W / 34.04667°N 118.25111°W / 34.04667; -118.25111
ArchitectMultiple
Architectural styleEarly Commercial, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Art Deco
NRHP reference No.79000484 [1]
Added to NRHPMay 9, 1979
Broadway
Los Angeles Theatre
Maintained by
Length17.75 mi (28.57 km)
LocationLos Angeles
South endMain Street in Carson
Major
junctions
Northeast endMission Road in Los Angeles
Construction
Inauguration1890

Broadway, until 1890 Fort Street, is a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The portion of Broadway from 3rd to 9th streets, in the Historic Core of Downtown Los Angeles, was the city's main commercial street from the 1910s until World War II, and is the location of the Broadway Theater and Commercial District, the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[2] With twelve movie palaces located along a six-block stretch, it is the only large concentration of movie palaces left in the United States.

Route

[edit]

South Broadway's southern terminus is Main Street just north of the San Diego Freeway (I-405) in Carson. From there it runs 10 miles (16 km) north through Athens and South Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles – at Olympic Blvd. entering downtown's Historic Core, in which the buildings lining Broadway form the Broadway Theater and Commercial District. Crossing 3rd Street, Broadway passes through the Civic Center including Grand Park. After crossing the US-101 (Santa Ana Freeway), signs read "North Broadway" as it enters Chinatown. It then curves northeast, passing through old railyards, crosses the Golden State Fwy. (I-5) and heads due east to its terminus at Mission Road in Lincoln Heights.

History

[edit]

Founding and extension

[edit]

Broadway, one of the oldest streets in the city, was laid out as part of the 1849 plan of Los Angeles made by Lieutenant Edward Ord and named Fort Street. Fort Street began at the south side of Fort Moore Hill (a block north of Temple Street) at Sand Street (later California Street).

In 1890, the name of Fort Street, from 1st Street to 10th Street, was changed to Broadway. The rest of Fort Street, from California Street to 1st Street, was changed to North Broadway.[3][4]

Proposal for opening Broadway through to Buena Vista Street (now North Broadway), and extending the street south into what was then part of Main Street, below Tenth Street, in order to give a continuous, wide thoroughfare from the southern city limits to the Eastside, was made as early as February 1891.[5]

The Broadway Tunnel under Fort Moore Hill was opened in 1901, extending North Broadway to Buena Vista Street at Bellevue Avenue (later Sunset Boulevard, now Cesar Chavez Avenue). A section of Broadway in South Los Angeles was originally named Moneta Avenue until 1923.[6]

In 1909, construction on a bridge across the Los Angeles River was begun to connect Buena Vista Street to Downey Avenue, which ran from the river to Mission Road. The names of Buena Vista and Downey were then changed to North Broadway,[7][8][9] but not without significant objections from affected residents and landowners.[10][11][12][13] The bridge, which continued to be referred to as the Buena Vista Street Bridge for a good while, was opened to traffic in late September 1911.[14]

Commercial and entertainment center

[edit]

For more than 50 years, Broadway from 1st Street to Olympic Boulevard was the main commercial street of Los Angeles, and one of its premier theater and movie palace districts as well. It contains a vast number of historic buildings and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Prior to the turn of the 20th century, the city's Central Business District was further north, along Spring and Main streets between the Plaza and 2nd Street. In 1895 J.W. Robinson's opened what was then considered a very large and impressive four-story department store at 239 S. Broadway,[15][16] signaling of the shift over the next decade and a half of the main shopping district to Broadway below 2nd Street.

Retail hub

[edit]
Broadway and Seventh, looking north (1914)
See also: History of Retail in Southern California

From around 1905 through the 1950s, Broadway was considered the center of the city, where residents went to ornate movie palaces and live theaters, and shopped at major department stores and shops. See the Table of department stores on Broadway and Seventh streets below.

The square footage of the four largest department stores alone — Bullock's at 806,000 sq ft (74,900 m2), The Broadway at 577,000 sq ft (53,600 m2),[17] May Co. at over 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)[18] and J. W. Robinson's (7th St. at Hope) at 623,700 sq ft (57,940 m2)[19][20] — totaled over three million square feet, the size of American Dream Meadowlands, America's largest mall today.

Among dozens of significant buildings from that era are the Bradbury Building, Ace Hotel Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Examiner building designed by Julia Morgan.

Some of the movie theaters on the street fell into disuse and disrepair, some were replaced with parking lots, but many have been repurposed and/or restored. The department stores closed in the 1970s and 1980s, but Broadway has been the premier shopping destination for working class Latinos for decades.[21]

Theater District

[edit]
Further information: Broadway Theater District (Los Angeles)
Further information: List of contributing properties in the Broadway Theater and Commercial District

The Broadway Theater District is the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[22] The district, which spans from 2nd to 10th street, contains twelve movie palaces.

Department stores

[edit]
Further information: List of department stores in Downtown Los Angeles

Broadway since 2008

[edit]

In 2008, the City of Los Angeles launched a $40-million campaign to revitalize the Broadway district, known as the "Bringing Back Broadway" campaign. Some Latino merchants in the district expressed concern that the campaign was an effort to spread the largely Anglo gentrification taking hold in other parts of downtown to an area that has become the city's leading Latino shopping district.[23] A worker at one of the district's bridal shops noted, "On one side, I like the idea. The only thing is that I don't think they want our types of businesses."[23]

The Downtown's real estate revitalization, using the City's adaptive reuse ordinance that makes it easier for developers to convert outmoded and/or vacant office and commercial buildings into residential buildings, has reached the Broadway Historic District. It includes the transformation of the United Artists Theater office tower into the Ace Hotel Los Angeles, and restoration of its movie palace.

The Bringing Back Broadway commission is working on further reviving the landmark Los Angeles boulevard in the historic district. Led by City Councilman Jose Huizar, the commission has recommended widening sidewalks, eliminating traffic lanes, constructing new parking structures, and bringing back streetcar service reminiscent of the street's past.[24] A pedestrian-friendly project finished up in December 2014 that widened the sidewalks and replaced the parking lane with planters, chairs and round cafe tables with bright-red umbrellas. The Great Streets Initiative seeks to bolster the street-level health of the city by making several dozen boulevards more hospitable to pedestrians, cyclists and small businesses. Mayor Eric Garcetti said the effort represents "a shift from the way that our neighborhoods have been planned in Los Angeles," with a new focus on "walkability and transit."[25]

Broadway retail is transitioning from a broad mix of stores catering to Hispanic immigrants and a burgeoning sneaker and streetwear retail cluster has emerged from 4th to 9th streets: Sneaker Row.[26]

Retail in and around the Eastern Columbia, located at the intersection of 9th Street & Broadway, has proliferated in recent years with the opening of Acne Studios, Oak NYC, Aesop, Tanner Goods, BNKR, Austere, A.P.C., and Urban Outfitters located in the Rialto Theater (Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 472).[27][28]

Buildings and sites

[edit]
See also: Street grid of landmarks in the Historic Core, Los Angeles

North of Hollywood Freeway

[edit]
  • Chinatown East Gate, 943 N. Broadway
  • Little Joe's (razed), 904 N. Broadway
  • Site of Broadway Tunnel (1901–1941) below Fort Moore Hill (leveled), between today's Temple St. and César Chávez Bl.

Hollywood Freeway to Temple

[edit]

This area south to Second Street was Los Angeles's Central Business District during the 1880s and 1890s. It is now the Civic Center.

  • 1905 view south on Broadway from Temple. Times Mirror printing house in foreground, marked 110 N. Broadway. The 1888 City Hall towers on Broadway's 200 block in the distance. Fort Moore Hill, now leveled, at right.
    1905 view south on Broadway from Temple. Times Mirror printing house in foreground, marked 110 N. Broadway. The 1888 City Hall towers on Broadway's 200 block in the distance. Fort Moore Hill, now leveled, at right.
  • c.1893–1900, looking east at Broadway along Third from Bunker Hill
    c.1893–1900, looking east at Broadway along Third from Bunker Hill

Temple and Broadway

[edit]

Cable cars of the Temple Street Cable Railway ran along Temple Street starting in 1886 and were replaced with Pacific Electric streetcars in 1902.[29][30]

Northwest corner

[edit]

  • The three-story brick Women's Christian Temperance Union building was erected in 1888 for $45,000.[31] Also known as the Temperance Temple, it has been demolished[32] and was replaced in 1957 by the Los Angeles County Central Heating and Refrigeration Plant.[33]

Southeast corner

[edit]

  • Los Angeles High School on Pound Cake Hill, 1870s
    Los Angeles High School on Pound Cake Hill, 1870s
  • "Red Stone" Courthouse and Post Office (1891-1936)
    "Red Stone" Courthouse and Post Office (1891-1936)
  • Hall of Records (1911–1973)
    Hall of Records (1911–1973)
  • Clara Shortridge Foltz courthouse
    Clara Shortridge Foltz courthouse

This location was at the time known as Pound Cake Hill. The buildings located here faced New High Street to their east and Broadway to their west. They were as follows:[34]

  • Los Angeles High School, whose original location (1873-1887) was between New High on the west and Broadway on the east, south of Temple Street. It was moved to California and Sand streets, and in 1890 a new facility was built on Fort Moore Hill, immediately north of where Broadway today crosses the Hollywood Freeway. The Pound Cake Hill school was demolished and replaced by:
  • First, the Red Stone Courthouse (or "Red Sandstone Courthouse"), which took over the function of courthouse from the Clocktower Courthouse (also called the Temple Courthouse). It was damaged beyond repair by Long Beach earthquake of 1933 and was torn down in 1936.
  • The Los Angeles County Hall of Records was built next to (south of) the Red Sandstone Courthouse in 1911, After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, it was determined to be unsafe and it was demolished in 1973. A new Hall of Records was built and opened in 1962, one block west on the south side of Temple between Broadway and Hill.

Currently on the site are:

  • Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center (Los Angeles County Grand Jury), originally known as the Criminal Courts Building, opened in 1972
  • A portion of Grand Park, which stretches mid-block between Temple and First, from City Hall at Spring Street, to the Music Center at Grand Avenue.

Southwest corner

[edit]

Adjacent to the south, mid-block, is a portion of Grand Park.

First and Broadway

[edit]
  • Looking south along Broadway from First, 1904-5. At right, from left to right: C.H. Frost Building, 141-3, the turreted Roanoke Bldg, Newell & Gammon Bldg., Mason Opera House. At left, Chamber of Commerce, 1888 City Hall.
    Looking south along Broadway from First, 1904-5. At right, from left to right: C.H. Frost Building, 141-3, the turreted Roanoke Bldg, Newell & Gammon Bldg., Mason Opera House. At left, Chamber of Commerce, 1888 City Hall.

Northeast corner

[edit]

Northwest corner

[edit]

  • Site of the Tajo Building (1896–mid-20th c.).[36] Now the location of the Los Angeles County Law Library.[37]

Southeast corner and east side of 100 block

[edit]
  • Site of the Culver Block retail and office building.[38] Now the site of the Times Mirror Square 1973 Pereira Addition, so called because it was designed by William Pereira.
  • South of the Culver Block was the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Building, 128–130 S. Broadway, opened February 12, 1904,[39] a landmark at the time featured on postcards and in books. 6 stories, 4 floors. Ground floor offices included those of the Los Angeles Herald and Consolidated Bank.[40]

Southwest corner

[edit]
  • Mason Opera House
    Mason Opera House
  • From left to right: C.H. Frost Building, Roanoke Bldg., Newell & Gammon Bldg., and Mason Opera House
    From left to right: C.H. Frost Building, Roanoke Bldg., Newell & Gammon Bldg., and Mason Opera House

The southwest corner, during Victorian times the site of unremarkable retail and office buildings, was from 1958 the location of the State Office Building, (1958-60, architect Anson C. Boyd, razed 2006). It was named the Junipero Serra State Office Building, and this moniker would be transferred to the former Broadway Department Store building at 4th and Broadway when it was opened to replace this building in 1998.[41] It is now the location of the New U.S. Courthouse built in 2016, taking up the entire block between Broadway, Hill, First and Second.[42]

Just south of the southwest corner was the Mason Theatre, 127 S. Broadway. Opened in 1903 as the Mason Opera House, 1,600 seats. Benjamin Marshall of the Chicago firm Marshall & Wilson designed the building in association with John Parkinson. Marshall is known for designing the Iroquois Theatre in Chicago. Remodeled in 1924 by Meyer & Holler. Later, as the Mason Theatre, it showed Spanish-language films. Demolished 1955.[43]

145 S. Broadway,[44]site of the C. H. Frost Building, later known as the Haig M. Prince Building. Built 1898, architect John Parkinson,[45] Now the location of the new United States Courthouse built in 2016, taking up the entire block between Broadway, Hill, First and Second.[42]

Second and Broadway

[edit]
  • Broadway looking south from 2nd, 1895-1905
    Broadway looking south from 2nd, 1895-1905

Northeast corner

[edit]

  • Hellman Building, 1918
    Hellman Building, 1918

One of several Hellman Buildings across Downtown L.A. — not to be confused with the still-existing Hellman Building at Fourth and Spring — was located here (#138) from 1897 to 1959.[46] The site is now a parking structure, part of the Times Mirror Square complex.

Southwest corner and west side of 200 block

[edit]
  • American National Bank Building, southwest corner, 1890. To the left are the turret and two gables of the YMCA Building (1889), then the Potomac Block (1890)
    American National Bank Building, southwest corner, 1890. To the left are the turret and two gables of the YMCA Building (1889), then the Potomac Block (1890)
  • Merchants Trust Company Building, 1910
    Merchants Trust Company Building, 1910
  • Potomac Block c.1890-1895
    Potomac Block c.1890-1895
  • Ville de Paris department store, 1901
    Ville de Paris department store, 1901
  • Boston Dry Goods and Harris Newmark buildings, 1899
    Boston Dry Goods and Harris Newmark buildings, 1899

The west side of the 200 block of South Broadway had a key place in the retail history of Los Angeles from the 1893 through 1917, as it was home to several prominent early department stores such as the Ville de Paris, Coulter's department store from 1905–1917, and J. W. Robinson's "Boston Dry Goods" store from 1895–1915. All three stores would move to Seventh Street when it became the upscale shopping street between 1915 and 1917.

  • On the southwest corner of 2nd and Broadway was Judge O'Melveny's house, built in 1870. This was replaced by the American National Bank (later California Bank) Building, which one turn was replaced by the California Building in 1911. Nos. 201-213 Broadway are now known named the Broadway Media Center.

Further south on the west side of Broadway, was 207–211, location of the:

  • YMCA Building (#207–209–211), Romanesque Revival architecture, opened in July 1889, demolished in 1903.
    • The YMCA operated here at #207 from 1889 until 1903,
    • City of London opened here in August 1891, run by Messrs. Hiles and Niccolls, who came from the City of Paris department store. It carried curtains, window shades, comforters, and the like.[47] It operated here until August 1895, when it moved next door to the Potomac Block at #213.[48]

The YMCA Building was demolished to make way for the:

  • Merchants Trust Co. Building.[49]
Coulter's complex
[edit]

The adjacent Potomac Block and Bicknell Block originally housed prominent retailers of the day, then were joined together in 1906 by Coulter's department store to form a complex, opening it as a new, 157,000 sq ft (14,600 m2) store in June, 1905.[50][51][52]

Potomac Block
[edit]

The Potomac Block, 213–223 S. Broadway, was from 1905 to 1917 known as the B. F. Coulter Building. It was originally developed by lumberyard and mill owner J. M. Griffith. It was designed in 1888 by Block, Curlett and Eisen in Romanesque architectural style[53] and opened on July 17, 1890.[54]

Tenants included:

  • Ville de Paris department store (at 221–223, from 1893 through 1906),[53]
  • City of London Dry Goods Co., which moved here from next door at #211 in August 1895 and advertised for this location through August 1899.[48]

It was the first time major retail stores opened on South Broadway, in what would be a shift of the upmarket shopping district from 1890 to 1905 from around First and Spring to South Broadway. In 1904, Coulter's bought the Potomac Block, and combined it with the Bicknell block to create its new store that opened in 1905.

After Coulter's moved:

  • 215 continued as a branch of Coulter's through 1927. Then, 215–217 was home to the Pacific Furniture House in the 1940s.
  • 219 housed Fisch's Department Store in the 1940s.

The building was demolished in 1953 and is still the site of a parking lot.[55]

Bicknell Block
[edit]

The Bicknell Block (or Bicknell Building) at 225–229 S. Broadway, with back entrances at 224–228 S. Hill Street. was part of Coulter's from 1905 from 1917. After Coulter's moved in 1917, it housed the Western Shoe Co. (through 1922), later known as the Western Department Store (1922–1928). Lettering covered the face of the building from top to bottom through the end of the 1950s: "THE LARGEST SHOE DEPT. IN THE WEST".[56]

Further south
[edit]
  • 231-235, the Harris Newmark Building (1899, Abram Edelman), Bartlett Music Co. (#233), annex to J. W. Robinson's (#235); Goodwill Industries store (#233-235, 1950s–60s). The building still stands, but all floors except the ground floor have been removed.
  • 237-241, the Boston Dry Goods Building (completed 1895, demolished, architects Theodore Eisen and Sumner Hunt, designer of the Bradbury Building)[57][58] The building was home to J. W. Robinson's "Boston Dry Goods" store from 1895 to 1915, Scott's Department Store (239–241, 1920s), Third Street Store (237–241, 1950s–60s). Demolished, currently the site of a parking lot.
  • 251 was home to the I. Magnin speciality department store, which opened here on January 2, 1899;[59] starting 1904, I. Magnin announced that the store would be known by the name of its manager, Myer Siegel.[60]

Southeast corner and east side of 200 block

[edit]

  • Looking north along Broadway, east side, past 2nd Street. From top left: Los Angeles Times Bldg., the 1911 Hall of Records behind it, the Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Hellman Bldg., Nolan, Smith and Bridge Bldg., Gordon Bldg., Crocker Bldg., Copp Bldg., 1888 City Hall
    Looking north along Broadway, east side, past 2nd Street. From top left: Los Angeles Times Bldg., the 1911 Hall of Records behind it, the Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Hellman Bldg., Nolan, Smith and Bridge Bldg., Gordon Bldg., Crocker Bldg., Copp Bldg., 1888 City Hall

The southeast corner of 2nd and Broadway was the site of:

  • First Presbyterian Church in 1894.[61] The church was replaced sometime before 1906
  • Nolan, Smith and Bridge Building, #200-4 S. Broadway, stores and a restaurant.[62]
  • Now the corner is the site of the Historic Broadway underground light rail station.

Mid-block were:

  • Crocker Building, #212–6[63] Home to Victor Clothing from 1920 to 1964
  • B'nai B'rith Temple (1873), 214 S. Broadway (post-1890 numbering), the city's first synagogue, razed to make way for the Copp Building, 218–224 S. Broadway, home to the original (1908) Pig 'n Whistle candy shop and tea room.[64] The Pig 'n Whistle would open locations at 7th and Broadway and in Hollywood, where it would become a landmark restaurant that still operates today.
  • City Hall (1888–1928; opened 1888, demolished 1929; 228–238 S. Broadway, architect Solomon Irmscher Haas, Romanesque Revival). Now a parking lot. Three stories, it had a 150-foot (46 m) campanile. Red and brown brick. Housed the Los Angeles Public Library for a time until it moved to the new Hamburger's department store building at Eighth and Broadway in 1908.[65] The site is now part of the "(213) S. Spring" parking garage.[37]
  • #240-246 the Hosfield Building, location of the Natatorium (indoor swimming pool) in 1894 and the Imperial Restaurant in 1906.[63] After 1964, location of Victor Clothing, notable for its changing murals reflecting local Chicano culture. Victor Clothing operated here until 2001, and was known i.a. for its frequent ads on Spanish-language television.[66]

Third and Broadway

[edit]

Northwest corner

[edit]

The corner is home to one of the oldest buildings outside the Plaza area, the 1895 Irvine-Byrne Building or Irvine Block or Byrne Building; now called the Pan American Lofts. The architect was Sumner Hunt. It was built in a hybrid Spanish Colonial Revival/Beaux-Arts style.

The building was home to the renowned I. Magnin clothing store that opened here on January 2, 1899;[67] on June 19, 1904, I. Magnin announced that the Los Angeles store would henceforth be known as Myer Siegel.[60] After a fire at the Irvine Byrne Building destroyed its store on February 16, 1911, Myer Siegel moved further south on Broadway.

It was modernized and converted to lofts in 2007 and given its present name. The halls and staircase have appeared in many films and television commercials.[68]

From Third Street south to Olympic Blvd. (originally Tenth St.), and from Hill Street east to Los Angeles Street, including Broadway, is the Historic Core district, the city's main commercial and entertainment area in the first half of the 20th century.

Northeast corner

[edit]
  • Broadway, east side, looking south past 3rd, c.1903-4. From left to right: 1888 City Hall, Rindge Block, Bradbury Building
    Broadway, east side, looking south past 3rd, c.1903-4. From left to right: 1888 City Hall, Rindge Block, Bradbury Building
  • Broadway, east side, looking north past 3rd, c.1888. From left to right: 1888 City Hall, Rindge Block, Bradbury Building
    Broadway, east side, looking north past 3rd, c.1888. From left to right: 1888 City Hall, Rindge Block, Bradbury Building

On this corner:[69]

  • Originally the J. C. Graves house stood here; Graves bought the property in 1879 for $2,250. The house was sold and removed to 10th and Hope streets in 1888.
  • Rindge Block (1898, sold in 1899 for $190,000 to Frederick H. Rindge, the "King of Malibu"), 248–260 S. Broadway, commercial building; the top floors were removed and only the ground floor remains.

Southwest corner

[edit]
  • Million Dollar Theatre
    Million Dollar Theatre

Southeast corner

[edit]


Third to Fourth

[edit]

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Fourth to Fifth

[edit]

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Fifth to Sixth

[edit]
  • Broadway looking south from 5th Street, 1950s
    Broadway looking south from 5th Street, 1950s

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Sixth to Seventh

[edit]

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Seventh to Eighth

[edit]
  • Broadway north from 7th, 1917
    Broadway north from 7th, 1917
  • Broadway south from 7th, 1917
    Broadway south from 7th, 1917

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Eighth to Ninth

[edit]

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

Ninth to Olympic

[edit]

West side

[edit]

East side

[edit]

South of Olympic

[edit]

West side

[edit]
  • Herald Examiner Building
    Herald Examiner Building

East side

[edit]

Public transportation

[edit]

The Los Angeles Metro Rail's Historic Broadway station is an underground light rail station near the intersection of 2nd and Broadway,[125][126] which is served by the E Line east to East Los Angeles and west to Santa Monica, and on the A Line northeast to Union Station, Pasadena, and Azusa and south to Long Beach.[127]

Metro J Line bus rapid transit (BRT) has 5 stations adjacent to Broadway in South Los Angeles: 37th Street/USC, Slauson, Manchester/I-110, Harbor Freeway, and Rosecrans. These stations are along the Harbor Transitway, a dedicated busway between Downtown L.A. (Adams Blvd.) and the Harbor Gateway, near Carson, in the median of the Harbor Freeway (I-110), just west of Broadway. J Line BRT runs as far south as San Pedro and as far northeast as El Monte.

Metro Local bus line 45 serves most of the length of Broadway, between Lincoln Heights through Downtown to the Harbor Freeway Station. Local routes 4, 30, and 40 serve portions of Broadway downtown.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form - California SP Broadway Theater and Commercial District". United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service. May 9, 1979.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Sandra A.B. Levis. "Broadway Historic Theater District: A walking tour sponsored by the Los Angeles Conservancy" (PDF). Los Angeles Conservancy.
  3. ^ "City In Brief". Los Angeles Times. September 6, 1889. p. 8. ProQuest 163467011.
  4. ^ "Other 3 -- No Title". Los Angeles Times. February 18, 1890. p. 4. ProQuest 163516086.
  5. ^ "Sou', Sou'west". Los Angeles Times. February 26, 1891. p. 4. ProQuest 163524656.
  6. ^ "Realtors Want New Boulevard: Ask Supervisors for Route Connecting Moneta Avenue With Harbor". Los Angeles Times. December 10, 1922. p. V9. ProQuest 161208643.
  7. ^ "A Literary Fog". Los Angeles Times. November 30, 1909. p. II4. ProQuest 159317712.
  8. ^ "The Lancer". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1911. p. II5. ProQuest 159604470.
  9. ^ "Downey And Buena Vista Will Be North Broadway". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 35, no. 353. September 19, 1908 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  10. ^ "Object to Changing Name". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 32, no. 105. January 14, 1905 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  11. ^ "Buena Vista Street Will Continue Name: Will Not Be Changed to North Broadway". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 32, no. 238. May 27, 1905 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  12. ^ "Object to Merger Of Downey Avenue". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 36, no. 24. October 25, 1908 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  13. ^ "East Side Residents, Prefer Downey Avenue". Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 37, no. 200. April 19, 1910 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  14. ^ "Majestic; Great Viaduct About Ready; Cars Run Over the Buena Vista Structure; Concrete Bridge Across Los Angeles River Weighs Nearly Forty Thousand Tons, Cost Two Hundred and Seventy-five Thousand Dollars—Without a Peer in West". Los Angeles Times. September 24, 1911. p. II1. ProQuest 159704885.
  15. ^ "The Boston Dry Goods Store". Los Angeles Times. January 1, 1895. p. 29. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  16. ^ "The New Boston Store:Los Angeles' Finest Commercial Structure Is Complete". Los Angeles Herald. October 4, 1895. p. 5.
  17. ^ "Framework is now finished: Construction Started Late Last Fall: Additional Will Be Completed During July: Department Store Growth Is Consistent". Los Angeles Times. March 23, 1924. p. 91. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  18. ^ "Clipped From Los Angeles Herald". Los Angeles Herald. April 15, 1906. p. 20 – via newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "11 Jan 1923, 27 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/9453/
  21. ^ a b DiMassa, Cara & Bloomekatz, Ari B. (January 28, 2008). "L.A. plans Broadway face-lift". Los Angeles Times. pp. B1, B8.
  22. ^ Sandra A.B. Levis. "Broadway Historic Theater District: A walking tour sponsored by the Los Angeles Conservancy" (PDF). Los Angeles Conservancy.
  23. ^ a b DiMassa, Cara (January 28, 2008). "L.A. plans Broadway face-lift". Los Angeles Times.
  24. ^ "Bringing Back Broadway". City of Los Angeles.
  25. ^ Hawthorne, Christopher (December 6, 2014). "'Latino Urbanism' influences a Los Angeles in flux". Los Angeles Times.
  26. ^ White, Ronald D. (December 8, 2018). "Must Reads: Downtown L.A.'s latest retail renaissance? Broadway's burgeoning 'Sneaker Row'". Los Angeles Times.
  27. ^ Jose Huizar - Councilmember District 14, City of Los Angeles. "Councilmember Huizar's Bringing Back Broadway Initiative Welcomes Acne Retail" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Sherman, Lauren (December 2, 2014). "Inside Downtown Los Angeles's Retail Boom". Fashionista.
  29. ^ "Map of Temple Street Cable Railway, via Metro (Los Angeles County)".
  30. ^ "Temple Street Cable Railway (1886)". www.erha.org.
  31. ^ "New Buildings: A Splendid Showing for the Future Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times. May 13, 1888. p. 3.
  32. ^ "Water and Power Associates".
  33. ^ "Los Angeles County Central Heating and Refrigeration Plant". Calisphere.
  34. ^ "Water and Power Associates". waterandpower.org.
  35. ^ "Water and Power Associates". waterandpower.org. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
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