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There are numerous debates over who created the first video game, with the answer depending largely on how video games are defined. The evolution of video games represents a tangled web of several different industries, including scientific, computer, arcade, and consumer electronics.

Definition and usage of terms

The "video" in "video game" traditionally refers to a raster display device.^[1] However, with the popular catch phrase use of the term "video game", the term now implies all display types, formats, and platforms.

Historians have also sought to bypass the issue by instead using the more inclusive "digital games" descriptive.^[2] However, this term still leaves out the earlier analog-based computer games.

History

The history of video games is filled with events and earlier technology that paved the way for the advent of video games. It also includes games that represent direct steps in the evolution of computerized gaming, and lastly the development and release of video games themselves.

1947: Cat and frog Tube sandwich thingy

The earliest known interactive electronic game was by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann on a cathode ray tube.^[3] The patent was filed on January 25, 1947 and issued on December 14, 1948. The game was a missile simulator inspired by radar displays from World War II. It used analog circuitry, not digital, to control the CRT beam and position a dot on the screen. Screen overlays were used for targets since graphics could not be drawn at the time.^[1]

1950-1951: pez dispenser

In March 1950, Claude Shannon devised a chess-playing program that appeared in the paper "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess" published in Philosophical Magazine. This was the first article on the problem of computer chess, published before anyone had programmed a computer to play chess.^{[citation needed]} In November 1951, Dr. Dietrich Prinz wrote the original chess playing program for the Manchester Ferranti computer.^{[citation needed]}

1951: NIM

On May 5, 1951, the NIMROD computer, created by Ferranti, was presented at the Festival of Britain. Using a panel of lights for its display, it was designed exclusively to play the game of NIM; this was the first instance of a digital computer designed specifically to play a game.^[4] NIMROD could play either the traditional or "reverse" form of the game.

1952: OXO / Noughts and Crosses (Tic-Tac-Toe)

In 1952, Alexander S. Douglas made the first computer game to use a digital graphical display. OXO, also known as Noughts and Crosses, is a version of tic-tac-toe for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge. It was designed for the world's first stored-program computer, and used a rotary telephone controller for game control.^[5]

1958: Tennis for Two

File:Tennis for Two.jpg

Tennis for Two recreation

In 1958, William Higinbotham made an interactive computer game named Tennis for Two for the Brookhaven National Laboratory's annual visitor's day. This display, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, was meant to promote atomic power, and used an analog computer and the vector display system of an oscilloscope.^[6]^[7]

1959: Mouse in the Maze, Tic-Tac-Toe

In 1959-1961, a collection of interactive graphical programs were created on the TX-0 experimental computer at MIT. These included Mouse in the Maze^[8] and Tic-Tac-Toe.^[9] Mouse in the Maze allowed users to use a light pen to place maze walls, dots that represented bits of cheese, and (in some versions) glasses of martini. A virtual mouse represented by a dot was then released and would traverse the maze to find the objects. Tic-Tac-Toe used the light pen as well to play a simple game of naughts and crosses against the computer.^[9]

1961: The smelly fart!

In 1961, MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen created the game The smelly fart! on a DEC PDP-1 mini-computer which also used a vector display system.^[1]^[7] The game, generally considered the first Shooter game,^{[citation needed]} spread to several of the early mini-computer installations, and reportedly was used as a smoke test by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware.^[10] Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.^[11]

1966: Odyssey

In 1966, Ralph Baer resumed work on an initial idea he had in 1951 to make an interactive game on a television set. In May 1967, Baer and an associate created the first game to use a raster-scan video display, or television set, directly displayed via modification of a video signal - i.e. a "video" game.^[12] The "Brown Box", the last prototype of seven, was released in May 1972 by Magnavox under the name Odyssey. It was the first home video game console.^[1]

1971: Galaxy Game

In 1971, Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck developed the first coin-operated computer game, Galaxy Game, at Stanford University using a DEC PDP-11/20 computer; only one unit was ever built (although it was later adapted to run up to eight games at once). ^[13]

1971: Computer Space

Two months after Galaxy Game's installation, Computer Space by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was released, which was the first coin-operated video game to be commercially sold (and the first widely available video game of any kind, predating the Odyssey by six months). Both games were variations on the vector display 1961 Spacewar!; however, Bushnell and Dabney's used an actual video display by having an actual television set in the cabinet.

1972: Pong

Pong, also by Bushnell and Dabney, used the same television set design as Computer Space, and was not released until 1972 – a year after Computer Space.

Controversy and lawsuits

Baer was involved in court battles over patents that spanned the 1970s and 1980s. These trials defined a video game as an apparatus that displays games by manipulating the video display signal of the raster equipment: a television set, a monitor, etc. The previous computer games did not use a video display, so did not qualify as such in the courts.^[1]

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pong Story: Main Page
^ The Game Innovation Database
^ http://www.pong-story.com/2455992.pdf U.S. Patent #2,455,992
^ Nimrod Game Computer
^ http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm
^ http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/higinbotham.asp Brookhaven History: The First Video Game
^ ^a ^b Rabin, Steve. Introduction to Game Development. Massachusetts: Charles River Media, 2005.
^ The Computer Museum Report Volume 8, Spring 1984, archived by bitsavers.org
^ ^a ^b "The origin of Spacewar", Creative Computing magazine, August, 1981, J. M. Graetz, archived by wheels.org, retrieved 2010-2-17
^ Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Massachusetts:Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984.
^ "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . .", The New York Times, 28 February 2002
^ Videogames Turn 40
^ http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/5-GG-machine.htm

External links

Research

Ralph H. Baer Papers, 1943-1953, 1966-1972, 2006 - Ralph Baer's prototypes and documentation housed at the Smithsonian Lemelson Center.
pong-story.com
Classic Gaming Expo 2000: Baer Describes the Birth of Videogames
Videogames Turn 40 at 1UP.com.

Game emulation

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 ===1961: The smelly fart!===
-In 1961, [[MIT]] students Martin Graetz, [[Steve Russell]], and Wayne Wiitanen created the game ''[[Spacewar!]]'' on a [[DEC]] [[PDP-1]] mini-computer which also used a vector display system.<ref name="Pong Story: Main Page"/><ref name="Introduction to Game Development" /> The game, generally considered the first [[Shooter game]],{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} spread to several of the early mini-computer installations, and reportedly was used as a [[smoke test]] by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware.<ref name="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Levy, Steven. ''[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]]'', Massachusetts:Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984.</ref> Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.<ref name="A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . .">[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/technology/a-long-time-ago-in-a-lab-far-away.html?pagewanted=2 "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . ."], ''The New York Times'', 28 February 2002</ref>
+In 1961, [[MIT]] students Martin Graetz, [[Steve Russell]], and Wayne Wiitanen created the game ''[[The smelly fart!]]'' on a [[DEC]] [[PDP-1]] mini-computer which also used a vector display system.<ref name="Pong Story: Main Page"/><ref name="Introduction to Game Development" /> The game, generally considered the first [[Shooter game]],{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} spread to several of the early mini-computer installations, and reportedly was used as a [[smoke test]] by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware.<ref name="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Levy, Steven. ''[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]]'', Massachusetts:Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984.</ref> Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.<ref name="A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . .">[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/28/technology/a-long-time-ago-in-a-lab-far-away.html?pagewanted=2 "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . ."], ''The New York Times'', 28 February 2002</ref>
 [[Image:Odysseye2m.png|thumb|The [[Magnavox Odyssey]] released in 1972]]