Federated States of Micronesia

This article is about the sovereign state in Oceania. For the region named "Micronesia", see Micronesia.

Federated States of Micronesia
Flag Coat of arms of Federated States of Micronesia Coat of arms
Motto: Peace Unity Liberty
Anthem: Patriots of Micronesia
Capital	Palikir
Largest city	Weno
Official languages	English (national; local languages are used at state and municipal levels)
Demonym(s)	Micronesian
Government	Democratic Federated Presidential Republic
• President	Manny Mori
• Vice President	Alik L. Alik
Independence  from US-administered UN Trusteeship
• Date	3 November 1986
Area
• Total	702 km2 (271 sq mi) (188th)
• Water (%)	negligible
Population
• July 2007 estimate	107,862 (181st)
• 2000 census	107,000
• Density	154/km2 (398.9/sq mi) (66th)
GDP (PPP)	2002 estimate
• Total	$277 million² (215th)
• Per capita	$2,000 (180th)
HDI (2003)	n/a  (n/a)
Currency	United States dollar (USD)
Time zone	UTC+10 and +11
• Summer (DST)	UTC+10 and +11 (not observed)
Calling code	691
ISO 3166 code	FM
Internet TLD	.fm
GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging around $100 million annually (2002 estimate). 2002 estimate.

The Federated States of Micronesia is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, north of Papua New Guinea. The country is a sovereign state in free association with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration. In 1979 they adopted a constitution, and in 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

The Federated States of Micronesia are located in the region known as Micronesia, which consists of hundreds of small islands divided in eight territories. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole.

History

Main article: History of the Federated States of Micronesia

The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over nine thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious empire centered on Yap.

Nan Madol, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500, when the centralized system collapsed.

European explorers — first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish — reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty. It was sold to Germany in 1899, conquered by Japan in 1914, before being seized by the United States during World War II and administered by the US under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

During World War II, a significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based in Truk Lagoon. In February 1944, Operation Hailstone, one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.

On May 10, 1979, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States of America, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. The Compact was renewed in 2004.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia are governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators — one from each state — serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population, and serve two-year terms. The President and Vice President are elected by Congress from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections. The president and vice president are supported by an appointed cabinet. There are no formal political parties.

In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has always voted with the United States with respect to United Nations General Assembly resolutions.

Administrative divisions

The four states in the federation are:

Flag	State	Capital	Land area	Population	Population density
	Chuuk	Weno	127 km²	53,595	420 per km²
	Kosrae	Tofol	110 km²	7,686	70 per km²
	Pohnpei	Kolonia	346 km²	34,486	100 per km²
	Yap	Colonia	118 km²	11,241	95 per km²

These states are further divided into municipalities.

Geography

Map of the Federated States of Micronesia

Main article: Geography of the Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending 1,800 miles (2,900 km) (2,900 km) across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The four constituent island groups are Yap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusiae). These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei.

The country has seven official languages: English, Ulithian, Woleaian, Yapese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, and Chuukese.

The other languages spoken in Micronesia are Pingelapese, Ngatikese, Satawalese, Kapingamarangi Language, Nukuoro Language, Puluwatese, and Mokilese.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia

Economic activity of the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line tuna fishing is also viable with foreign vessels from Taiwan and China operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986-2001. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.

The nation uses the US dollar as their currency.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia

The indigenous population of the Federated States of Micronesia, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population. Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. Many Micronesians are known to have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period.

There is a growing population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. Population growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration.

Pohnpei is notable for the prevalence of the extreme form of color blindness known as maskun.

Culture

A large (approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) in height) example of Yapese stone money in the village of Gachpar.

See also: Music of the Federated States of Micronesia

Each of the four States has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. For example, cultural similarities like the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems can be found on all the islands.

The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to 12 feet (4 m) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng, the last being only 1 foot (0.3 m) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.

Defense arrangements

The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The Division of Maritime Surveillance operates a paramilitary Maritime Wing and a small Maritime Police Unit.

The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship.

See also

• Communications in the Federated States of Micronesia
• Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia
• List of wettest tropical cyclones to affect the Federated States of Micronesia
• Scouting in the Federated States of Micronesia
• Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia
• List of countries without an army

References

1. US-CIA. CIA - The World Factbook: Federated States of Micronesia. The World Factbook. United States of America: Central Intelligence Agency. 2003.
2. History_Federated_States_of_Micronesia

Bibliography

• Brower, Kenneth (1981). Micronesia: The Land, the People, and the Sea. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807109924. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Darrach, Brad (1995). "Treasured Islands". Life (August 1995): 46–53. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Falgout, Suzanne (1995). "Americans in Paradise: Anthropologists, Custom, and Democracy in Postwar Micronesia". Ethnology. 34 (Spring 1995): 99–111. doi:10.2307/3774100. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Friedman, Hal M. (1993). "The Beast in Paradise: The United States Navy in Micronesia, 1943–1947". Pacific Historical Review. 62 (May 1993): 173–195. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Friedman, Hal M. (1994). "Arguing over Empire". Journal of Pacific History. 29 (1994): 36–48. doi:10.1080/00223349408572757. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Hanlon, David (1998). Remaking Micronesia: Discourses over Development in a Pacific Territory, 1944–1982. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824818946. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Hezel, Francis X. (1995). "The Church in Micronesia". America. 18 (February 1995): 23–24. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Kluge, P. F. (1991). The Edge of Paradise: America in Micronesia. New York: Random House. ISBN 0394581784. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Malcomson, S. L. (1989). "Stranger than Paradise". Mother Jones. 14 (January 1989): 19–25. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• "Micronesia: A New Nation". U.S. News & World Report (October 15, 1984): 80–81. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Parfit, Michael (2003). "Islands of the Pacific". National Geographic. 203 (March 2003): 106–125. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Patterson, Carolyn Bennett (1986). "In the Far Pacific: At the Birth of Nations". National Geographic. 170 (October 1986): 460–500. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Peoples, James G. (1993). "Political Evolution in Micronesia". Ethnology. 32 (Winter 1993): 1–17. doi:10.2307/3773542. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Rainbird, Paul (2003). "Taking the Tapu: Defining Micronesia by Absence". Journal of Pacific History. 38 (September 2003): 237–250. doi:10.1080/0022334032000120558. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
• Schwalbenberg, Henry M. (1994). "Micronesian Trade and Foreign Assistance". Journal of Pacific History. 29 (1): 95–104. doi:10.1080/00223349408572762. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

Government

• Government of the Federated States of Micronesia

General

• Jane's Federated States of Micronesia Home Page
• Trust Territory of the Pacific Archives at the University of Hawaii
• Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute - Federated States of Micronesia
• Nature.org - Micronesia environmental conservation
• Open Directory Project - Federated States of Micronesia directory category
• myMicronesia.com Online resource center about the islands of Micronesia. Provides free listings and links to all Micronesian businesses, as well as civic, cultural, health and educational organizations.
• Habele is US-based charity that serves educational needs in the more remote atolls of Micronesia.

News media

• The Yap Networker - Yap's news source

Travel

• Moon Handbooks Micronesia
• Travel Overview of Micronesia

Maps

• Map of Micronesia
• Nan Madol islet complex Provides computer based reconstruction of the main islets and features.