Farm-to-table

For the Philippine cooking show, see Farm to Table (TV program). For Bartees Strange album, see Farm to Table (album).

A "farm-to-table" dinner at Kendall-Jackson used produce from the winery's on-site garden.

Farm-to-table (or farm-to-fork, and in some cases farm-to-school) is a social movement which promotes serving local food at restaurants and school cafeterias, preferably through direct acquisition from the producer (which might be a winery, brewery, ranch, fishery, or other type of food producer which is not strictly a "farm"). This might be accomplished by a direct sales relationship, a community-supported agriculture arrangement, a farmer's market, a local distributor or by the restaurant or school raising its own food. Farm-to-table often incorporates a form of food traceability (celebrated as "knowing where your food comes from") where the origin of the food is identified to consumers. Often restaurants cannot source all the food they need for dishes locally, so only some dishes or only some ingredients are labelled as local.

The farm-to-table movement has arisen more or less concurrently with changes in attitudes about food safety, food freshness, food seasonality, and small-farm economics. Advocates and practitioners of the farm-to-table model frequently cite the scarcity of fresh, local ingredients; the poor flavor of ingredients shipped from afar; the poor nutritional integrity of shipped ingredients; the disappearance of small family farms; the disappearance of heirloom and open-pollinated fruits and vegetables; and the dangers of a highly centralized food growing and distribution system as motivators for their decision to adopt a more locavore approach to the food system.

Influences and growth

Among the first vocal and influential farm-to-table businesses were Chez Panisse restaurant in Berkeley, California, The Herbfarm in Washington, Bon Appétit Management Company based in Palo Alto, California, and The Kitchen in Boulder, Colorado. Since the 2000s, the number of farm-to-table operations has grown rapidly and "the American Farm to Table Restaurant Guide lists restaurants located in more than 30 states and the District of Columbia". In 2015, according to the National Restaurant Association "four of the top ten trends" related to local foods.

Prominent advocates for the farm-to-table movement, either as chefs, writers, farmers, or environmentalists include Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson, Michael Pollan, Thomas Keller, John Jeavons, Alice Waters, Dan Barber, Joel Salatin, Barbara Kingsolver, Tony Maws, Kevin Gillespie, Edna Lewis, Ken Myszka, Erik Manning and others.

Economic and Social Impact

The farm-to-table movement addresses the growing disconnect between food producers and consumers. According to the USDA's 2021 Food Dollar data, only 14.5 cents of every dollar spent on food reaches farmers, while 85.5 cents are allocated to marketing and distribution costs. This imbalance highlights the need for systems that better support local farmers, such as farmers' markets and direct farm-to-table transactions. These outlets not only provide producers with fairer compensation but also offer consumers fresher and more nutritious products harvested at peak ripeness.

Additionally, the movement promotes community engagement by encouraging customers to learn about the origins of their food and build connections with local farmers. For example, initiatives like Brahman Country Beef allow ranchers to sell directly to customers, emphasizing tradition and sustainability. However, a noted drawback is that farm-to-table products may be more expensive than those available in traditional grocery stores. Despite this, the direct sales model ensures that farmers can price competitively while maintaining profitability.

Consumer Preferences and Challenges

Despite the growing popularity of the farm-to-table movement, challenges remain in ensuring transparency and legitimacy. The concept of "local" lacks a universal standard, leading to discrepancies in how it is defined and marketed. For instance, some restaurants consider products "local" if sourced from the same state, while others define "local" as ingredients sourced within a specific radius. This ambiguity has contributed to issues such as "local washing," where restaurants falsely claim to use locally sourced ingredients, undermining consumer trust and the integrity of the movement^[7][8].

Programs like Kentucky's "Buy Local" initiative aim to address these concerns by introducing certification systems that provide clear standards and incentives for restaurants to engage in genuine local sourcing. These certification systems not only promote transparency but also offer consumers a reliable way to identify establishments that prioritize supporting local agriculture. In Kentucky, the program reimburses restaurants for a portion of their costs when purchasing from local farms, thus encouraging wider participation in the local food economy^[8].

Research into Chez Panisse, a pioneering farm-to-table restaurant, underscores the importance of transparency and trust in fostering sustainable consumer and producer relationships. The restaurant's direct partnerships with local farmers serve as a model for ensuring accountability in sourcing practices. By openly crediting farms on their menus and emphasizing seasonal and sustainable ingredients, Chez Panisse has demonstrated how clear communication and transparency can build consumer confidence while encouraging eco-friendly agricultural practices^[7].

These efforts highlight the dual importance of consumer education and institutional support in advancing the farm-to-table movement. Establishing uniform standards for "local" sourcing and addressing transparency issues can mitigate the negative impacts of local washing, ensuring the movement remains a credible and impactful alternative to industrialized food systems^[7][8].

Fast-casual meets farm-to-table

More recently restaurateurs have tried to democratize the farm-to-table movement by opening fast-casual restaurants that offer relatively affordable locally sourced food. Sweetgreen, a farm-to-table salad chain, has experienced exponential growth since opening in 2007 in Washington, D.C., and now has more than 60 locations across the United States. The salad bar chain started on the premise of sourcing food as locally as possible. The chain "works with more than 500 farmers" to limit the distance food travels across all their locations, requiring each region to build relationships with their local farm community. In New York, another fast casual concept, Dig Inn, has gained popularity with their "farm-to-counter" model. In 2016, Dig Inn announced they intend to buy and manage their own farm. While they do not plan to source all their food from their farm, it will be a place for education and to learn "exactly how things grow". Both of these restaurant concepts have received noteworthy funding, as investors gain more interest in food startups, particularly those connecting to the local food system. Consumer interest is high enough that Applebee's has even explored the farm-to-table concept. In summer 2014, the chain released a location-specific menu option: the Grilled Vidalia Onion Sirloin, in Georgia. It took six months to plan and was only available for a limited period.

Impact on Local Food Systems

Farm-to-table restaurants significantly influence local food systems by promoting sustainable agriculture practices and strengthening connections between producers and consumers. For example, a study of Chez Panisse, often credited as a pioneer of the farm-to-table model, highlights its role in re-localizing food systems. The restaurant's emphasis on direct relationships with local farmers has inspired sustainable agricultural practices and fostered a network of producers dedicated to quality and eco-friendly farming. This social integration, as described in studies, has been critical in fostering sustainable food systems and supporting long-term relationships between producers and restaurants.

Additionally, research indicates that consumers demonstrate a willingness to pay a premium for locally sourced ingredients in various restaurant formats, including fine dining, casual, and fast-casual settings. A study conducted in Kentucky explored consumer preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for local food. Results showed that consumers value local sourcing not only for its perceived freshness and taste but also for supporting local economies. These findings suggest a growing trend where consumers are increasingly motivated to choose restaurants that prioritize transparency and local food legitimacy

Criticism

Despite the growth in farm-to-table restaurants, the movement has been met with some criticism. A Boston Globe critic argues it is a fad by millennials whose obsession with food resembled their parents' generational affinity for "music and drug of choice"^[9]. The movement is also criticized for being relatively less affordable than other forms of food and dining^[10]. Others argue that the farm-to-table term is not fully understood by consumers. For example, foods advertised as farm-to-table are considered healthier regardless of actual nutritional content^[3].

Additionally, critics highlight the lack of transparency in defining "local" and the prevalence of "local washing," where restaurants make false claims about their sourcing practices. A study on consumer perceptions found that this ambiguity undermines trust and creates confusion among diners, who may pay a premium for products they assume are locally sourced but may not actually meet clear standards^[7].

Moreover, while programs like "Buy Local" in Kentucky aim to promote legitimate farm-to-table practices, they have yet to address broader concerns about accessibility and affordability. The higher cost of locally sourced ingredients often results in higher menu prices, limiting the movement's reach to wealthier demographics. This has raised concerns that the movement may unintentionally exclude lower-income individuals from participating in or benefiting from sustainable dining practices^[8].

Critics also point to the logistical challenges faced by restaurants, including the higher costs and variability associated with sourcing from small, local farms. These factors can make farm-to-table operations less viable in urban and rural settings without significant institutional support or consumer demand^[8].

Modern Market Acquisition

The growing consumer demand for fresh, natural, and responsibly sourced ingredients has catalyzed significant activity in the farm-to-table restaurant sector. Modern Market, a fast-casual restaurant chain based in Denver, exemplifies this trend. Founded in 2009, it operates 28 locations across Colorado, Texas, Arizona, Washington, D.C., and Maryland. The restaurant emphasizes sustainable and scratch-made cuisine, offering dishes like curry salmon bowls, farmer salads, and Belgian waffles made with cage-free eggs. The chain’s appeal to modern health-conscious diners attracted Butterfly Equity, a Los Angeles-based private equity firm focused on food and agriculture, which acquired Modern Market in 2018. The acquisition underscores how investors view the farm-to-table movement as a key growth area in the restaurant industry.

Broader Market Dynamics

Other notable developments include TPG Growth acquiring Mendocino Farms, a farm-to-table chain, and Fresh&co purchasing a 35-acre farm to support its seasonal organic menu. These moves highlight the increasing alignment between farm ownership and restaurant operations as businesses strive to meet consumer preferences for transparency and sustainability.

Restaurant fraud

Journalist investigations at the Tampa Bay Times and San Diego Magazine found widespread fraud in the claims made by the area's farm-to-table restaurants. Cases included a restaurant previously bought from a farm-to-table provider but has since switched to different suppliers without updating the menu; a restaurant claims to buy from a farmer, but the farmer denies ever having sold to that restaurant; a restaurant serving a type of food the cited farmer or fisher has never grown or caught or which is currently out of season or not being provided; a restaurant claiming to serve food from a provider which has gone out of business years ago; food from the claimed source makes up only a small portion of the type of food on the plate. In such cases the food actually served is usually non-local or even "commodity" food which is cheaper and more available out-of-season. In some cases food claimed to be "wild caught", "preservative-free", "made in-house", "Fresh from Florida", or "Long Island duck" was not.

Such practices open restaurants to lawsuits from both the farmer whose name is being used fraudulently, and lawsuits from consumers who have purchased mislabelled food products, as well as enforcement actions by government agencies. Tampa Bay Times food critic and investigative reporter Laura Reiley attributes fraud in part to the rise of the farm-to-table trend since 2012, the lack of time of restaurants to deal directly with farms whereas they normally would deal with one or two large distributors, and in many cases sheer profit motive.

Further information: Food fraud

See also

• EU Farm to Fork strategy
• Slow Food
• Food miles
• Low-carbon diet
• Organic farming
• Sustainable agriculture
• Kitchen garden
• Bean-to-bar
• Vertical integration

External links

• How to tell if your ‘local’ food is actually local
• Farm to Fork Strategy – for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system (European Union).