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Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle)

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This article is about the Pacific Motorway in New South Wales between Sydney and Newcastle. For the Pacific Motorway in Queensland and Northern New South Wales, see Pacific Motorway (Brisbane–Brunswick Heads).

Pacific Motorway

New South Wales
View of Pacific Motorway northbound at Berowra
Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle) is located in New South Wales
SW end
SW end
NE end
NE end
Coordinates
General information
TypeMotorway
Length127.4 km (79 mi)[1]
Opened15 December 1965
GazettedAugust 1974[2]
Maintained byDMR (1965–1989)
RTA (1990–2011)
RMS (2011–2019)
TfNSW (2020–present)
Route number(s) M1 (2013–present)
Former
route number		 National Highway 1 (1974–2013)
Freeway Route F3 (1973–1982)
Major junctions
SW end Pennant Hills Road
Wahroonga, Sydney
 
NE endWeakleys Drive
Beresfield, New South Wales
Location(s)
RegionGreater Sydney, Central Coast, Hunter
Major suburbs / townsBerowra, Mount White, Peats Ridge, Somersby, Ourimbah, Tuggerah, Warnervale, Mandalong, Awaba, Minmi
Highway system

M1 Pacific Motorway is a 127-kilometre (79 mi) motorway linking Sydney to Newcastle via the Central Coast and Hunter regions of New South Wales. Formerly known but still commonly referred to by both the public and the government as the F3 Freeway, Sydney–Newcastle Freeway, and Sydney–Newcastle Expressway, it is part of the AusLink road corridor between Sydney and Brisbane.

Route

[edit]

Pacific Motorway commences at its southern end at an intersection with Pennant Hills Road in Wahroonga partially shared with ramps from Northconnex, then heads in a northerly direction, immediately passing under the interchange with Pacific Highway and then another interchange with NorthConnex in Sydney's north. It continues north, skirting the western edge of Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, running parallel with the railway line until it descends to the Hawkesbury River, crossing at Kangaroo Point in Brooklyn. Immediately north of the river, the Hawkesbury River interchange provides access to Brooklyn and Mooney Mooney before the road climbs. At Mount White there are major heavy vehicle checking stations on both northbound and southbound carriageways, to assess compliance and roadworthiness of trucks.

The motorway passes through the Brisbane Water National Park, and the Calga interchange gives access to Peats Ridge. The motorway then turns east to cross Mooney Mooney Creek by way of the 480 m (1,575 ft) long, 75 m (246 ft) high Mooney Mooney Bridge before it reaches the first major interchange on the Central Coast at Kariong. After Kariong, the motorway continues through rural and semi-rural areas of the Central Coast with interchanges at Ourimbah, Tuggerah, Warnervale and Kiar, near Doyalson. From the Doyalson interchange the motorway continues to the west of Lake Macquarie with interchanges near Morisset, Cessnock, Toronto and West Wallsend.

At the West Wallsend interchange, eastbound traffic travels along Newcastle Link Road (route A15) into Newcastle via Wallsend, and westbound traffic travels along Hunter Expressway (route M15) towards Kurri Kurri and Singleton, while the motorway continues north to eventually terminate at a signalised intersection with Weakleys Drive and John Renshaw Drive, in Beresfield. From here traffic bound for Highway 1 takes John Renshaw Drive and New England Highway eastwards to meet Pacific Highway at Hexham; and Weakleys Drive connects with New England Highway westwards towards Maitland.

Between Wahroonga and Ourimbah the motorway passes through rugged sandstone country, particularly as it descends to and ascends from the Hawkesbury River. This section of the motorway is characterised by deep cuttings and extensive embankments.

Approximate road distances (in kilometres) from Sydney of towns and cities along the Pacific Motorway (and Brisbane)
Jolls Bridge, north of the Hawkesbury River
View southbound at Berowra
Southbound on the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway, approaching the Mooney Mooney Bridge

History

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Early planning

[edit]

Planning for a freeway began in 1952, with the aim of providing a high-speed replacement for a section of Pacific Highway that had been built in 1925–30 which was struggling to cope with the increased traffic. It was planned that the freeway would connect to the freeway systems being proposed for both Sydney and Newcastle, providing a city-to-city freeway link.

The route between Mount White and Kariong was originally planned to be further south than the route as built, with an easier crossing of Mooney Mooney Creek.[3] By the time that construction on this section was to begin, resistance from the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service to the proposed route forced the Department of Main Roads to take a route through Calga, using part of the first stage of a proposed freeway route to Singleton which had been built in the 1960s. That scheme has never been further developed.

The route through the northern part of the Central Coast also changed; instead of passing east of Wyong along the western edge of the Tuggerah Lakes, development in that area forced the freeway to be moved to the west of Wyong, with link roads being constructed to meet Pacific Highway near Doyalson and Tuggerah.

In addition, the freeway was revised to go to the west of Lake Macquarie in the Lower Hunter rather than the east, and thereby bypass Newcastle. One of the reasons for this change of location was the issue of connectivity to Pacific Highway north of Newcastle, as the route of the Newcastle Inner City Bypass, which would have provided a northern extension of the freeway, is problematic in terms of its northern terminus point at Sandgate not easily allowing for a northward freeway-standard route to join to Pacific Highway.

The sections of the Newcastle Inner City Bypass from Pacific Highway at Bennetts Green to Kotara and from Jesmond to Sandgate have since been constructed, while the original freeway route between Belmont and Bennetts Green and then northward to Pacific Highway at Merewether Heights is still reserved from development, with the possibility that it could be constructed in the future.

A turnoff sign when it was named a Tollway. Taken from DMR, 1968

Construction

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The major stages in the construction of the freeway were:[4]

  • April 1963 – Construction began on the 7 km (4 mi) section from the Hawkesbury River to Mount White. This was opened as a toll road in December 1965.
  • October 1966 – Opening of the Mount White-Calga section (including first section of proposed freeway to link to New England Highway at Singleton).
  • December 1968 – Opening of Berowra to Hawkesbury River section as a toll road.
  • October 1973 – Completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, thereby connecting the Berowra-Hawkesbury River and Hawkesbury River-Calga sections. At this time the separate tolls for the sections north and south of the Hawkesbury (20 cents for each section) were abolished and a single toll of 50 cents was introduced. This was collected at the Berowra toll booths, and the Mooney Mooney toll booths were removed. The toll was removed in 1990 when the Federal Government adopted a policy that a condition of its direct funding of the national highways was that they were to be toll-free.
  • December 1983 – Concurrent opening of the Somersby to Ourimbah and Kangy Angy to Wallarah Creek sections, including the single carriageway motorway link from Wallarah Creek to Pacific Highway at Doyalson (today Doyalson Link Road).
  • December 1986 – Opening of the 15 km (9 mi) section between Calga and Somersby including the Mooney Mooney Bridge.[5]
  • September 1987 – Freeway completed from Wallarah Creek interchange to Mandalong Road interchange.
  • March 1988 – Freeway completed from Mandalong Road interchange to Freemans Waterhole interchange.
  • March 1989 – Wahroonga to Berowra section opened[6]
  • December 1990 – Section from Freemans Waterhole Interchange to Palmer's Road completed.
  • December 1993 – Palmer's Road to Minmi section opened.
  • December 1997 – "Missing link" between Ourimbah and Kangy Angy opened.
  • November 1998 – Final stage of freeway opened between Minmi and John Renshaw Drive, Beresfield.

It has also undergone several subsequent upgrades:

  • December 2004 – Completion of widening to six lanes of the four-lane sections between the Hawkesbury River and Calga. As part of this work, a new south bound truck weighing station was built at Mount White to replace the facility at Berowra. The station was built on the existing two-lane alignment, and a new three-lane south bound alignment was built for car traffic.
  • November 2009 – Completion of widening to six lanes of the four-lane sections between Wahroonga and the Hawkesbury River, resulting in a continuous six lane width over the 43 km (27 mi) from Wahroonga to Kariong.[7] This work was completed in three stages; stage 1 – Cowan to Berowra (3.4 km (2 mi)), completed September 2008, stage 2 – Berowra to Mount Kuring-Gai (4.9 km (3 mi)), completed September 2009) and stage 3 – Mount Kuring-Gai to Mount Colah (4.2 km (3 mi)), completed November 2009.
  • August 2013 – road signs were changed to show the new M1 marker and the new name Pacific Motorway as part of a new statewide alpha numeric route scheme.[8]
  • March 2019 – Replacement of the roundabout on Pacific Motorway, John Renshaw and Weakleys Drives, with a signalised intersection.[9][10]
  • May 2020 – Completion of widening Pacific Motorway to three lanes in each direction from Kariong to Somersby.[11][12][13]
  • June 2020 – Completion of widening Pacific Motorway to three lanes in each direction from Tuggerah to Doyalson.[14][15][13]
  • October 2021 – Extension of extension to Raymond Terrace announced[16]

A number of interim F3 Freeway and National Highway 1 sections existed which have since been downgraded to local roads. These sections were used by freeway traffic until bypasses or new alignments were constructed.

  • Peats Ridge Road, used between 1966 (opening of Mount White–Calga section) and 1986. The road opened to traffic in 1964 and linked the freeway at Calga with Pacific Highway at Ourimbah until it was bypassed by a more direct alignment. The section between Calga and Peats Ridge was an upgrade of an existing road, while the section from Peats Ridge to Ourimbah was a new grade-separated, two-lane road with long sections of third lane. The section from Somersby to Ourimbah was rebuilt to form part of the freeway and opened in 1983.[17]
  • The section of Pacific Highway between Ourimbah Creek Road and 33°19′43″S 151°23′13″E / 33.328478°S 151.386916°E / -33.328478; 151.386916 at Kangy Angy, used between 1955 and 1997. Freeway and Pacific Highway traffic shared this section until it was bypassed in 1997.[18][19]
  • Doyalson Link Road (opened as Motorway Link), used between 1983 and 1988. It was the interim northern end of the freeway and still connects directly to Pacific Highway after the freeway was extended.[20]
  • The section of Lenaghans Drive north of Stockrington Road, used 1993 and 1998. It was the interim northern end of the freeway and connected directly to the John Renshaw Drive intersection.[21]

Identity

[edit]
The northbound and southbound cafes at the Warnervale interchange are called "Cafe F3", reflecting the road's former route allocation and its common name.

The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924[22] through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (MRB, later Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929[23] to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Department of Main Roads (having succeeded the MRB in 1932) declared Sydney-Newcastle Expressway as a motorway (under plan number 6003), on 7 August 1974,[2] and was re-declared to cover each extension until it reached its northern terminus in Beresfield; the motorway today still retains this declaration (under Motorway 6003).[24]

The freeway at one stage carried the Freeway Route 3 (or F3) designation. This route numbering system, introduced in 1973, was to provide distinctive route numbering and signage for freeways in Sydney and the surrounding areas.[25] However, it was quickly replaced by the National Highway 1 designation in 1974.[26] Despite this, it was still often referred to as the F3 Freeway, with this title being used not only colloquially but on state and federal government documents and also some road signs.

The turnoff sign at Pennant Hills. Photo taken 2003

With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, National Highway 1 was replaced with route M1, and Sydney-Newcastle Expressway was officially renamed as M1 Pacific Motorway.[27][28][29]

The name is used for the F3 Derby, a rivalry between professional soccer teams from Sydney and Newcastle. The men's derby uses a concrete drilling core from the freeway, while the women's derby uses a piece of guard rail.[30][31]

Proposed upgrades and connections

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Core sampling in preparation for construction of the Hunter Expressway

Strong public resistance in the 1970s to freeways being constructed within cities and unfavourable outcomes of government inquiries resulted in several freeway proposals in Sydney being abandoned. This included the connecting Lane Cove Valley and North Western Expressways, which means that Pacific Highway (a six-lane urban arterial) continues to be the connecting route between the freeway's southern terminus at Wahroonga and the city centre. In October 2020, NorthConnex opened via an alternative route, connecting the motorway at Wahroonga with the M2 Hills Motorway near the Pennant Hills Road interchange. Through traffic can proceed to the city centre via the Lane Cove Tunnel, or to Canberra and Melbourne via Westlink M7 and Hume Highway.[32]

Northern extension to Raymond Terrace

[edit]

Originally part of the upgrade of Pacific Highway but now a separate project, an extension of Pacific Motorway is proposed to be constructed between the existing northern end and the Raymond Terrace bypass of Pacific Highway.[33] This section of John Renshaw Drive and Pacific Highway between these two points is currently a major bottleneck during holiday and long weekend periods, with delays lasting hours not uncommon. The layout of the twin bridges across the Hunter River at Hexham was designed primarily for local traffic to and from Newcastle, rather than to connect Pacific Highway north of Newcastle to the freeway.

The Environment Impact Statement (EIS) of the extension was released in July 2021. The extension is expected to be completed by 2028.[34] Construction formally commenced in January 2024.[35]

Traffic disruption

[edit]

Other than Pacific Highway, which the motorway has superseded, the motorway is the only direct route between Sydney and the Central Coast, and is the major road route for road transport from Sydney to the Central Coast, Hunter, Mid North Coast, Northern Rivers and Queensland. The motorway thus carries a heavy mix of commuter traffic, road freight transport, and (periodically) holiday and recreational travellers. It often suffers from traffic disruptions, generally associated with traffic volume and congestion related to on-road breakdowns and vehicle accidents, or natural disasters (in particular, bushfire).[36][37]

In addition traffic on the motorway is frequently affected by vehicle crashes, often involving trucks.[38][39] These events have encouraged the NSW motoring organisation NRMA to call for more freight to be moved by rail to reduce the number of trucks using the motorway.[40]

Bushfires have caused closure of the motorway and the nearby railway line and Pacific Highway between Sydney and the Hawkesbury River on a number of occasions. One such event of this type was recorded on 21 and 22 January 2007, when a fire broke out in the adjoining Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The fire forced the closure of the two roads and the railway line between Sydney and the Central Coast, resulting in extended disruption to traffic flow.[citation needed]

Because of the frequency of these disruptions to traffic flow, arguments for a second major freeway north from the Sydney metropolitan area continue to be pushed forward.[41][42] However topography and resultant cost rules this out for practical purposes, other than indirect routes crossing the Hawkesbury in the vicinity of Wiseman's Ferry, some 30 km upstream of the current crossing.

Following criticism of significant delays due to accidents and blockages,[43] the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority announced in 2010 that it was undertaking a $28 million emergency plan for the motorway which involved the development of a 40 km/h contraflow traffic scheme to allow vehicles to travel around an accident.[44]

Traffic volume

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The Annual average daily traffic (AADT) data from the Roads & Traffic Authority showed a decline in traffic volume on the motorway near its southern end at Wahroonga, from 78,600 in 2002 to about 76,600 in 2005 and then to 75,800 in 2006.[41]

The 2004 AADT figures for other locations on the motorway include 73,400 at Mooney Mooney, just north of the Hawkesbury River bridge, 60,100 near Wyong, 38,500 near Wyee, 27,000 near Freemans Waterhole and 33,000 near its northern terminus at Beresfield.[45]

Interchanges

[edit]
LGALocationkm[1]miExitDestinationsNotes
HornsbyWahroonga0.00.0 Pennant Hills Road (Cumberland Highway) (A28) – Pennant Hills, ParramattaSouthern terminus of motorway and route M1
Hornsby–Ku-ring-gai boundary0.10.062Wahroonga interchange Pacific Highway (A1) – Hornsby, PymbleHalf-diamond interchange, northbound entrance and southbound exit only
1.81.1 NorthConnex (M11) – Parramatta, West Pennant Hills, PrestonsNorthbound entrance and southbound exit only
HornsbyMount Colah4.83.0Mount Colah interchangeKu-Ring-Gai Chase Road – Mount Colah, Bobbin HeadHalf-diamond interchange, southbound entrance and northbound exit only
Berowra10.56.5Windybanks interchange Pacific Highway (B83) – Berowra, Mount Kuring-gaiHalf-trumpet interchange, southbound entrance and northbound exit only
Cowan14.28.8Berowra interchange Pacific Highway (B83) – BerowraPartial Y interchange, northbound entrance and southbound exit only
Central CoastMooney Mooney24.115.0Hawkesbury River interchange Pacific Highway (B83) – Mooney Mooney, BrooklynControlled offset dumbbell interchange
Mount White32.320.1Mount White interchange Pacific Highway (B83) – Mount WhiteTrumpet interchange
Calga37.723.4Calga interchange Pacific Highway (B83 east) – Mooney Mooney Creek, Somersby
Peats Ridge Road (north) – Calga, Peats Ridge
Somersby44.027.3Kariong interchange Central Coast Highway (A49 east) – Gosford, Woy Woy, Terrigal
Wisemans Ferry Road (B83 north) – Somersby, Wisemans Ferry		Partial Y/Half diamond interchange
50.931.6Somersby interchangePeats Ridge Road – Somersby, Peats RidgeTrumpet interchange
Ourimbah57.435.7Ourimbah interchangePacific Highway  – Ourimbah, PalmdaleDumbbell interchange
Mardi–Tuggerah boundary62.939.1Tuggerah interchange Wyong Road (B74 east) – Wyong, Tuggerah, The Entrance
Old Maitland Road (west) – Alison		Partial dumbbell interchange with northbound loop
Halloran–Jilliby–Wallarah tripoint72.044.7Warnervale interchange Sparks Road (B70 east, unallocated west) – Warnervale, ToukleyDiamond interchange with northbound loop
Connected to Wallarah Creek Interchange
Halloran–Jilliby–Wallarah–Kiar quadripoint74.546.3Wallarah Creek interchange Doyalson Link Road (A43) – Doyalson, SwanseaPartial Y interchange, southbound entrance and northbound exit only
Connected to Warnervale Interchange
Lake MacquarieMorisset86.553.7Morisset interchange Mandalong Road (B53) – Morisset, Doyalson, CooranbongDiamond interchange
Cooranbong99.661.9Freemans Waterhole interchange Freemans Drive (B82 north, unallocated south) – Kurri Kurri, CessnockHalf-diamond interchange, southbound entrance and northbound exit only
Freemans Waterhole103.564.3Awaba interchangePalmers Road – TorontoDiamond interchange
West Wallsend116.672.5West Wallsend interchange George Booth Drive (B89 south, unallocated north) – CardiffHalf-diamond interchange, southbound entrance and northbound exit only
Cameron Park118.073.3Newcastle interchange Hunter Expressway (M15 west) – Branxton, Singleton, Tamworth
Newcastle Link Road (A15 east) – Wallsend, Newcastle		Stack interchange with northbound loop
Not to be confused with Newcastle Interchange
NewcastleBlack Hill124.677.4Black Hill interchangeBlack Hill Road – Black HillNorthbound entry only
126.778.7Lenaghans Drive – LenaghanSouthbound entrance and exit only
126.978.9Pacific Motorway northern extension – Raymond TerraceUnder construction, scheduled completion in 2028[16]
Beresfield–Black Hill boundary127.479.2 John Renshaw Drive (A1 east, B68 west) – Kurri Kurri, Cessnock, Hexham, TareeNorthern terminus of route M1, route A1 continues east along John Renshaw Drive
Weakleys Drive (north) – MaitlandNorthern terminus of motorway
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Pacific Motorway" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Main Roads Act 1924". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 103. National Library of Australia. 23 August 1974. pp. 3248–9. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Future route between Mount White and Somersby". Ozroads. Department of Main Roads. 1965. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Sydney-Newcastle Freeway". NSW Roads & Traffic Authority. 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
  5. ^ "F3 Sydney–Newcastle Freeway between Calga and Somersby" (PDF). Ozroads. Department of Main Roads New South Wales. 1987. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  6. ^ Mary Boson and Nicole Taylor (23 March 1989). "Motorists Rejoice as Bypass Opens". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  7. ^ "F3 proposed widening". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006. RTA F3 Project Information
  8. ^ "Next round of alphanumeric signs to be updated". Roads & Maritime Services. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  9. ^ McKinney, Max (3 December 2018). "Hunter intersection leaves roundabout behind with new traffic lights". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  10. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway Upgrades - Weakleys Drive and John Renshaw Drive intersection". Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  11. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway Upgrades – Kariong to Somersby". Transport for NSW. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  12. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway upgrade between the Kariong and Somersby interchanges" (PDF). Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Roads and Maritime Services. May 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  13. ^ a b "M1 Pacific Motorway Upgrades - Community update – Projects completed" (PDF). Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Transport for NSW. June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  14. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway Upgrades – Tuggerah to Doyalson". Transport for NSW. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  15. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway widening between the Tuggerah and Doyalson interchanges" (PDF). Transport for NSW - Roads and Maritime. Roads and Maritime Services. August 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  16. ^ a b "M1 extension to Raymond Terrace - interactive portal | Transport for NSW | Community Analytics". caportal.com.au. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  17. ^ "National Highway 1 - Former Alignment at Peats Ridge". Ozroads. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  18. ^ "National Highway 1 - Former Alignment from Ourimbah Creek Rd to Kangy Angy". Ozroads. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  19. ^ "F3 Sydney - Newcastle Freeway : Ourimbah Creek Road to Kangy Angy Creek : review of environmental factors : volume 2" (PDF). OpenGov NSW. Roads and Traffic Authority. 1994. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  20. ^ "NSW State Route 111 - Motorway Link - former alignment of National Highway 1". Ozroads. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  21. ^ "National Highway 1 - Former alignment: Lenaghans Drive". Ozroads. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  22. ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to provide for the better construction, maintenance, and financing of main roads; to provide for developmental roads; to constitute a Main Roads Board Archived 11 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 10 November 1924
  23. ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to amend the Main Roads Act, 1924-1927; to confer certain further powers upon the Main Roads Board; to amend the Local Government Act, 1919, and certain other Acts; to validate certain payments and other matters; and for purposes connected therewith. Archived 12 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 8 April 1929
  24. ^ Transport for NSW (August 2022). "Schedule of Classified Roads and Unclassified Regional Roads" (PDF). Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  25. ^ "Ozroads: NSW Freeway Routes". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Ozroads: NSW Freeway Routes[self-published source]
  26. ^ "Ozroads: Sydney-Newcastle Freeway". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016. Ozroads: Sydney-Newcastle Freeway – Construction Information[self-published source]
  27. ^ "Road number and name changes in NSW" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  28. ^ Government Gazette of NSW 1 February 2013 Page 8 Archived 28 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, NSW Government, Retrieved on 6 June 2013.
  29. ^ Government Gazette of NSW 1 May 2013 Page 15 Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, NSW Government, Retrieved on 6 June 2013.
  30. ^ Walsh, Dan (11 December 2022). "Kuol your jets: Why breakout Socceroo still warms Mariners' bench". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  31. ^ Comito, Matt (12 October 2023). "Mariners & Jets unveil incredible new F3 Derby trophy: It's even more bizarre than the last!". ALeagues.com.au. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  32. ^ "What are the benefits of NorthConnex?". NorthConnex. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  33. ^ "F3 Freeway to Raymond Terrace Upgrade". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2006. F3 to Pacific Highway route study
  34. ^ "M1 Pacific Motorway extension to Raymond Terrace Project update – Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). Transport for NSW. July 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  35. ^ "Construction underway on M1 Pacific Motorway extension to Raymond Terrace" (Press release). Prime Minister of Australia. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  36. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Auslink Sydney Brisbane Corridor Strategy, p15
  37. ^ Faulks, I.J., Irwin, J.D., Tynan, D., Dabbas, W.M., Sweedler, B. & Stewart, K., (2009). Motorways and heavy vehicle safety: The F3 Sydney – Newcastle Freeway. Paper presented to the NSW Department of Emergency Services seminar on the F3 Freeway Heavy Vehicle Safety and Emergency Management, held at Berowra NSW, Saturday 27 June 2009.
  38. ^ "F3 closed: third smash in four days". abc.net.au. 1 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  39. ^ The Age news story on crash 31 January 2008 Archived 3 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "Trucks face ban on F3 Highway to Hell – Daily Telegraph, 31 January 2008". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  41. ^ a b Pearlman review of F3 to M7 Corridor Selection, published August 2007 Archived 17 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Truck smash causes freeway frustration – National – smh.com.au". www.smh.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  43. ^ "RTA 'bungled truck inferno reaction'". abc.net.au. 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  44. ^ "F3 Freeway emergency traffic management plan". Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010.
  45. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) NSW RTA AADT for Northern region including Hunter, 2004
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