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2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season

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2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedDecember 3, 2009
Last system dissipatedApril 5, 2010
Strongest storm
NameUlui
 • Maximum winds215 km/h (130 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances15
Total depressions13
Tropical cyclones8
Severe tropical cyclones5
Total fatalities12 total
Total damage$163 million (2010 USD)
Related articles
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12

The 2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season began on December 3, 2009 with the formation of Tropical Disturbance 01F, 32 days after the cyclone season had officially begun on November 1, 2009. The season ended on April 30, 2010. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the southern Pacific Ocean east of 160°E. Additionally, the regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season; the "tropical cyclone year" began on July 1, 2009 and ended on June 30, 2010.[1] Tropical cyclones between 160°E and 120°W and north of 25°S are monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service. Those that move south of 25°S are monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington, New Zealand.[1] The first tropical disturbance of the season formed on December 3, about 1015 km (700 mi) to the north of Suva, Fiji and later intensified into Tropical Cyclone Mick. The last system, 15F, dissipated on April 5 of the following year.

Seasonal outlooks

[edit]
Source/Record Tropical
Cyclone 		Severe
Tropical Cyclone 		Ref
Record high: 1997–98: 16 1982–83:10 [2]
Record low: 2003–04: 3 2008–09: 0 [2]
Averages: 9 [3]
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
NIWA 8–11 2–3 [4]
RSMC Nadi 8–11 2–3 [3]

Ahead of the cyclone season, RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2009.[4] The outlook took into account the El Niño conditions and normal developments during a near-normal season.[4] The outlook called for a near average number of tropical cyclones for the 2009–10 season, with eight to eleven tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of about nine.[4] At least two of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was likely to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.[4] The outlook also noted that it was likely that the first storm would develop prior to the end of December.[4] During February 2010, a seasonal forecast update was issued which maintained the original forecast of eight to eleven named tropical cyclones.[5] In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlooks, RSMC Nadi issued their own seasonal forecast for their area of responsibility.[3] Within their outlook RSMC Nadi predicted that between eight and eleven tropical cyclones, would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 9.[3] At least two of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was likely to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.[3]

Both the Island Climate Update and RSMC Nadi's tropical cyclone outlooks assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island or territory.[3][4][5] Regional sea surface temperatures indicated that the Coral Sea was warmer than normal, but this was not expected to increase the risk of tropical cyclones in the western South Pacific.[4] As a result, it was predicted that the island nations located to the west of the International Date Line, would face a near average risk of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[4] However island nations to the east of the dateline such as Niue and Tonga, faced an increased risk of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[4] It was also noted that cyclones could affect parts of southwest French Polynesia and the southern Cook Islands during an El Niño, while the number of ex tropical cyclones coming to within 550 km (340 mi) of New Zealand was expected to remain about normal.[4] Within the Island Climate Update forecast update it was reported that the Solomon Islands faced an increased risk of tropical cyclones affecting them.[5]

Seasonal summary

[edit]
Cyclone TomasCyclone UluiCyclone PatCyclone OliTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

The 2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season was near its climatological average, with eight tropical depressions intensifying into tropical cyclones within the South Pacific to the east of 160°E, while another system became a tropical cyclone after it had left the basin.[6] a warm ENSO episode persisted during the season through April, peaking in late December.[6] The El Niño event slowly decayed due to consistently negative SOI values and weak trade winds in the tropics.[6] The active Madden–Julian oscillation phases generally occurred during periods of increased convective activity in the region, but in March, only a weak pulse traversed the region but at the same time an Equatorial Rossby wave tracked westwards and triggered Cyclone's Tomas and Ului.[6]

Tropical Cyclone Mick was the first tropical disturbance to grace the waters of the South Pacific Ocean during the season. Tropical Cyclone Mick originally developed as a Tropical Disturbance on December 3, and gradually developed before it was named Tropical Cyclone Mick late on December 12. During the next couple of days the disturbance, the system accelerated towards the southeast while gradually intensifying further before peaking on December 14, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h, (65 mph) and 1-minute winds of 130 km/h, (80 mph). Later that day, Mick made landfall on Viti Levu to the northeast of Nadi and as a result of land interaction, Mick rapidly weakened and became an extratropical depression early the next day. On December 6, Tropical Disturbance 02F developed about 1000 km (620 mi) to the north of Suva, Fiji.

Storms

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Tropical Cyclone Mick

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Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationDecember 3 – December 15
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

Late on December 3, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 01F had developed out of a weak area of low pressure to the northeast of Fiji. Over the next few days the disturbance gradually developed before RSMC Nadi reported that it had intensified into a tropical depression late on December 11. During the next day the system intensified further with the JTWC starting to issue warnings declaring it as Tropical Cyclone 04P. Later that day RSMC Nadi reported that Mick had intensified into a category one tropical cyclone and named it as Mick, while it was located about 225 km, (140 mi) to the west of Rotuma. During the next day Tropical Cyclone Mick accelerated towards the southeast while gradually intensifying further, before during December 14, as Mick approached the Fijian island of Viti Levu, the cyclone developed an eye. RSMC Nadi then declared that Mick had peaked with 10 minute windspeeds of 110 km/h, (65 mph) while the JTWC reported that it had peaked with 1 minute winds of 130 km/h, (80 mph). Later that day, Mick made landfall on Viti Levu to the northeast of Nadi. As a result of land interaction, Tropical Cyclone Mick rapidly weakened and became an extratropical depression early the next day. The extratropical remnants of Tropical Cyclone Mick were tracked by RSMC Nadi and TCWC Wellington for another 2 days before they dissipated early on December 18 Just inside TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility.

At least 6 fatalities have been attributed to Mick.[7]

Extratropical Depression 03F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 7 – January 10
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
1002 hPa (mbar)

Early on January 7, RSMC Nadi reported that an extratropical depression had formed about 770 km (480 mi), to the southwest of Papeete in French Polynesia and assigned it the designation of 03F.[8] The depression dissipated on January 10.

Tropical Depression 04F (Olga)

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 18 – January 20(crossed 160°E)
Peak intensityWinds not specified;
1002 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Disturbance 04F formed on January 18 and strengthened to a Tropical Depression as it moved south-west through the Solomon Islands. On January 20 it crossed the 160°E meridian into the Australian Basin, where it developed into Tropical Cyclone Olga.

Tropical Depression 05F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationJanuary 23 – January 28
Peak intensityWinds not specified;
998 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 05F formed on January 23 near 11S 179E, about 200 miles (320 km) south of Funafuti, Tuvalu. It dissipated on January 28.

Tropical Cyclone Nisha

[edit]
Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 27 – January 31
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

RSMC Nadi announced the formation of Tropical Depression 06F on January 27 near 14S 172W. This was only about 320 miles (510 km) NE of the position then being given for 05F and these may have developed from the same system.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Oli

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Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 29 – February 8
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min);
925 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Oli

Tropical Disturbance 07F formed on January 29 near 12S 177E. It was upgraded to a depression late on the 30th. On February 1, the JTWC designated 07F as 12P, and the RSMC upgraded it to Tropical Cyclone Oli. On February 3 it strengthened to become the first Severe Tropical Cyclone since Gene in early 2008.

At least one person was killed by large swells produced by the storm in French Polynesia.[9]

Tropical Depression 08F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationFebruary 1 – February 4
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
997 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 08F formed on February 2 near 15S 145W, just south of the King George Islands. However it dissipated on February 4.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pat

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Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 6 – February 11
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Pat

Tropical Depression 09F formed on February 6 near 8ºS 166ºW, about 375 miles (604 km) east of Tokelau. On the 7th, the JTWC designated it as Tropical Cyclone 14P, and on the 8th RSMC upgraded it to become Tropical Cyclone Pat. By the 10th it reached Severe Tropical Cyclone strength as it moved towards the southern Cook Islands, and a hurricane warning was then issued for Aitutaki and its neighbours.[10] The eye of the cyclone was reported to have passed right over Aitutaki, with continuous winds estimated locally at 100 knots for 4 hours.[11] There was extensive damage to housing and a hospital, and the Cook Island government declared a State of Disaster.[12]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Rene

[edit]
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 9 – February 17
Peak intensity155 km/h (100 mph) (10-min);
945 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 10F formed on February 9 near 13S 172W, in the vicinity of Samoa. Late on February 11, RSMC Nadi upgraded the storm to a category 1 cyclone and named it Rene.[13] It continued to strengthen as it moved south of American Samoa, and reached Category 4 on February 14. In American Samoa roads were damaged by landslides caused by the cyclone's heavy rain, and substantial damage was caused to crops.[14] It had weakened to category 3 when it passed through the Vava'u island group of Tonga, and on February 15 the eye was reported to have passed over the Tongan capital Nuku'alofa.[15] The main island of Tongatapu was left without power and water.[16]

Tropical Cyclone Sarah

[edit]
Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationFebruary 17 – March 3
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
995 hPa (mbar)

On February 17, RSMC Nadi commenced reporting on an unnumbered tropical disturbance located near 8.6ºS 162.0ºW, about 120 miles (190 km) north-northwest of Rakahanga in the Cook Islands. RSMC Nadi reported that the disturbance was moving west while the JTWC reported that the disturbance was moving east. Eventually, they both agreed on which direction it was moving and RSMC Nadi upgraded the disturbance to Tropical Depression 11F. It soon weakened, but remained identifiable until February 22 when it was again classified as a Tropical Depression. On February 26 it was at last upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Sarah and Tropical Storm by JTWC, being then about 90 miles (140 km) north of Palmerston Island.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ului

[edit]
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 9 – March 14 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min);
915 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Ului

Tropical Disturbance 13F formed on March 9 at 12.0ºS 167.0ºE, about 80 miles (130 km) north of Hiw Island, Vanuatu. The next day it was classified as a Tropical Depression. On March 12, 13F was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone Ului. By early on the 13th, it was a category 2 cyclone. Later that day, Ului strengthened into a category 3, making it a severe tropical cyclone. The storm continued to strengthen throughout the day and that night it became a category 5. Ului became the first category 5 South Pacific cyclone since Severe Tropical Cyclone Percy in February 2005. On March 14, Ului exited the Pacific Region and entered the Australian Region.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas

[edit]
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
DurationMarch 10 – March 17
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min);
925 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Tomas

Shortly after the first advisory on Tropical Disturbance 13F was issued on March 9, the FMS began monitoring a new disturbance, designated 14F, further east.[17] The following day, deep convection began to develop around the disturbance's low-level circulation, prompting the JTWC to begin monitoring it for possible cyclonic development.[18] Later on March 10, the FMS upgraded the system to a tropical depression as it continued to become better organized.[19] Located within an environment characterized by low wind shear, further intensification was anticipated as convection continued to develop over the expanding system.[20] Around 1500 UTC on March 11, the JTWC issued their first advisory on the cyclone, classifying it as Tropical Storm 19P.[21] Several hours later, the FMS upgraded the system to a Category 1 cyclone and gave it the name Tomas. Rapid intensification was expected to take place over the following 48 hours as sea surface temperatures ahead of the storm averaged 30 °C (86 °F), well-above the threshold for tropical cyclone development.[22] Throughout the day on March 12, Tomas steadily intensified,[23] and early the next day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Category 1 equivalent hurricane with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[24]

Convective banding substantially increased on March 13, allowing Tomas to become the fourth severe tropical cyclone of the season early the next morning.[25] Around the same time, the JTWC assessed the storm to have attained winds of 155 km/h (95 mph), ranking it as a Category 2 cyclone.[24] By the afternoon of March 14, Tomas had developed a banding-eye feature surrounded by deep convection. At this point, the FMS assessed the storm to have winds of 150 km/h (95 mph) and a pressure of 950 hPa (mbar).[26] The JTWC also noted further intensification, upgrading Tomas to a Category 3 equivalent storm.[24] Tomas intensified on the night of March 14 and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone(according to the Fiji Meteorological Service) with winds up to 170 km/h and gusts up to 215 km/h blowing roofs off some houses and damaging buildings around the eastern side of Vanua Levu.

Throughout Fiji, Cyclone Tomas wrought widespread damage, killing two people and leaving $83.4 million in losses.[27] One person was killed on Vanua Levu after being swept out to sea by large swells while trying to rescue her two sisters, a niece and a nephew near Namilamila Bay.[28]

Tropical Depression 15F

[edit]
Tropical depression (Australian scale)
 
DurationMarch 30 – April 5
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

During March 30, RSMC Nadi reported that a depression had developed, along a trough of low pressure about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[29][30] During that day the system moved southeastwards before it was designated as Tropical Depression 15F during the next day.[31]

Other systems

[edit]

The following weak tropical disturbances and depressions were also monitored by RSMC Nadi, however these systems were either short lived or did not develop significantly. During December 6, Tropical Disturbance 02F developed within a trough of low pressure about 1000 km (620 mi), to the north of Suva, Fiji.[32] Over the next few days, the disturbance moved towards the southeast and remained weak, before it was last noted on December 11 as 01F developed into a tropical depression. Depression 03F, developed on January 7, about 770 km (480 mi) to the southwest of Papeete on the French Polynesian island of Tahiti.

Season effects

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This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2009–2010 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and or TCWC Wellington. The Damage figures are all 2010 USD

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Mick December 3–15 Category 2 Tropical Cyclone 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Fiji 33 million 3 [33][34]
02F December 6–12 Tropical Disturbance Unknown 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) None None None
03F January 7–10 Depression 65 km/h (40 mph) 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) French Polynesia, Southern Cook Islands None None
Olga January 18–21 Tropical Depression Unknown 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Solomon Islands Unknown 2 [35]
05F January 23–28 Tropical Depression N/A 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) None None None
Nisha January 27–31 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Samoan Islands, Southern Cook Islands None None [36]
Oli January 29 – February 7 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Samoan Islands, Cook Islands, French Polynesia $70 million 1
08F February 2–4 Tropical Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) French Polynesia, Southern Cook Islands None None
Pat February 6–11 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 140 km/h (85 mph) 960 hPa (28.32 inHg) Cook Islands $13.7 million None
Rene February 9–17 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 155 km/h (95 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Samoan islands, Tonga $18 million None
Sarah February 17 – March 3 Category 1 tropical cyclone 65 km/h (40 mph) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) Cook Islands Unknown None
12F February 2010 Tropical Disturbance Unknown Unknown None None None
Ului March 9–14 Category 5 severe tropical cyclone 215 km/h (135 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Vanuatu, Solomon Islands Unknown 1
Tomas March 9–17 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Fiji $45 million 3 [37]
15F March 30 – April 5 Tropical Depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None
Season aggregates
15 systems December 3 – April 5 215 km/h (135 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) >$165 million 10

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  2. ^ a b Climate Services Division (October 26, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Prasad, Rajendra (October 21, 2009). "2009/2010 South Pacific tropical cyclone season outlook" (PDF). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Tropical cyclone outlook: normal". The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c "Tropical cyclone outlook update: normal". The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "4,000 people in Fiji displaced by cyclone". Radio New Zealand International. December 16, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  8. ^ "International Marine Warning — Other 2010-01-07 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "1 killed in Cyclone Oli in French Polynesia". Seattle Times. Associated Press. February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
  10. ^ "Special Weather Bulletin Number 11 for Southern Cooks on Tropical Cyclone Pat". Fiji Meteorological Service. February 10, 2010. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  11. ^ "Mayor says Aitutaki storm worst in memory". Radio New Zealand International. February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  12. ^ "Wide range of housing in Aitutaki wrecked by Cyclone Pat, but resorts escape damage". Radio New Zealand International. February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  13. ^ "Tropical Disturbance Summary 2010-02-11 2010 UTC". RSMC Nadi. February 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  14. ^ "American Samoa baby born the night of the storm is named after Cyclone Rene". Radio New Zealand International. February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  15. ^ "Damage already apparent in cyclone battered Tongan capital". Radio New Zealand International. February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  16. ^ "Tonga's main island without power and water following Rene". Radio New Zealand International. February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  17. ^ "Nadi Marine Bulletin for March 9, 2010 at 1800 UTC". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  18. ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ "Nadi Marine Bulletin for March 10, 2010 at 1800 UTC". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 10, 2010. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  20. ^ "Tropical Depression 14F Advisory A1 and A2". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 19P Advisory NR 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  22. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Tomas Advisory A6". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Tomas Storm Warning Ten". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2010). "Tropical Cyclone 19P (Tomas) Running Best Track". United States Navy. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  25. ^ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas Advisory A13". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 14, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  26. ^ "Severe Tropical Cyclone Tomas Advisory A15". Fiji Meteorological Service. March 14, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ Government of Fiji (May 24, 2010). "Cabinet provided with status report on relief, rehab. and recons. efforts for TC Tomas". Relief Web. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  28. ^ Vaimoana Tapaleao (March 16, 2010). "Storms fiercer than Katrina batter Fiji and Solomons". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  29. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 31, 2010). "Gale Warning 052 March 30, 2010 100z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  30. ^ Climate Services Division (July 29, 2011). Annual Climate Summary 2010 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  31. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 31, 2010). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 31, 2010 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  32. ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary 2009-12-06 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
  33. ^ McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W.; Devi, Swastika (December 16, 2010). "Flooding in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2009" (PDF). Risk Frontiers. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
  34. ^ Fiji National Disaster Management Council (January 8, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Mick Damages Assessments, Response & Relief Actions and Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Recommendations (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Provincial Development & National Disaster Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  35. ^ Solomon Islands National Disaster Council (February 5, 2010). "National Disaster Council Situation Report No.6 2010-02-05" (PDF). Pacific Disaster.Net. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  36. ^ Unattributed (2010). "Storm events for American Samoa: Tropical Storm Nisha". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  37. ^ Fiji National Disaster Management Council (June 1, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Tomas Damages Assessments, Response & Relief Actions and Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Recommendations (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Provincial Development & National Disaster Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
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