Exhaustion by compact sets

In mathematics, especially general topology and analysis, an exhaustion by compact sets^[1] of a topological space $X$ is a nested sequence of compact subsets $K_{i}$ of $X$ (i.e. $K_{1}\subseteq K_{2}\subseteq K_{3}\subseteq \cdots$ ), such that each $K_{i}$ is contained in the interior of $K_{i+1}$ , i.e. $K_{i}\subset {\text{int}}(K_{i+1})$ , and $X=\bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }K_{i}$ .

A space admitting an exhaustion by compact sets is called exhaustible by compact sets.^[2]

As an example, for the space $X=\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ , the sequence of closed balls $K_{i}=\{x:|x|\leq i\}$ forms an exhaustion of the space by compact sets.

There is a weaker condition that drops the requirement that $K_{i}$ is in the interior of $K_{i+1}$ , meaning the space is σ-compact (i.e., a countable union of compact subsets.)

Construction

If there is an exhaustion by compact sets, the space is necessarily locally compact (if Hausdorff). The converse is also often true. For example, for a locally compact Hausdorff space $X$ that is a countable union of compact subsets, we can construct an exhaustion as follows. We write $X=\bigcup _{1}^{\infty }K_{n}$ as a union of compact sets $K_{n}$ . Then inductively choose open sets $V_{n}\supset {\overline {V_{n-1}}}\cup K_{n}$ with compact closures, where $V_{0}=\emptyset$ . Then ${\overline {V_{n}}}$ is a required exhaustion.

For a locally compact Hausdorff space that is second-countable, a similar argument can be used to construct an exhaustion.

Application

For a Hausdorff space $X$ , an exhaustion by compact sets can be used to show the space is paracompact.^[3] Indeed, suppose we have an increasing sequence $V_{1}\subset V_{2}\subset \cdots$ of open subsets such that $X=\bigcup V_{n}$ and each ${\overline {V_{n}}}$ is compact and is contained in $V_{n+1}$ . Let ${\mathcal {U}}$ be an open cover of $X$ . We also let $V_{n}=\emptyset ,\,n\leq 0$ . Then, for each $n\geq 1$ , $\{(V_{n+1}-{\overline {V_{n-2}}})\cap U\mid U\in {\mathcal {U}}\}$ is an open cover of the compact set ${\overline {V_{n}}}-V_{n-1}$ and thus admits a finite subcover ${\mathcal {V}}_{n}$ . Then ${\mathcal {V}}:=\bigcup _{n=1}^{\infty }{\mathcal {V}}_{n}$ is a locally finite refinement of ${\mathcal {U}}.$

Remark: The proof in fact shows that each open cover admits a countable refinement consisting of open sets with compact closures and each of whose members intersects only finitely many others.^[3]

The following type of converse also holds. A paracompact locally compact Hausdorff space with countably many connected components is a countable union of compact sets^[4] and thus admits an exhaustion by compact subsets.

Relation to other properties

The following are equivalent for a topological space $X$ :^[5]

$X$ is exhaustible by compact sets.
$X$ is σ-compact and weakly locally compact.
$X$ is Lindelöf and weakly locally compact.

(where weakly locally compact means locally compact in the weak sense that each point has a compact neighborhood).

The hemicompact property is intermediate between exhaustible by compact sets and σ-compact. Every space exhaustible by compact sets is hemicompact^[6] and every hemicompact space is σ-compact, but the reverse implications do not hold. For example, the Arens-Fort space and the Appert space are hemicompact, but not exhaustible by compact sets (because not weakly locally compact),^[7] and the set $\mathbb {Q}$ of rational numbers with the usual topology is σ-compact, but not hemicompact.^[8]

Every regular Hausdorff space that is a countable union of compact sets is paracompact.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Lee 2011, p. 110.
^ Harder 2011, Definition 4.4.10.
^ ^a ^b Warner 1983, Ch. 1. Lemma 1.9.
^ Wall, Proposition A.2.8. (ii) NB: the proof in the reference looks problematic. It can be fixed by constructing an open cover whose member intersects only finitely many others. (Then we use the fact that a locally finite connected graph is countable.)
^ "A question about local compactness and $\sigma$-compactness". Mathematics Stack Exchange.
^ "Does locally compact and $\sigma$-compact non-Hausdorff space imply hemicompact?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.
^ "Can a hemicompact space fail to be weakly locally compact?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.
^ "A $\sigma$-compact but not hemicompact space?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

References

Leon Ehrenpreis, Theory of Distributions for Locally Compact Spaces, American Mathematical Society, 1982. ISBN 0-8218-1221-1.
Hans Grauert and Reinhold Remmert, Theory of Stein Spaces, Springer Verlag (Classics in Mathematics), 2004. ISBN 978-3540003731.
Harder, Günter (2011). Lectures on algebraic geometry. 1: Sheaves, cohomology of sheaves, and applications to Riemann surfaces (2nd ed.). ISBN 3834818445.
Lee, John M. (2011). Introduction to topological manifolds (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-7939-1.
Warner, Frak W. (1983). Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag.
Wall, C. T. C. Differential Topology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107153523.

External links

"Exhaustion by compact sets". PlanetMath.
"Existence of exhaustion by compact sets". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

[FOOTNOTELee2011110-1] Lee 2011, p. 110.

[FOOTNOTEHarder2011Definition_4.4.10-2] Harder 2011, Definition 4.4.10.

[Warner-3] Warner 1983, Ch. 1. Lemma 1.9.

[4] Wall, Proposition A.2.8. (ii) NB: the proof in the reference looks problematic. It can be fixed by constructing an open cover whose member intersects only finitely many others. (Then we use the fact that a locally finite connected graph is countable.)

[5] "A question about local compactness and $\sigma$-compactness". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

[6] "Does locally compact and $\sigma$-compact non-Hausdorff space imply hemicompact?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

[7] "Can a hemicompact space fail to be weakly locally compact?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

[8] "A $\sigma$-compact but not hemicompact space?". Mathematics Stack Exchange.

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