Exclamation mark: Difference between revisions
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An '''exclamation mark''' or '''exclamation point''' is a [[punctuation]] mark: '''!''' It is usually used after an [[interjection]] or [[exclamation]] to indicate strong feelings or high volume, and often marks the end of a sentence. |
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==History== |
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The exclamation mark was introduced into English printing in the 1400s, and was known as the "note of admiration" until the mid 1600s.<ref>''Eats, Shoots & Leaves'', p. 137</ref> In German orthography, the sign made its first appearance in the [[Luther Bible]] in 1797<ref>[http://www.uni-koeln.de/pi/i/2002.127.htm Wolfgang Mathias, Cologne University (2002)]</ref>. |
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The mark was not featured on standard manual typewriters before the 1970s. Instead, one typed a [[full stop]], backspaced, and then typed an [[apostrophe]].<ref>Truss, Lynne. ''Eats, Shoots & Leaves'', 2003. p. 135. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.</ref> |
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==Usage== |
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A sentence ending in an exclamation mark is either an actual [[exclamation]] ("Wow!", "Boo!"), a command ("Stop!"), or is intended to be astonishing in some way ("They were the footprints of a gigantic hound!"). However, exclamation marks can also be placed mid-sentence and function like a comma ("There was a loud ''bang!'' at the door.") |
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Casually, exclamation marks may be repeated for additional emphasis ("That's great!!!"), but this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal composition.<ref>[http://www.e-strategyguide.gov.au/make_email_work/effective_email Effective use of email]</ref> |
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Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is generally considered poor writing, as it distracts the reader and reduces the mark's meaning. Some authors however, most notably [[Tom Wolfe]], are known for unashamedly liberal use of the exclamation mark. In [[comic book]]s, the constant appearance of exclamation marks is common; see [[Exclamation mark#Comics|Comics]], below. |
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For information on the use of spaces after an exclamation mark, see the discussion of [[Full stop#Spacing after full stop|spacing after a full stop]]. |
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One study has shown that women use exclamation marks more than men do. <ref>[http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/waseleski.html Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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==Languages== |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=January 2007}} |
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The exclamation mark is common to languages using the [[Latin alphabet]], although usage varies slightly between languages. The exclamation mark is also used in languages with other scripts, such as [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. |
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=== French === |
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In [[French language|French]], the exclamation mark is used to mark orders or requests: ''viens ici !'' ("English: come here"). Like the question mark (?), colon (:) and semi-colon (;), the exclamation mark takes a preceding space.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} |
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===German=== |
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In [[German language|German]], the exclamation mark has several specific uses for which [[English language|English]] employs other forms of [[punctuation]]: |
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*In the salutation line of a letter, for which English uses a [[Comma (punctuation)|comma]]: ''Lieber Hans!'' (English: "Dear Hans,") In this case, the first word of the following sentence begins with a capital letter. However, usage of a comma, as in English, is both also acceptable and far more common. |
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*On signs, not just those warning of danger as discussed below, the exclamation mark is used to emphasize the sign's content: ''Betreten verboten!'' (English: "No trespassing") |
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*At the end of an [[Grammatical mood#Imperative mood|imperative]] sentence: ''Ruf mich morgen an!'' (English: "Call me tomorrow.") |
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===Spanish=== |
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In the [[Spanish language]], a sentence or clause ending in an exclamation mark must also begin with an [[Inverted question mark and exclamation point|inverted exclamation mark]] (the same also applies to the [[question mark]]): |
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:''¿Estás loco? ¡Casi la matas!'' (English: "Are you crazy? You almost killed her!") |
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For informal written communications, however, usage of inverted question and exclamation marks has become less common. |
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===Turkish=== |
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In the [[Turkish Language]], an exclamation mark is used at the end of a sentences or phrase to indicate irony when used in paranthesis "(!)". |
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===Phonetics=== |
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In [[Khoisan languages]], and the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the exclamation mark is used as a letter to indicate the [[postalveolar click]] sound (represented as ''q'' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]] orthography). In [[Unicode]], this letter is properly coded as U+01C3 ({{unicode|ǃ}}) and distinguished from the common punctuation symbol U+0021 (!) to allow software to deal properly with word breaks. |
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The exclamation mark has sometimes been used as a [[phonetic notation|phonetic symbol]] to indicate that a consonant is [[ejective consonant|ejective]]. More commonly this is represented by an [[apostrophe]], or a [[superscript]] [[glottal stop]] symbol ({{unicode|ˀ}}). |
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===Interrobang=== |
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{{main|Interrobang}} |
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There is a punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of a [[question mark]] and an exclamation mark in [[English language|English]] called [[interrobang]], which resembles those marks superimposed over one another ("{{unicode|‽}}") but the sequence of "?!" or "!?" is used more often. |
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==Proper names== |
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Although exclamation marks are, as a standard, part of a complete sentence and not the spelling of individual words, they appear in many proper names, especially in commercial advertising. Prominent examples include the [[World Wide Web|Web]] service [[Yahoo!]] and the [[game show]] ''[[Jeopardy!]]''. The titles of the [[musical theatre|musicals]] ''[[Oklahoma!]]'', ''[[Oliver!]]'' and ''[[Oh! Calcutta!]]'' and the movies ''[[Airplane!]]'' and ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' also contain exclamation marks. Writer [[Elliot S! Maggin]] started spelling his name that way in the seventies. |
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===Place names=== |
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The [[England|English]] town of [[Westward Ho!]], named after [[Westward Ho! (novel)|the novel]] by [[Charles Kingsley]], is the only place name in the [[United Kingdom]] that officially contains an exclamation mark. There is a town in [[Quebec]] called [[Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec|Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!]], which is spelled with two exclamation marks. |
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[[Image:Achtung.svg|thumb|80px|Warning signs are often an exclamation mark enclosed within a triangle]] |
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==Warnings== |
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Exclamation marks are used to emphasize a [[precautionary statement]]. |
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On [[warning sign]]s, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. These signs are common in hazardous environments or on potentially dangerous equipment. A common type of this warning is a yellow triangle with a black exclamation mark, but a white triangle with a red border is common on European road warning signs. |
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==Use in various fields== |
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===Mathematics=== |
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In [[mathematics]] the symbol represents the [[factorial]] operation. The expression ''n''! means "the product of the [[integers]] from 1 to ''n''". For example, 4! (read ''four factorial'') is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. (0! is defined as 1, which is a [[neutral element]] in [[multiplication]], not multiplied by anything.) |
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===Computers=== |
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In [[computing]], the exclamation mark corresponds to [[ASCII]] [[character (computing)|character]] 33 (21 in [[hexadecimal]]). It is therefore found in [[Unicode]] at {{U+}}0021. The inverted exclamation mark is found in [[ISO-8859]]-[[ISO-8859-1|1]], [[ISO-8859-9|9]] and [[ISO-8859-15|15]] at position 161 (A1<sub>HEX</sub>) and therefore in unicode at U+00A1. |
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Several computer languages use "!" for various meanings, most importantly for logical negation; e.g. A != B means "A is not equal to B", and !A means "the logical negation of A" (also called "not A"). In this context, the exclamation is named the ''bang'' character; other programmers call it a ''shriek'' or ''screech''. Invented in the US, it is claimed that ''bang'' is from Unix and ''shriek'' from Stanford or MIT; however, ''shriek'' is found in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dating from the 1860s. In the [[BBC BASIC]] programming language (and [[BCPL]]) it is called a ''pling'' and is used to reference a 32-bit word. |
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Plings are also used in [[Acorn Computers Ltd|Acorn]] [[RISC OS]] to denote an "appfolder": a folder that when double clicked executes a program file inside called ''!Run''. Other files in the appfolder generally contain resources the application needs to run. The appfolder can be viewed as a normal folder by [[double click|double-clicking]] with the [[shift key]] held down. In addition, other special resource files such as ''!Boot'' (executed the first time the application containing it comes into view of the filer) and ''!Sprites'' (an icon file containing icon definitions loaded if ''!Boot'' cannot be found) also start with a pling. |
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Early [[e-mail]] systems also used the exclamation point as a separator character between hostnames for routing information, usually referred to as "[[Bang path#UUCP for mail routing|bang path]]" notation. |
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In the [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] protocol, a user's nickname and [[ident]] are separated by an exclamation point in the [[hostmask]] assigned to him or her by the server. |
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In the [[Geek Code]] version 3, "!" is used before a letter to denote that the geek refuses to participate in the topic at hand. In some cases, it has an alternate meaning, such as ''G!'' denoting a geek of no qualifications, ''!d'' denoting not wearing any clothes, ''P!'' denoting not being allowed to use Perl, and so on. They all share some negative connotations however. |
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When computer programs display messages that alert the user, an exclamation mark may be shown alongside it to indicate that the message is important and should be read. This often happens when an error is made, or to obtain user consent for hazardous operations such as deleting data. |
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In UNIX shell and Perl scripting, "!" is usually used after a "#" in the first line of a script to tell the OS what program to use to run the script. This is usually called a "hashbang" or [[shebang (Unix)|shebang]]. |
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===Internet culture=== |
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In recent [[Internet#Internet culture|Internet culture]], especially where [[leet]] is used, an excessive way of expressing exclamation in text is seen as ''!!!!!!111''. This notation originates from the eagerness to add multiple exclamation marks but failing to hit the [[shift key]]–1 combination (to produce the mark on most [[keyboard layout]]s) properly. Later this behavior has evolved into a sign of recognition for certain Internet cultures who now intentionally add ''1''s after their expressions either to ridicule people who do it without purpose or as a sign of recognition towards others who also are familiar with the behavior. As a further pun to this development of [[linguistics]], some add literal ''one''s such as ''!!!!!one!11'' to explicitly state that their use of ''1''s was intentionally typed, since ''one'' is fairly unlikely to be typed by accident. |
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===Fandom=== |
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In [[fandom]], "!" is used to signify a defining quality in a character, as in romantic! Draco from [[Harry Potter fandom]]. Almost always the character in question is a [[canon (fiction)|canon]] character, and most often the quality is one that is unusual, or non-canon. <!-- broken link: [http://quizilla.com/cgi-bin/result/list/list.pl] --> |
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Occasionally, the "!" notation will describe a physical appearance thought to trigger certain reactions, as in shirtless!Vaughn from Alias, or to clarify the current persona of a character, such as armor!Al from [[Fullmetal Alchemist]]. The origin of this usage is unknown, although it is hypothesized to have originated with certain [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] [[action figures]], for example, "Football Player! Leonardo", "Rockstar! Raphael", and "Breakdancer! Michaelangelo". [http://www.godawful.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=13374&highlight=exclamation] |
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===Music=== |
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A music group, based in Sacramento, California and New York City, NY has utilized the exclamation point to spell its name: [[!!!]]. The band's name is pronounced as "any syllable repeated three times"; the most frequent alpha respelling is "chk chk chk", pronounced as "Chick Chick Chick". Other pronunciations include "Pow Pow Pow" and "Bang Bang Bang". It is less often referred to as "Exclamation point exclamation point exclamation point", as that has proven too verbose. |
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In the popular music game ''[[In The Groove 2]]'', there is a song called "!", which fans reference by the name "Bang". |
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===Comics=== |
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[[Image:Action252.jpg|thumb|This ''Action Comics'' cover from 1959 ends every sentence with an exclamation mark or question mark. Often, few or no periods would be used in the entire book.]] |
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Some [[comic book]]s, especially [[superhero]] comics of the mid-20th century, routinely use the exclamation mark instead of the period. This tends to lead to exaggerated speech, inline with the other [[hyperbole]]s common in comic books. A portion of the motivation, however, was simply that a period might disappear in the printing process used at the time, whereas an exclamation point would likely remain recognizable even if there was a printing glitch. |
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In comic books and [[comics]] in general, a large exclamation mark is often used in the proximity of a character's head to indicate surprise. A [[question mark]] can similarly be used to indicate confusion. This practice also appears in some [[computer and video games]]. |
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===Chess=== |
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{{main|Punctuation (chess)}} |
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In [[Algebraic chess notation|chess notation]] [[Punctuation (chess)#.21: Good move|"!" denotes a good move]] and [[Punctuation (chess)#.E2.80.BC: Brilliant move|"!!" denotes an excellent move]]. Likewise, in some chess variants such as large board [[Shogi variant]]s, "!" is used to record pieces capturing by stationary feeding or burning. |
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===Baseball=== |
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Exclamation marks or [[asterisk]]s can be used on scorecards to denote a "great defensive play".<ref>http://baseball-almanac.com/score2b.shtml</ref> |
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==Sarcasm== |
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In writing and often [[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitles]], especially in [[British English]], a '''(!)''' symbol (an exclamation mark within [[Bracket#Parentheses_%28_%29|brackets]]) implies that a character has made an obviously [[sarcasm|sarcastic]] comment eg: "''Ooh, a sarcasm detector. Oh, that's a'' really useful'' invention(!)''"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1210_how_to_converse/page13.shtml|title=Being sarcastic |accessdate=2008-07-31|publisher=BBC}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Question mark]] |
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* [[Interrobang]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Exclamation marks}} |
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* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/u+0021 U+0021 Exclamation Mark] — Decode Unicode |
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[[Category:Punctuation]] |
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[[Category:Typography]] |
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[[ar:علامة التعجب]] |
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[[ca:Signe d'exclamació]] |
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[[cs:Vykřičník]] |
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[[da:Udråbstegn]] |
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[[de:Ausrufezeichen]] |
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[[et:Hüüumärk]] |
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[[es:Signos de exclamación]] |
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[[eo:Krisigno]] |
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[[eu:Harridura-marka]] |
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[[fa:علامت تعجب]] |
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[[fr:Point d'exclamation]] |
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[[gd:Clisg-phuing]] |
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[[gl:Signo de admiración]] |
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[[ko:느낌표]] |
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[[hr:Uskličnik]] |
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[[it:Punto esclamativo]] |
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[[he:סימן קריאה]] |
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[[kk:Леп белгісі]] |
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[[lv:Izsaukuma zīme]] |
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[[lt:Šauktukas]] |
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[[ln:Elembo ya ligángisi]] |
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[[hu:Felkiáltójel]] |
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[[nl:Uitroepteken]] |
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[[ja:感嘆符]] |
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[[no:Utropstegn]] |
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[[oc:Punt d'exclamacion]] |
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[[pl:Wykrzyknik]] |
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[[pt:Ponto de exclamação]] |
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[[ru:Восклицательный знак]] |
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[[simple:Exclamation mark]] |
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[[sk:Výkričník]] |
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[[sl:Klicaj]] |
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[[sh:Uskličnik]] |
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[[fi:Huutomerkki]] |
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[[sv:Utropstecken]] |
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[[th:อัศเจรีย์]] |
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[[tr:Ünlem işareti]] |
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[[uk:Знак оклику]] |
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[[zh:叹号]] |
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Revision as of 02:34, 19 January 2009
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