Jump to content

Erzurum: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Soufle (talk | contribs)
416 edits
Soufle (talk | contribs)
416 edits
Line 215: Line 215:


==Notable natives==
==Notable natives==
;Armenians
* [[Arshak Gafavian]], Armenian military commander
* [[Gourgen Yanikian]], American-Armenian author, engineer and activist who murdered two Turkish consular officials.
* [[Johannes Avetaranian]] (a.k.a. Mehmet Sükrü), Seyyid (self-proclaimed descendant of the prophet Muhammed), Christian missionary
* [[Karekin Pastermadjian]], a leader of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] and an ambassador of [[Armenia]] to the [[United States|US]]
* [[Vartkes Serengülian]], ethnic Armenian deputy in the Ottoman parliament from 1908-1915 representing Erzurum.

;Turks
;Turks
* [[Acun Ilıcalı]] Television programmer
* [[Acun Ilıcalı]] Television programmer

Revision as of 16:16, 23 May 2011

Erzurum
Erzurum
Erzurum
Country Turkey
RegionEastern Anatolia
ProvinceErzurum Province
Government
 • MayorAhmet Küçükler (AKP)
Elevation
1,900 m (6,200 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Urban
367.250
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Websitewww.erzurum-bld.gov.tr

Erzurum is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rûm" (literally The Land of the Romans in Arabic).[1] To the Arabs, the city was known as Ḳālīḳalā (adopted from the Armenian name Karno K'aghak').[2] The town was known in Roman and subsequently Byzantine times as Theodosiopolis, acquiring its present name after its conquest by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.[2]

Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. (by 2010 it increased to 367,250) It is the capital of Erzurum Province, the largest province in Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region. The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level.

Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the Cold War. The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.

History

Further information: Erzurum Province § History

Early history

In ancient times Erzurum existed under the name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the region of Karin. After the partition of Armenia between the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387, the city passed into the hands of the Romans. They fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I.[3] As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.[4]

The Middle Ages

Theodosiopolis was conquered by the Umayyad general Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 700/701. It became the capital of the emirate of Qaliqala and was used as a base for raids into Byzantine territory. Though only an island of Arab power within Christian Armenian-populated territory, the native population was generally a reliable client of the Caliph's governors. As the power of the Caliphate declined, and the resurgence of Byzantium began, the local Armenian leaders preferred the city to be under the control of powerless Muslim emirs rather than powerful Byzantine emperors.[5]

In 931, and again in 949, Byzantine forces led by Theophilos Kourkouas, grandfather of the future emperor John I Tzimiskes, captured Theodosiopolis. Its Arab population was expelled and the city was resettled by Greeks and Armenians.[6] Emperor Basil II rebuilt the city and its defenses in 1018 with the help of the local Armenian population.[7] In 1071, after the decisive battle at Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks took possession of Theodosiopolis. The Saltuklus were rulers of an Anatolian beylik (principality) centered in Erzurum, who ruled from 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.

Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians (the latter knew the city as Karnu-Kalaki) until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleymanshah II. Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of Anatolia (Rüm) in early 14th century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanate, and after their fall, became part of the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen, empire of Timur Lenk and White Sheep Turkmen. Finally, in 1514 the region was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I , so called Selim the Inflexible. During the Ottoman Empire reign, the city served as the main base of Ottoman military power in the region.

It was the capital of the eyalet of Erzurum. Early in the seventeenth century, the province was threatened by Safavid Persia and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha. This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Jelali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628.

Modern history

Photograph by W. L. Sachtleben showing Armenian victims of a massacre in Erzurum on October 30, 1895 being gathered for burial in a mass grave.[8]

The city was captured by the Russian Empire in 1829, but was returned to the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne), in September of the same year. During the Crimean war Russian forces approached Erzurum, but did not attack it because of insufficient forces and the continuing Russian siege of Kars. The city was unsuccessfully attacked (Battle of Erzurum (1877)) by a Russian army in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However in February 1878, the Russians took Erzurum without resistance, but it was again returned to the Ottoman Empire, this time under the Treaty of San Stefano. There were massacres of the city's Armenian citizens during the Hamidian massacres (1894–1896).[9][10]

The city was the location of one of the key battles in the Caucasus Campaign of World War I between the armies of the Ottoman and Russian Empires. This resulted in the capture of Erzurum by Russian forces under the command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916.

Erzurum was also a major deportation center during the Armenian Genocide in 1915.[11] In the late April 1915, about 450 prominent Armenians of Erzerum city were imprisoned. Most of them were intellectuals,community leaders, journalists and merchants. In early May 1915 they were all executed.[12] Prior to the war, the city had a vibrant Armenian community with numerous schools and served as the provincial residence of the Archbishop of the Armenian Apostolic Church. By the time the Russians entered in 1916, barely a hundred Armenians were left alive, out of a prewar population of 20,000;[13] it is estimated that approximately 90% of the Armenians of Erzurum province had perished.[14] By 1919, according to the American Committee for Relief in the Near East, Erzurum was left completely devoid of its Armenian population.[15] It is reported in Turkish sources that some Armenian troops serving in the Russian army carried out revenge killings in the area of Erzurum, after having witnessed the destruction that had been wrought against the Armenian population.[16]

Erzurum reverted to Ottoman control after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the key founders of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared an "Honorary Native" and freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic. The Erzurum Congress of 1919 was one of the starting points of the Turkish War of Independence.[17]

Climate

Erzurum has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Climate Classification Dwa). Summers are very warm and brief with cool nights, with an average of around 28°C (82.4°F). The highest recorded temperature being 36.5°C (97.7°F) was recorded on 31 July 2000. Winters are very cold with an average of -15°C (5°F), and temperatures usually fall below -30°C (-22°F). The lowest recorded temperature being -37.2°C (-34.96°F) was recorded on 28 December 2002. The best time to visit Erzurum apart from skiing is in the early summer when the temperatures are warm, and it is mostly sunny whilst humidity is low.

Climate data for Erzurum
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		9.6
(49.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.5
(97.7) 		33.3
(91.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		12.0
(53.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.5
(4.1) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−1.5
(29.4)
Record low °C (°F) −36.0
(−32.8) 		−37.0
(−34.6) 		−33.2
(−27.8) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−34.3
(−29.7) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−37.2
(−35.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.1
(0.79) 		23.8
(0.94) 		33.1
(1.30) 		57.7
(2.27) 		69.6
(2.74) 		43.2
(1.70) 		27.4
(1.08) 		15.5
(0.61) 		21.1
(0.83) 		48.7
(1.92) 		32.6
(1.28) 		22.0
(0.87) 		414.8
(16.33)
Average rainy days 11.8 11.9 13.1 14.8 16.9 10.5 6.4 5.4 4.6 10.8 9.9 11.6 127.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 89.9 106.4 148.8 177 235.6 300 341 328.6 264 198.4 129 80.6 2,399.3
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [1]

Economy

Further information: Erzurum Province
The Seljuk era Chifte Minareli Medrese is the symbol of Erzurum and appears on the city's coat of arms

One of the largest source of income and economic activity in the city has been Atatürk University. Established in 1950, it is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism also provides a portion of the province's revenues. The city is a popular destination in Turkey for winter sports at the nearby Palandöken Mountain.

Erzurum is notable for the small-scale production of objects crafted from Oltu stone: most are sold as souvenirs and include prayer beads, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, earrings and hairclips.

For now, Erzurum is the ending point of the South Caucasus Pipeline, also called the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. Erzurum will also be the starting point of the planned Nabucco pipeline which will carry natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin to the European Union member states. The intergovernmental agreement between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Austria to build the Nabucco pipeline was signed by five Prime Ministers on 13 July 2009 in Ankara.[18][19] The European Union was represented at the ceremony by the President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and the Commissioner for Energy Andris Piebalgs, while the United States was represented by the Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Richard Morningstar and the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senator Richard Lugar.[20][21]

Sports

Erzurum hosted following international winter sports events:

The city's football club Erzurumspor, which played in the years ⋅1998-2001 in the Turkish Super League, was forced to relegate TFF Third League due to financial problems.

Erzurum's football venue Cemal Gürsel Stadium has a capacity of 21,900 people. To be able to carry out the competitions of the Winter Universiade, a ski jumping ramp, an ice hockey arena and a curling hall were built in Erzurum.

Tourism

The citadel

Little of medieval Erzurum survives beyond scattered individual buildings such as the citadel fortress, and the 13th century Çifte Minareli Medrese (the "Twin Minaret" madrasa).

Six kilometres to the south of the center of Erzurum is an important skiing center on the Palandöken Mountain range. There are several ski runs; the south ski run is 8 km long, while the north ski run is intended for advanced skiers. The summit of Mt. Palandöken, which is called Büyük Ejder (Great Dragon), is at an altitude of 3188 metres. It can be reached with a chair lift which rises until an altitude of 3100 metres.

Cuisine

One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining widespread popularity around Turkey.

Kadayıf Dolması is an exquisite dessert made with walnut.

Transport

The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Erzurum is also the main railroad endpoint for the Eastern Anatolia region. Erzurum Airport, also used by the Turkish Air Force, has the second longest runway in Turkey.

Notable natives

Turks
Others
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erzurum.

References

  1. ^ Erzurum The name comes from the Arabic, "Arzu r-Rum," meaning "Land of the Romans."
  2. ^ a b Inalcik, Halil. "Erzurum". Encyclopedia of Islam. vol. ii. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1965, p. 712.
  3. ^ Garsoïan, Nina G. "The Foundation of Theodosiopolis-Karin" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 4. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 63-72.
  4. ^ Template:Hy icon Arakelyan, Babken N. "Հայաստանի Խոշոր Քաղաքները" ("The Great Cities of Armenia"). History of the Armenian People. vol. iii. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, p. 232.
  5. ^ Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 310, 320.
  6. ^ Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, p. 322.
  7. ^ Arakelyan. "The Great Cities of Armenia", pp. 232-233.
  8. ^ This photograph was published in the December 7th 1895 edition of the London-based illustrated newspaper The Graphic. See Gia Aivazian, "The W. L. Sachtleben Papers on Erzerum in the 1890s" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 223-260.
  9. ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 141.
  10. ^ Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 59, 127–129. ISBN 0-0605-5870-9.
  11. ^ For a detailed account of the massacres and deportations in the city and the region, see Simon Payaslian. "The Death of Armenian Karin/Erzerum", in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 339-364.
  12. ^ Payaslian. "The Death of Armenian Karin/Erzerum", pp. 348-349.
  13. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "Summit of the Earth: The Historical Geography of Bardzr Hayk", in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 51-56, 60.
  14. ^ Hewsen. "Summit of the Earth", p. 60.
  15. ^ Payaslian. "The Death of Armenian Karin/Erzerum", pp. 363-364.
  16. ^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, pp. 327-329. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  17. ^ See Richard G. Hovannisian, "The Competition for Erzerum, 1914-1921" in Armenian Karin/Erzerum, pp. 378ff.
  18. ^ "Europe gas pipeline deal agreed". BBC News. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  19. ^ "Turkey, EU countries sign gas pipeline deal". Today's Zaman. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  20. ^ "Nabucco Summits Begins". Turkish Press. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  21. ^ Ian Kelly (2009-07-13). "Signing Ceremony for the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Nabucco Pipeline" (Press release). United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Erzurum&oldid=430531822"