Ernest Rutherford: Difference between revisions
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sir srnest rutherford was the first man to split the atom this changed science and the world as we know it today |
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{{Infobox Scientist |
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|name = Ernest Rutherford |
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|image = Ernest Rutherford2.jpg |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1871|8|30}} |
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|birth_place = [[Brightwater]], New Zealand |
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|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1937|10|19|1871|8|30}} |
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|death_place = [[Cambridge]], England |
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|nationality = New Zealand |
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|fields = [[Physics]] |
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|workplaces = [[McGill University]]</br>[[Victoria University of Manchester|University of Manchester]] |
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|alma_mater = [[University of Canterbury]]</br>[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] |
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|academic_advisors = [[Alexander Bickerton]]</br>[[J. J. Thomson]] |
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|doctoral_students = |
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|notable_students = [[Mark Oliphant]]</br>[[Patrick Blackett]] </br>[[Hans Geiger]]</br>[[Niels Bohr]] </br>[[Otto Hahn]] </br>[[Cecil Powell]] </br>[[Edward Bullard|Teddy Bullard]]</br>[[Pyotr Kapitsa]] </br>[[John Cockcroft]] </br> [[Ernest Walton]] </br>[[Charles Drummond Ellis]]</br>[[James Chadwick]] </br>[[Ernest Marsden]]</br>[[Edward Andrade]]</br>[[Frederick Soddy]] </br> [[Edward Victor Appleton]] </br>[[Bertram Boltwood]] </br>[[Kazimierz Fajans]]</br>[[Charles Galton Darwin]]</br>[[Henry Moseley]]</br>[[A. J. B. Robertson]]</br> [[George Laurence]]</br>[[Robert William Boyle]] |
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|known_for = [[Nuclear physics|Father of nuclear physics]]</br>[[Rutherford model]]</br>[[Rutherford scattering]]</br>[[Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy]]</br>[[Proton|Discovery of proton]]</br>[[Rutherford (unit)]]</br>[[Artificial disintegration|Coined the term 'artificial disintegration']] |
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|influences = |
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|influenced = |
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|awards = [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1908) |
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|signature = ernest_rutherford_sig.jpg |
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}} |
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'''Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson''', [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], [[Royal Society|FRS]] (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand [[physicist]] who became known as the father of [[nuclear physics]]. He pioneered the [[Bohr model|orbital theory]] of the [[atom]] through his discovery of [[Rutherford scattering]] off the [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] with his [[Geiger-Marsden experiment|gold foil experiment]]. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1908. |
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KABOOM LAWL :) |
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==Early years== |
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Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, a farmer, and his wife Martha (born Thompson, originally from [[Hornchurch]], [[Essex]], England).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | first=A.H. | last=McLintock | encyclopedia=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand | title=Rutherford, Sir Ernest (Baron Rutherford of Nelson, O.M., F.R.S.) | edition=1966 | date=18 September 2007 | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/R/RutherfordSirErnestbaronRutherfordOf/RutherfordSirErnestbaronRutherfordOf/en | publisher=Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand | isbn=9780478184518 | accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> James had emigrated from [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Scotland, "to raise a little flax and a lot of children". Ernest was born at Spring Grove (now [[Brightwater]]), near [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], New Zealand. His first name was mistakenly spelt ''Earnest'' when his birth was registered.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last=Campbell | first=John | author= | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | encyclopedia=The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | title=Rutherford, Ernest 1871-1937 | url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=3R37 | edition=1996 | date=22 June 2007 | publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, | volume=3 | isbn=0478184514 | accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> He studied at Havelock School and then [[Nelson College]] and won a [[Bursary|scholarship]] to study at [[University of Canterbury#History|Canterbury College]], [[University of New Zealand]] where he was president of the [[debating society]], among other things. After gaining his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]] and [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], and doing two years of research at the forefront of electrical technology, in 1895 Rutherford travelled to England for postgraduate study at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]], [[University of Cambridge]] (1895–1898), and he briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected. During the investigation of [[radioactivity]] he coined the terms [[alpha ray|alpha]] and [[beta ray|beta]] to describe the two distinct types of [[radioactivity|radiation]] emitted by [[thorium]] and [[uranium]]. |
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==Middle years== |
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In 1898 Rutherford was appointed to the chair of physics at [[McGill University]] in [[Montreal]], Canada, where he did the work that gained him the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1908. In 1900 he gained a [[DSc]] from the University of New Zealand, and from 1900 to 1903 he was joined at McGill by the young [[Frederick Soddy]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], 1921) and they collaborated on research into the [[transmutation]] of [[Chemical element|elements]]. Rutherford had demonstrated that [[radioactivity]] was the spontaneous disintegration of [[atom]]s. He noticed that a sample of radioactive material invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its "[[half-life]]" – and created a practical application using this constant rate of decay as a [[clock]], which could then be used to help determine the age of the [[Earth]], which turned out to be much older than most of the scientists at the time believed. |
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In 1900 he married Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1945); they had one daughter, Eileen Mary (1901–1930), who married [[Ralph Fowler]]. |
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In 1907 Rutherford took the [[Chair (academic department)|chair]] of physics at the [[University of Manchester]]. There along with [[Hans Geiger]] and [[Ernest Marsden]] he carried out the [[Geiger-Marsden experiment]], which demonstrated the nuclear nature of atoms. It was his interpretation of this experiment that led him to the [[Rutherford model]] of the atom, with a very small positively-[[charge]]d [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] [[orbit]]ed by [[electrons]]. In 1919 he became the first person to transmute one [[chemical element|element]] into another when he converted [[nitrogen]] into [[oxygen]] through the [[nuclear reaction]] <sup>14</sup>N(α,p)<sup>17</sup>O. In 1921, while working with [[Niels Bohr]] (who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits), Rutherford theorized about the existence of [[neutron]]s, which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of [[proton]]s by causing an attractive [[nuclear force]] and thus keeping the nuclei from breaking apart. Rutherford's theory of [[neutron]]s was proved in 1932 by his associate [[James Chadwick]], who in 1935 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery. |
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==Later years== |
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He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1914. In 1919 he returned to the Cavendish as Director. Under him, Nobel Prizes were awarded to [[James Chadwick|Chadwick]] for discovering the neutron (in 1932), [[John Cockcroft|Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton|Walton]] for an experiment which was to be known as ''splitting the atom'' using a [[particle accelerator]], and [[Edward Victor Appleton|Appleton]] for demonstrating the existence of the [[ionosphere]]. He was admitted to the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] in 1925 and in 1931 was created '''Baron Rutherford of Nelson''', of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge, a title that became extinct upon his unexpected death in hospital following an operation for an umbilical [[hernia]] (1937). Since he was a peer, British protocol required that he be operated on by a titled doctor, and the delay cost him his life.<ref>{{cite web | author=D.A. Ramsay | title=Book review of Rutherford, Scientist Supreme by J. Campbell | url=http://isi.cbs.nl/sbr/sbrRev2001.htm#4 | work=ISI Short Book Reviews | publisher=International Statistical Institute | date=2001 | accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> He is interred in [[Westminster Abbey]], alongside [[J. J. Thomson]], and near [[Sir Isaac Newton]]. |
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==Legacy== |
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[[Image:Rutherford crocodile.jpg|right|thumb|Rutherford was known as "the crocodile". Engraving by [[Eric Gill]] at the original Cavendish site in Cambridge.]] |
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Rutherford's research, along with that of his protégé [[Mark Oliphant|Sir Mark Oliphant]], was instrumental in the convening of the [[Manhattan Project]] to develop the first [[nuclear weapon]]s. |
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Many items bear Rutherford's name in honour of his life and work: |
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; Scientific discoveries |
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* the element [[rutherfordium]], Rf, Z=104. (1997)<ref>{{cite news | author=Michael Freemantle | title=ACS Article on Rutherfordium | url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/rutherfordium.html | work=Chemical & Engineering News | publisher=American Chemical Society | date=2003 | accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> |
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* [[Impact crater|craters]] on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and the [[Moon]] |
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; Institutions |
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* [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]], a scientific research laboratory near [[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]], UK. |
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* [[Rutherford College, Auckland|Rutherford College]], a school in [[Auckland]], New Zealand |
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* [[Rutherford College, Kent|Rutherford College]], a college at the [[University of Kent]] in [[Canterbury]], UK |
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* the Rutherford Institute for Innovation at the [[University of Cambridge]], UK |
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* Rutherford Intermediate School, Wanganui, New Zealand |
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; Buildings |
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* a building of the modern [[Cavendish Laboratory]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], UK |
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* The Ernest Rutherford Physics Building at [[McGill University]], [[Montreal]], Canada<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=ErnestRutherford Physics Building | url=http://cac.mcgill.ca/campus/buildings/Rutherford_Physics.html | work=Virtual McGill | publisher=McGill University | date=24 January 2000 | accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> |
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* a physics classroom in Portsmouth Grammar School, Hampshire, UK. |
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* the physics and chemistry building at the [[University of Canterbury]], New Zealand |
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* The Coupland Building at the [[University of Manchester]] where Rutherford worked was renamed The Rutherford Building in 2006 |
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* The Rutherford lecture theatre in the Schuster building at the [[University of Manchester]] |
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; Halls of residence |
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* Rutherford Residence Hall at Fairleigh Dickinson University in Madison, NJ, USA. |
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* a student hall at [[Loughborough University]], Leicestershire, UK. |
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* [[Rochester and Rutherford Hall]], a boarding house at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. |
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; [[House system|School houses]] |
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* at Cashmere High School, [[Christchurch]], New Zealand |
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* at Corran School for Girls, Auckland, New Zealand |
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* at [[Island School]], Hong Kong |
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* at [[Macleans College]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand |
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* at [[Mount Roskill Grammar School]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand |
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* at Nelson College, New Zealand, his own high school |
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* at Rangiora High School, [[Rangiora]], New Zealand |
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* at Rangitoto College, [[Auckland]], New Zealand |
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* at [[Shirley Boys' High School]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand |
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* at [[St Andrews College]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand |
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* at [[Stepney Green School]], London, England |
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* at [[Tanjong Katong Secondary School]], [[Singapore]] |
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* at [[Waimea College]], Richmond, New Zealand |
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* at Westburn School in Christchurch |
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* at [[Hutt International Boys%27 School]], Upper Hutt, New Zealand |
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; Major streets |
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* [[Rutherford Close]], a residential street in [[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]], UK. |
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* Lord Rutherford Road in [[Brightwater]], New Zealand - his birthplace. |
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* Rutherford Road in the biotech district of [[Carlsbad, California]], USA. |
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* Rutherford Street in Nelson, New Zealand. |
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; Other |
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* The Rutherford Award at [[Thomas Carr College]] for excellence in [[VCE]] [[Chemistry]], Australia |
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* Image on New Zealand [[New Zealand dollar|$100 note]]. |
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* Rutherford was the subject of a play by Stuart Hoar. |
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* On the side of the Mond Laboratory on the site of the original [[Cavendish Laboratory]] in Cambridge, there is an engraving in Rutherford's memory in the form of a crocodile, this being the nickname given to him by its commissioner, his colleague [[Peter Kapitza]]. The initials of the engraver, [[Eric Gill]], are visible within the mouth. |
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== Publications == |
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*''Radio-activity'' (1904), 2nd ed. (1905), ISBN 978-1-60355-058-1 |
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*''Radioactive Transformations'' (1906), ISBN 978-160355-054-3 |
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*''Radiations from Radioactive Substances'' (1919) |
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*''The Electrical Structure of Matter'' (1926) |
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*''The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements'' (1933) |
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*''The Newer Alchemy'' (1937) |
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==See also== |
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* [[Science and technology in Canada]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite journal | title=Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937) | author=R.H. Cragg | journal=Royal Institute of Chemistry Reviews | volume= 4| issue=4 | pages=129–145 | year=1971 | doi=10.1039/RR9710400129}} |
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*{{cite journal | title=The Rutherford Memorial Lecture, 1954. Rutherford-His Life and Work, 1871-1937 | author= E. Marsden | journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A | volume=226 | issue=1166 | pages=283–305 | year=1954 | url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4630%2819541123%29226%3A1166%3C283%3ATRML1R%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G | doi=10.1098/rspa.1954.0254}} |
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== External links == |
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{{sisterlinks}} |
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*[http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html Biography] from Nobel prize official website |
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*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-lecture.html Nobel Lecture] ''The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances'' |
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*[http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/museum/rutherford_museum.htm The Rutherford Museum] |
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*[http://www.rutherford.org.nz Rutherford Scientist Supreme] |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpruth.html Profile from American Public Broadcasting Service] |
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*[http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/rutherford.html Profile from The New Zealand Edge] |
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*[http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Rutherford,+Ernest Annotated bibliography for Ernest Rutherford from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues] |
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*[http://www.dnzb.govt.nz Dictionary of New Zealand Biography] |
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*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/R/RutherfordSirErnestbaronRutherfordOf/RutherfordSirErnestbaronRutherfordOf/en Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand] |
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*[http://www.rutherfordjournal.com/article010112.html Rutherford at Canterbury University College from The Rutherford Journal] |
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*[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3566551 Rutherford's Timebomb] Article on Rutherford's contribution to dating the Age of the Earth |
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20040219.shtml BBC Radio 4: ''In Our Time - Rutherford''] |
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*[http://digital-library.canterbury.ac.nz/awweb/login?un=mb&ps=mb&cl=collection5_lib&smd=1&field1=rutherford The Rutherford Collection at his alma mater the University of Canterbury] |
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{{succession box|title=Baron Rutherford of Nelson|before=New Creation|after=Extinct| years=1931-1937}} |
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{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901-1925}} |
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{{Royal Society presidents 1900s}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME=Rutherford, Ernst |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=New Zealander nuclear physicist |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=30 August 1871 CE |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=Spring Grove, near Nelson, New Zealand |
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|DATE OF DEATH=19 October 1937 |
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|PLACE OF DEATH=Cambridge, England |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutherford, Ernest}} |
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[[Category:Experimental physicists]] |
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[[Category:Nuclear physicists]] |
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[[Category:New Zealand chemists]] |
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[[Category:New Zealand physicists]] |
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[[Category:Radio pioneers]] |
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]] |
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[[Category:McGill University faculty]] |
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[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of the Leopoldina]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] |
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[[Category:University of Canterbury alumni]] |
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[[Category:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]] |
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[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Knights Bachelor]] |
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[[Category:People from Nelson Region]] |
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[[Category:New Zealanders of English descent]] |
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[[Category:New Zealanders of Scottish descent]] |
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[[Category:British people of New Zealand descent]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] |
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[[Category:1871 births]] |
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[[Category:1937 deaths]] |
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[[ar:إرنست رذرفورد]] |
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Revision as of 01:26, 24 November 2008
sir srnest rutherford was the first man to split the atom this changed science and the world as we know it today
KABOOM LAWL :)