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Energy Star

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Not to be confused with Star Energy.
Energy Star
FoundedMarch 15, 1992; 32 years ago (1992-03-15)
FounderJohn S. Hoffman. U.S. EPA
Area served
United States
Canada
Japan
Switzerland
ParentUnited States Department of Energy
Websitewww.energystar.gov

Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is an energy-efficiency program administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).[2][3][4] The EPA establishes energy efficiency specifications, and those that meet these specifications are eligible to display the ENERGY STAR logo.[5]

More than 75 product categories are eligible for the ENERGY STAR label, including appliances, electronics, lighting, heating and cooling systems, and commercial equipment such as food service products.[6][7] In the United States, the ENERGY STAR label often appears with the EnergyGuide label of eligible appliances to highlight energy-efficient products and compare energy use and operating costs.[8]

One of the most successful voluntary initiatives introduced by the U.S. government, the program has saved 5 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity, more than US$500 billion in energy costs, and prevented 4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions.[9]

Elements of the ENERGY STAR program are implemented in Canada, Japan, and Switzerland.[10] In 2018, a 15-year long agreement with the European Union expired.[11] A previous agreement with the European Free Trade Association also ended.[10]

History

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The Energy Star program was established by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1992 and operates under the authority of the Clean Air Act, section 103(g), and the 2005 Energy Policy Act, section 131 (which amended the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, section 324).[12][13][14] Since 1992, Energy Star and its partners are estimated to have reduced various energy bills by at least $430 billion.[15]

The EPA manages Energy Star products, as well as home and commercial/industrial programs. The EPA develops and manages Energy Star Portfolio Manager, an online energy tracking and benchmarking tool for commercial buildings. The DOE manages Home Performance with Energy Star and provides technical support, including test procedure development for products and some verification testing of products.[16]

Initiated as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products, Energy Star began with labels for computers and their peripherals. In 1995 the program was significantly expanded, introducing labels for residential heating and cooling systems and new homes.[17] In 2000, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency was directed by members to begin an annual survey of Energy Star impact.[18]

According to the U.S. Energy and Employment Report for 2016, 290,000 American workers are involved in the manufacture of Energy Star certified products and building materials.[19] The report also projects that employment in energy efficiency will grow much faster than other areas of the energy sector—9 percent in 2017 vs. average projected growth of 5 percent across all of the energy sector—and that Energy Star will be an integral part of that market.

Specifications

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Energy Star specifications differ with each item, and are set by the EPA.

Computers

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Energy Star 4.0 specifications for computers became effective on July 20, 2007. The requirements are more stringent than the previous specification and existing equipment designs can no longer use the service mark unless re-qualified. They require the use of 80 Plus Bronze level or higher power supplies. Energy Star 5.0 became effective on July 1, 2009.[20] Energy Star 6.1 became effective on September 10, 2014. Energy Star 7.1 became effective on November 16, 2018.[21] The Version 8.0 specification for computers was finalized on October 15, 2019 and became effective on October 15, 2020.[22]

Servers

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The EPA released Version 1.0 of the Computer Server specifications on May 15, 2009. It covered standalone servers with one to four processor sockets. A second tier to the specification adding active state power and performance reporting for all qualified servers, as well as blade and multi-node server idle state requirements became effective December 16, 2013.[23] The Version 2.0 Energy Star specification for Computer Servers came into effect on December 16, 2013. The Version 3.0 Energy Star specification for Enterprise Servers came into effect on June 17, 2019 [1].

Appliances

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2015 advertisement promoting Energy Star-certified clothes dryers

As of early 2008, average refrigerators need 20% savings over the minimum standard. Dishwashers need at least 41% savings. Most appliances as well as heating and cooling systems have a yellow EnergyGuide label showing the annual cost of operation compared to other models. This label is created through the Federal Trade Commission and often shows if an appliance is Energy Star rated.[24] While an Energy Star label indicates that the appliance is more energy efficient than the minimum guidelines, purchasing an Energy Star labeled product does not always mean one is getting the most energy efficient option available. For example, dehumidifiers that are rated under 25 US pints (12 L) per day of water extraction receive an Energy Star rating if they have an energy factor of 1.2 (higher is better), while those rated 25 US pints (12 L) to 35 US pints (17 L) per day receive an Energy Star rating for an energy factor of 1.4 or higher. Thus a higher-capacity but non-Energy Star rated dehumidifier may be a more energy efficient alternative than an Energy Star rated but lower-capacity model.[25] The Energy Star program's savings calculator has also been criticized for unrealistic assumptions in its model that tend to magnify savings benefits to the average consumer.[26]

Another factor yet to be considered by the EPA and DOE is the overall effect of energy-saving requirements on the durability and expected service life of a mass-market appliance built to a consumer-level cost standard. For example, a refrigerator may be made more efficient by the use of more insulative spacing and a smaller-capacity compressor using electronics to control operation and temperature. However, this may come at the cost of reduced interior storage (or increased exterior mass) or a reduced service life due to compressor or electronic failures. In particular, electronic controls used on new-generation appliances are subject to damage from shock, vibration, moisture, or power spikes on the electrical circuit to which they are attached. Critics have pointed out that even if a new appliance is energy efficient, any consumer appliance that does not provide customer satisfaction, or must be replaced twice as often as its predecessor contributes to landfill pollution and waste of natural resources used to construct its replacement.[27]

Heating and cooling systems

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Energy Star qualified heat pumps, boilers, air conditioning systems, and furnaces are available. In addition, cooling and heating bills can be significantly lowered with air sealing and duct sealing. Air sealing reduces the outdoor air that penetrates a building, and duct sealing prevents attic or basement air from entering ducts and lessening the heating/cooling system’s efficiency. Energy Star qualified room air conditioners are at least 10% more energy efficient than the minimum U.S. federal government standards.[28]

Home electronics

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Energy Star qualified televisions[29] use 30% less energy than average. In November 2008, television specifications were improved to limit on-mode power use, in addition to standby power which is limited by the current specifications. Standby power consumption for televisions must be 3 watts or less.[30] A wider range of Energy Star qualified televisions will be available.

Other qualified home electronics include cordless phones, battery chargers, VCRs and external power adapters, most of which use 90% less energy.

Imaging equipment

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The Energy Star Program Requirements for Imaging Products are focused on product families such as electrophotographic (EP) printers, inkjet printers (e.g., thermal), copiers, facsimile machines and other imaging equipment including MFD's (multifunctional devices). Typical Electrical Consumption (TEC) of a product family are measured and reported against an allowance set by the maximum throughput of the device. Operation modes (OM) are measured and reported for devices such as inkjet products against an allowance set by the functions present in the EUT (equipment under test). Devices that included "adders" such as Ethernet, on-board memory, wireless, etc. are mathematically "added" to increase the OM allowance. On February 1, 2011, the EPA/DOE added the requirement that all products registered under the Energy Star service mark, must be tested by an AB (Accredited Body) or CB (Certification Body) Laboratory.

Lighting

[edit]
EPA graphic promoting light bulb replacement

The Energy Star is awarded to only certain bulbs that meet strict efficiency, quality, and lifetime criteria. Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less energy and lasts up to ten times longer than normal incandescent lights.[31]

Energy Star Qualified light-emitting diode (LED) Lighting:

  • Reduces energy costs — uses only 20–25% of the electricity that incandescent bulbs use, and last as much as 25 times as long. LEDs use 25%-30% of the amount of energy as halogen incandescent bulbs, and last 8–25 times as long.[32]
  • Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.[33]

To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following characteristics:[34]

  • Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lighted by the fixture.
  • Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 years based on use of 8 hours per day).
  • Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time.
  • Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
  • Light comes on instantly when turned on.
  • No flicker when dimmed.
  • No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.

New Homes

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New homes or apartments that earn the Energy Star label have been verified to meet energy efficiency requirements set by U.S. EPA. Energy Star certified homes are at least 10% more efficient than homes built to code and achieve a 20% improvement on average, while providing homeowners with better quality, performance, and comfort.[35] Nearly 1.9 million Energy Star certified homes and apartments have been certified to date.[35] These high-performing homes can be found across the U.S. and include a complete thermal enclosure system, a high-efficiency heating, ventilation and cooling system, a comprehensive water management system, and energy-efficient lighting and appliances.[36] Together, U.S. homeowners living in certified homes saved $360 million on their energy bills in 2016 alone.[37] In 2020, ENERGY STAR separated single-family and multifamily construction types into their own programs: Single-Family New Construction (SFNC) and Multifamily New Construction (MFNC).[38]

A new tier of ENERGY STAR certification, called the ENERGY STAR NextGen Certified Homes and Apartments, will be launched in 2023. This new certification uses a baseline of the ENERGY STAR Single-Family and Multifamily certification, with additional requirements such as heat pump water heaters and EV-ready charging capabilities.[39]

Further information: Green building in the United States

Energy performance ratings

[edit]

The Energy Star program has developed energy performance rating systems for several commercial and institutional building types and manufacturing facilities. These ratings, on a scale of 1 to 100, provide a means for benchmarking the energy efficiency of specific buildings and industrial plants against the energy performance of similar facilities. The ratings are used by building and energy managers to evaluate the energy performance of existing buildings and industrial plants. The rating systems are also used by EPA to determine if a building or plant can qualify to earn Energy Star recognition.[40] In 2020 Energy Star released an updated guide for verifying Energy Star certifications.[41]

Energy Star ratings have been compared to other clean energy rating systems and green building certification systems such as those by independent firms like MiQ, or LEED certifications for office buildings.[42]

Buildings

[edit]
2015 graph showing cities with the most Energy Star-certified buildings

The number of space types that can receive the energy performance rating in Portfolio Manager is expanding and now includes housing,[43] bank/financial institutions, courthouses, hospitals (acute care and children's), hotels and motels, houses of worship, K-12 schools, medical offices, offices, residence halls/dormitories, retail stores, supermarkets, warehouses (refrigerated and non-refrigerated), hotels (see hotel energy management), data centers, senior care facilities, and wastewater facilities.[44][45]

See the technical descriptions for models used in the rating system at.[46] These documents provide detailed information on the methodologies used to create the energy performance ratings including details on rating objectives, regression techniques, and the steps applied to compute a rating. Energy Star maintains a 1–100 national benchmarking rating for buildings based on building attributes depending on the category, including floor area, occupancy and energy consumption data into a free online tool provided by Energy Star.[47]

Energy Star energy performance ratings have been incorporated into some green buildings standards, such as LEED for Existing Buildings. In the U.S., builders of energy efficient homes are able to qualify for Federal Income tax credits and deductions.[48]

Energy Star estimated in 2020 that energy use in commercial buildings accounts for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, costing more than $100B per year.[41]

Industrial facilities

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Some examples of specialised industrial facilities which Energy Star has designed specific performance ratings for include:[49][45]

Small business award

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annually recognizes small businesses that demonstrate abilities to reduce waste, conserve energy, and recycle. The businesses use resources and ideas outlined in the Energy Star program.[50] The award was established in 1999.

Controversies

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In March 2010, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) performed covert testing of the Energy Star product certification process and found that Energy Star was for the most part a self-certification program that was vulnerable to fraud and abuse.[51] While the GAO demonstrated, by submitting fake products from made-up companies, that cheating was possible, they found no evidence of consumer fraud relating to the quality or performance of Energy Star qualified products.[51]

In response, the Environmental Protection Agency instituted third-party certification of all Energy Star products starting in 2011.[52] Under this regime, products are tested in an EPA-recognized laboratory and reviewed by an EPA-recognized certification body before they can carry the label. In order to be recognized, labs and certification bodies must meet specified criteria and be subject to oversight by a recognized accreditation body. In addition, a percentage of Energy Star certified product models in each category are subject to off-the-shelf verification testing each year.

As of 2017, there are 23 independent certification bodies and 255 independent laboratories recognized for purposes of Energy Star product certification and testing.[53] Most cover multiple product types. In 2016, 1,881 product models were subject to verification testing with an overall compliance rate of 95%.[54]

In March 2017 the Trump Administration proposed a budget that would eliminate the program.[55] This prompted an outpouring of expressions of support for the Energy Star program from environmental groups, energy efficiency advocates,[56] and businesses.[57]

Adoption in building codes

[edit]

The current and projected status of energy codes and standards adoption is show in the maps at the link.[58]

The following cities have mandatory reporting requirements.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Specific Guidelines: ENERGY STAR Recognition Marks". ENERGY STAR. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  2. ^ "Energy Star Overview". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  3. ^ "ENERGY STAR®". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28. ENERGY STAR® is a joint program of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE). Its goal is to help consumers, businesses, and industry save money and protect the environment through the adoption of energy-efficient products and practices. The ENERGY STAR label identifies top-performing, cost-effective products, homes, and buildings.
  4. ^ "About ENERGY STAR | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28. ENERGY STAR is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thousands of organizations—including nearly 40% of the Fortune 500®—partner with ENERGY STAR. Together with EPA, they deliver cost-saving energy efficiency solutions that protect the climate, improve air quality, and protect public health.
  5. ^ "How ENERGY STAR Works | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28. The ENERGY STAR program is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ENERGY STAR is a voluntary labeling program: EPA sets energy efficiency specifications and those that meet them can choose to display the ENERGY STAR logo. In turn, consumers and businesses who want to save energy and money can look for the ENERGY STAR label when making buying decisions.
  6. ^ "What Makes a Product ENERGY STAR Certified? | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-10-28. Products must achieve high levels of energy efficiency set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in order to earn the ENERGY STAR label. Over 75 types of products can earn the label, in categories such as appliances, electronics, lighting, heating and cooling, and commercial products such as food service equipment. In order to receive certification, products must undergo a three-step process.
  7. ^ "Energy Efficient Products | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  8. ^ "What's the Difference Between the Energy Guide and ENERGY STAR? | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-10-28. Both the EnergyGuide and the ENERGY STAR labels are intended to help you make smart energy choices. Used in conjunction, these labels can help you choose which product is right for you. The ENERGY STAR label will help you easily identify which products are the most efficient options, and then the EnergyGuide can be used to directly compare your top choices and give you an estimate of the energy use and operating cost. Saving energy is good for your wallet and good for the climate.
  9. ^ "ENERGY STAR Impacts | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched the ENERGY STAR program in 1992. Since then, ENERGY STAR has grown to become the international standard for energy efficiency and one of the most successful voluntary U.S. government programs in history...
  10. ^ a b "ENERGY STAR International Partners | ENERGY STAR". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
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  13. ^ U.S. General Publishing Office. "Energy Policy Act. Section 131" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  14. ^ U.S. EPA. "EPA's Statutory Authority for Energy Star". Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  15. ^ "Energy Star By the Numbers". U.S. EPA. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  16. ^ "EPA-DOE Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)". U.S. EPA. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  17. ^ EnergyStar.gov, “Milestones: Energy Star.” Archived 2016-12-02 at the Wayback Machine 2007. Retrieved on 1 March 2008.
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  19. ^ "2017 U.S. Energy and Employment Report | Department of Energy". energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  20. ^ Computers with any Energy Star version installed will display its logo, or a rosette and the company's slogan when running the BIOS after turning the machine on. (Ng, Jansen (1 July 2009). "New Energy Star 5.0 Specs for Computers Become Effective Today". DailyTech. Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2009-07-01.)
  21. ^ "Energy Star 7.1 Program Requirements for Computers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  22. ^ "Energy Star 8.0 Program Requirements for Computers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  23. ^ EnergyStar.gov, "Energy Star – Enterprise Servers" Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  24. ^ EnergyStar.gov, "Learn More about EnergyGuide: Energy Star." Archived 2021-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  25. ^ Green Energy Efficient Homes, Energy Efficient Dehumidifiers Archived 2021-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Belzer, Richard Energy Star Appliances: EPA's Savings Calculator Exaggerates Savings Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, Regulatory Economics, 5 March 2008
  27. ^ Muñoz, Sara Schaeffer, "Do 'Green' Appliances Live Up To Their Billing", The Wall Street Journal, Business, 2 August 2007
  28. ^ "Room Air Conditioners Key Product Criteria". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  29. ^ "California Sustainability Alliance Energy Star Televisions". Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  30. ^ Brown, Marilyn A. (2004). "Obstacles to Energy Efficiency". Encyclopedia of Energy. Elsevier Inc. pp. 465–475. doi:10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00172-8. ISBN 9780121764807. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  31. ^ "Energy Star Qualified Lighting" (PDF). Energystar.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  32. ^ "Lighting Choices to Save You Money | Department of Energy". www.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-03. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  33. ^ "How much heat is generated by LED light bulbs?". EarthLED.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  34. ^ "Light Bulb Key Product Criteria". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
  35. ^ a b "Energy Star Overview". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  36. ^ "Features & Benefits of an Energy Star Certified Home". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  37. ^ "About Energy Star for the Residential Sector". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  38. ^ "Policy Record | ENERGY STAR". ENERGY STAR. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  39. ^ "Coming in 2023: ENERGY STAR NextGen Certified Homes and Apartments". ENERGY STAR. July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  40. ^ Energy Star – Evaluate Performance Archived 2011-04-15 at the Wayback Machine Energy Star.gov
  41. ^ a b "Energy Star Guide for Licensed Professionals". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-23. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
  42. ^ Takahashi, Paul (2021-09-07). "Exxon agrees to have some natural gas operations graded on emissions". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
  43. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "2006 Annual Report: Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships." Archived 2017-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  44. ^ "Criteria for Rating Building Energy Performance". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  45. ^ a b "The Energy Star for Buildings & Manufacturing Plants". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  46. ^ "Portfolio Manager Overview: Technical Descriptions for Models Used in the Rating System". Energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  47. ^ "Benchmark Your Building Using ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager®". www.energystar.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  48. ^ "Federal Income Tax Credits and Other Incentives for Energy Efficiency". www.energystar.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  49. ^ "Industries in Focus". Energystar.gov. 2009-03-16. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
  50. ^ "Small Businesses and Congregations Improve Energy Efficiency and Fight Climate Change / EPA names nine Energy Star small business and congregation award winners". EPA.gov. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  51. ^ a b U.S. Government Accountability Office (March 2010). "Energy Star Program Covert Testing Shows the Energy Star Program Certification Process is Vulnerable to Fraud and Abuse". Gao-10-470.
  52. ^ "Third-Party Certification for ENERGY STAR Products | ENERGY STAR". Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  53. ^ "EPA-Recognized Certification Bodies (CBS) and Laboratories | ENERGY STAR". Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  54. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "Trump Budget Plan Would Slice EPA Spending by Nearly a Third". Bloomberg.com. 2017-03-16. Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
  56. ^ Heikkinen, Niina (April 5, 2017). "Private sector on quest to save Energy Star". E&E News.
  57. ^ Daly, Matthew (April 25, 2017). "Companies decry Trump plan to eliminate Energy Star Program". Associated Press.
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  59. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. ^ http://www.austinenergy.com/about%20us/environmental%20initiatives/ordinance/ordinance.pdf Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine |title= Austin, TX Benchmarking Ordinance
  61. ^ http://www.austinenergy.com/about%20us/environmental%20initiatives/ordinance/commercial.htm Archived 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine Austin, TX Benchmarking Ordinance
  62. ^ http://www.energymanagertoday.com/boston-mandates-energy-benchmarking-091702/ Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Boston Mandates Energy Benchmarking
  63. ^ http://www.minneapolismn.gov/environment/WCMS1P-102244 Minneapolis, MN Benchmarking FAQs
  64. ^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/downloads/pdf/benchmarking_summary_for_website.pdf Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine New York, NY Benchmarking Summary Website
  65. ^ http://www.nyc.gov/html/gbee/html/plan/ll84.shtml Archived 2013-01-25 at the Wayback Machine New York, NY Benchmarking Plan
  66. ^ http://legislation.phila.gov/attachments/13491.pdf Archived 2013-05-30 at the Wayback Machine Philadelphia, PA Benchmarking
  67. ^ http://blog.cleantechies.com/2011/02/09/san-franciscos-energy-benchmark-requirements-detailed/ Archived 2013-02-18 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco, CA Benchmarking
  68. ^ Seattle Ordinance 123226 Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine "AN ORDINANCE relating to energy conservation..." Seattle, WA Benchmarking
  69. ^ http://green.dc.gov/page/private-building-benchmarking Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine Washington, D.C. Benchmarking
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