Empty nose syndrome: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Samples-of-ENS-CT's.jpg|CT pictures depicting different types of abnormal nasal anatomy following turbinectomies that result in ENS.|right|thumb]] |
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The "empty nose" (or "open nose") syndrome is a term used in the study of [[rhinology]] to describe a nasal cavity that has become over enlarged and has therefore lost it's capacity to properly direct the airflow through it, to sense it and to humidify, heat and filter it.<ref>Moore EJ & Kern EB. Atrophic rhinitis: A review of 242 cases. ''American Journal of Rhinology, 15(6)(2001)</ref><ref>Huizing & de-Groot. Functional Reconstructive Nasal Surgery. Pages 64-65: Wide Nasal Cavity Syndrome ("Empty Nose" Syndrome). Published by Thieme. 2003.</ref><ref>Rice, Kern, Mabry, Friedman. The turbinates in nasal and sinus surgery: A consensus statement. Ear Nose & Throat Journal, Feb' 2003.</ref> |
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All nasal functions - conducting the airflow, olfaction, humidification, heating, filtration and airflow motion senation - are dependant on the unique formation of the nose (and that especially of the nasal cavity, which is the processing unit of this organ and where the turbinates reside). |
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The air travels through the nasal cavity in groove-like passages known as meatuses. |
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There are three meatuses - the inferior meatus, the middle meatus and the superior meatus. |
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These passages are formed by the turbinates - the one above and the one below on each side of the cavity (which is partitioned into 2 sides by the septum). |
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If any of these passages is over narrowed - mechanical obstruction occurs. If any of these passages is over enlarged (as a result of tissue resection or tissue atrophy like in diseases such as [[atrophic rhinitis]]) - paradoxical obstruction occurs. The latter condition has been termed by Eugene Kern (from the [[Mayo Clinic]]) as "empty nose syndrome" in 1996 and has since then also intermediately been referred to as the "open nose" or "wide cavity" syndrome. |
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The sensation of poor breathing that occurs in paradoxical obstruction occurs because of what is known in [[fluid and thermodynamics]] as the [[Venturi effect]], which determines that when air is conducted through a tube which narrows down at one point - it travels faster through the narrower section and is more conductive with the walls of the tube. |
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The Venturi effect is precisely what occurs through the different passages of air in the nose and therefore when they are over enlarged - the air travels too slowly and is hardly sensed - because it doesn't come enough into contact with the airflow sensing receptors (of the [[trigeminal]] nerve bruch) which are embeded into the mucosa of the nasal walls and septum. |
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Thus breathing difficulties occur.<ref>Houser SM. Surgical Treatment for Empty Nose Syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\ Vol 133 (No.9) Sep' 2007: 858-863.</ref> |
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Although this syndrome can occur from a spontaneous disease like primary [[atrophic rhinitis]], such diseases today are rare in western societies (becasue of improved sanitation and food abundancy). Therefore it is mainly seen in the aftermath of over-zealous resections of the inferior or middle [[turbinates]] of the nose in operations known as turbinectomies. |
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Turbinate reductive procedures are very popular in nose operations to relieve chronic obstruction and if performed judicially (in an attempt to conserve their normal proportions as much as possible) then they achieve good results. In cases in which the turbinates are over resected - "empty nose syndrome" and paradoxical obstruction occur. Further complications include chronic dryness of the nasal cavity because the turbinates are the main mucus secreting structures of the nose and they also serve to trap the moisture comming from the lungs upon exhalation, in the nasal cavity. |
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The severity of the symptoms differs considerably between patients, as it depends largely on the degree of resection and is influenced by individual anatomical differences that may increase or decrease distress. But, generally speaking, ENS patients are true "nasal cripples".<ref> Meyyerhoff & Rice. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. Page 496, chapter 23. Chapter Written by EB Kern. Published by the W.B. Saunders Company, 1992.</ref><ref>Huizing & de-Groot. Functional Reconstructive Nasal Surgery. Pages 285 - 288: Surgery of the Wide Nasal Cavity. Published by Thieme. 2003.</ref> |
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[[Image:Distorted airflow patterns and loss of heat transfer and humidification in ENS.jpg|Distorted airflow patterns in the nose after middle or inferior turbinectomies.|800px|center|thumb]] |
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==Treatment options== |
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===Non-surgical treatment=== |
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Non-surgical treatment options are meant to maintain and improve the health of the remaining nasal mucosa, because of the increased dryness and risk of atrophy, by keeping it moist and free of infection and irritation and by maintaining a good blood supply. Practiticing this over a long period of time can improve the symptoms: |
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* A diet with sufficient vitaminA consumption. |
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* Prescribed [[Estrogen]] (in topical spray/drops/gel) has been found to somewhat improve the state of the remaining mucosa in ENS. |
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* Irrigations of saline with 80mg of gentimycin when there is foul odor in the nose. |
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* Systemic medication as indicated for pain and or depression which is common (about 50%) in patients with this syndrome. |
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* Daily [[nasal irrigation]]s of regular [[saline (medicine)|saline]] or [[Ringer's Lactate]] based saline solution. |
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* Saline based mist sprays for the nose, or gels for outdoor activites. |
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* [[Sesame oil]]. |
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* Hot soup and beverages (caffeine best avoided). |
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* Sleeping with a cool/warm mist humidifier. |
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* Sleeping with a [[Positive airway pressure|CPAP machine]]. The CPAP counters the lost Venturi effect and improves nasal sensation of airflow. It over comes the paradoxical obstruction and allows normal sleep. |
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* [[Acupuncture]] and [[shiatsu]] meant to improve nasal blood supply and nerve function. |
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* Regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. |
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===Surgical treatment=== |
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[[Image:ENS type pre cotton.jpg|Right partially reduced inferior turbinate before cotton test to verify ENS symptoms|right|thumb]] |
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[[Image:ENS type with cotton.jpg|Cotton apllied to simulate the resistance that an implant will add to the over reduced inferior turbinate.|right|thumb]] |
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Surgical treatment involves narrowing back the over enlarged nasal cavity - either by bulking up the partially resected turbinates with biological implant material (in cases where at least 50% of the inferior turbinate remain from anterior to posterior) or by creating neo-turbinates by submucosal implants to the septum, nasal floor, or lateral wall (in cases when not enough turbinate is left to augment). Of course, in many cases a combined approach is the best choice. |
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The underlying rationale of surgery is to restore the inner nasal geometrical structure and proportions of the nasal passages of air (the inferior, middle, and superior meatuses). |
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Pre-surgical planning in this type of operation has a tremendous impact on the success of the procedure. The surgeon is advised to perform a cotton test prior to the implantation - the surgeon places saline soaked chunks of cotton wool at the implantation location to simulate the implant. By doing so, he restricts and normalizes the nasal airflow patterns. This restores nasal resistance and improves nasal airflow sensation. By trying different locations in accordance to the patient's sensations and feedback, it is possible to pinpoint the exact placement for the implants and their estimated sizes. |
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Turbinate tissue is unique and there are no potential donor sites in the body from which to harvest similar tissue. However, in the nose, Form = Function. It is therefore possible to restore some function by restoring the natural contours and proportions of the nasal passages: |
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It is possible to create an artificial look alike structure of a turbinate in the nasal cavities, and thus to regain some of the nose's capabilities to adequately resist, streamline, heat, humidify, filter, and sense the airflow.<ref>Houser SM. Surgical Treatment for Empty Nose Syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\ Vol 133 (No.9) Sep' 2007: 858-863.</ref> |
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The ideal implant material, other than real original turbinate tissue should be something with low extrusion and rejection rates, minimal infection risk, and very importantly - that will provide a strong and endurable enough structure and at the same time allow good permeability for blood vessel incorporation, which seems to be the key against long term absorption. |
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So far the best known ones are cancellous bone<ref>Cottle M. Nasal Atrophy, Atrophic Rhinitis, Ozena: Medical and Surgical Treatment and Alloderm. Journal of the International College of Surgeons. April 1958.</ref> and Alloderm. |
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[[Image:Before and after Alloderm implant to the lateral wall.jpg|606px|center|Before and after implantation of the lateral wall with Alloderm to simulate the function of the missing inferior turbinate|thumb]] |
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_VK8ImsksM A video demonstrating a typical implant (Alloderm) procedure for ENS.] |
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===What lies ahead=== |
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A full cure of ENS will only be available if and when the situation is reversed and the actual real tissues of the resected turbinates are regenerated or returned to the nose through means of [[regenerative medicine]] and/or [[tissue engineering]]. |
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Hopefully tissue engineering and regenerative scientists will begin to take more interest in functional inner nasal reconstruction, as the complication rates of functional nasal surgery are amongst the highest rates compared to most other types of elective surgery. |
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== Citations from the medical literature== |
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:'''''"The symptom that most often indicates ENS is paradoxical obstruction: subjects may have an impressively large nasal airway because they lack turbinate tissue, yet they state they feel they cannot breathe well. There is no clear way to describe the breathing sensation that patients with ENS experience. Some patients may state that their nose feels “stuffy,” for lack of a better word, whereas others state their nose feels too open, yet they cannot seem to properly inflate the lungs; they feel they need some resistance to do so. Patients with ENS do not sense the airflow passing through their nasal cavities, whereas their distal structures (pharynx, lungs) do detect inspiration; the patients’ central nervous systems receive conflicting information. These patients seem to be in a constant state of dyspnea and may describe the sensation of suffocating. The constant abnormal breathing sensations cause these patients to be consistently preoccupied with their breathing and nasal sensations, and this often leads to the inability to concentrate (aprosexia nasalis), chronic fatigue, frustration, irritability, anger, anxiety, and depression."''''' |
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(Houser SM. Surgical Treatment for Empty Nose Syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery\ Vol 133 (No.9) Sep' 2007: 858-863). |
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:'''''"… The excess removal of turbinate tissue might lead to empty-nose syndrome. Excess resection can lead to crusting, bleeding, breathing difficulty (often the paradoxical sensation of obstruction), recurrent infections, nasal odor, pain, and often clinical depression. In one study, the mean onset of symptoms occurred more than 8 years following the turbinectomies.”''''' |
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(From: “The turbinates in nasal and sinus surgery: A consensus statement.” By D. H. Rice, E. B. Kern, B. F. Marple, R. L. Mabry, W. H. Friedman. ENT – Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, February 2003, pp. 82-83.) |
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:'''''"Turbinate Reduction and Resection:''''' |
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'''''Unfortunately, a wide nasal cavity syndrome due to reduction or resection of the inferior turbinate (and/or middle turbinate) is still frequently seen. When caused by (subtotal) turbinectomy, it can hardly be considered a complication. In our opinion, it is a "nasal crime". This iatrogenic condition can easily be avoided by reducing a hypertrophic turbinate using one of the intraturbinal function-preserving techniques."''''' |
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(From: "Functional Reconstructive Nasal Surgery". By Egbert H. Huizing, John De Groot. Hard-cover publication by Thieme, 2003. page 285). |
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:'''''"Empty nose syndrome: Some patients who have had excision of the inferior and/or middle turbinates may report increased symptoms thereafter. They may report a reduction in nasal mucus, nasal dryness or sensation of nasal obstruction or blockage and a general reduction in their sense of well-being.''''' |
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:'''''Out of concern for this problem, many surgeons are now reluctant to perform any significant amount of surgical turbinectomy. As a result, preservation of as much turbinate tissue as is possible is now considered by many to be an important part of surgical management. Many surgeons will only remove a very small portion of the middle turbinate if absolutely necessary in order to achieve adequate visualization or to remove devitalized tissue. Operative descriptions of the extent of resection may be variable, and the endoscopist should make an independent assessment of the amount of resection performed. Radiofrequency ablation of the turbinates (e.g. Somnoplasty) has not caused the same problems as surgical turbinate reduction."''''' |
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(Wellington S. Tichenor, MD; Allen Adinoff, MD; Brian Smart, MD; and Daniel Hamilos, MD. The American Academy of Allergy Asthma Immunology Work Group Report: Nasal and Sinus Endoscopy for Medical Management of Resistant Rhinosinusitis, Including Post-surgical Patients |
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November, 2006. Prepared by an Ad Hoc Committee of the Rhinosinusitis Committee.) |
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:'''''“Removal of an entire inferior turbinate for benign disease is strongly discouraged because removal of an inferior turbinate can produce nasal atrophy and a miserable person. Such people unfortunately are still seen in the author’s offices; these people are nasal cripples.”''''' |
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(From: "Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery", Page 496, chapter 23. Chapter written by Dr. Kern. Book by Dr. Meyyerhoff and Dr. Rice, published by the W.B. Saunders Company, 1992). |
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:'''''“Total inferior turbinectomy has been proposed as a treatment for chronic nasal airway obstruction refractory to other, more conservative, methods of treatment. Traditionally, it has been criticized because of its adverse effects on nasophysiology. In this study, patients who had previously undergone total inferior turbinectomy were evaluated with the use of an extensive questionnaire. It confirms that total inferior turbinectomy carries significant morbidity and should be condemned.”''''' |
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(from – “Extended Follow-Up Of Total Inferior Turbinate Resection For Relief Of Chronic Nasal Obstruction”, G. F. Moore, T. J. Freeman, F. P. Ogren & A. J. Yonkers., Laryngoscope, September 1985, pp. 1095-1099.) |
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:'''''"... The inferior turbinal should never be entirely removed... Excessive removal allows a jet of inspired ventilation, the mucus evaporates and becomes so viscid as to impede ciliary action... In some cases where the inferior turbinal has been too freely removed, the loss of valvular action and undue patency of the nostril produce the discomfort of dry pharyngitis and laryngitis, with difficulty in expelling stagnant secretion from the nose. The loss of the turbinal may lead to a condition simulating atrophic rhinitis or even ozaena."''''' |
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(Thomson St. C & Negus VE. Inflammatory diseases. Chronic Rhinitis. Diseases of the nose and throat, 6th edition. London: Cassel & Co. Lmt. 1955; 124-145). |
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:'''''"...Resistance to air currents on inspiration and during expiration is necessary to maintain elasticity of the lungs."''''' |
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(Cottle MH. Nasal Breathing Pressures and Cardio-Pulmonary Illness. The Eye, Ear Nose and throat Monthly. Volume 51, September 1972.) |
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:'''''"Middle turbinectomy may disrupt this neural network and lead to mucosal desiccation, crusting and bleeding; a sense of airway obstruction; and intractable face pain and headache.''''' |
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:'''''Although there is debate among rhinologists regarding whether air flow through the nose is laminar or diffusely turbulent, it is incontrovertible that normal breathing requires a certain degree of air-flow resistance, which the turbinates provide. Combined middle and inferior turbinectomy can cause the "empty nose syndrome", a debilitating and usually untreatable condition."''''' |
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(A Plea for Preservation of the Middle Turbinate During Dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophtalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp 75-76, 1999. an editorial article.) |
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==Additional images== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Anterior-nasal-endoscopy.jpg|Internal view of the front inferior part of the nasal airways, after total inferior turbinectomy. |
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Image:Empty-nose-after-80per-cent-partial-bilateral-turbinectomy.jpeg|Empty Nose Syndrome after subtotal inferior turbinectomy. |
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Image:Illu nose nasal cavities.jpg |All turbinates removed - Right lateral wall view. |
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Image:Gray153.png | Anatomy of the nasal cavity |
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</gallery> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.ent-consult.com/emptynose.html Dr. Grossan's ear, nose and throat pages on ENS.] |
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* [http://www.geocities.com/shouser144/empty.html Dr. Houser's tutorial pages on ENS.] |
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_VK8ImsksM A video demonstrating a typical implant (Alloderm) procedure for ENS.] |
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* [http://guest.6.forumer.com/ Internet support forum for ENS patients.] |
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[[Category:Head and neck]] |
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[[es:Síndrome de la nariz vacía]] |
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[[fr:Syndrome du nez vide]] |
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[[he:סינדרום האף הריק]] |
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