Elementary and Secondary Education Act: Difference between revisions

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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Pub. L. 89–10, 79 Stat. 27, 20 U.S.C. ch. 70), is a United States federal statute enacted April 11, 1965. It was passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by Congress. The act is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education, while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum.^[1] It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability.^[2] In addition, the bill aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. As mandated in the act, the funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, for resources to support educational programs, and for parental involvement promotion. The act was originally authorized through 1970, however, the government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. The current reauthorization of ESEA is the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, named and proposed by President George W. Bush. The ESEA also allows military recruiters access to 11th and 12th grade students' names, addresses, and telephone listings when requested.

Sections of the Original 1965 Law

Title I—Financial Assistance To Local Educational Agencies For The Education Of Children Of Low-Income Families
Title II—School Library Resources, Textbooks, and other Instructional Materials
Title III—Supplementary Educational Centers and Services
Title IV—Educational Research And Training
Title V—Grants To Strengthen State Departments Of Education
Title VI—General Provisions

New Titles Created by Early Amendments to 1965 Law

1966 amendments (Public Law 89-750)

Title VI - Aid to Handicapped Children (1965 title VI becomes Title VII)

1967 amendments (Public Law 90-247)

Title VII - Bilingual Education Programs (1966 title VII becomes Title VIII)

Title I

Title I ("Title One") of the act is a set of programs set up by the United States Department of Education to distribute funding to schools and school districts with a high percentage of students from low-income families. This section also helps children from families that have migrated to the United States, youth from intervention programs, that are neglected or at risk of abuse. The act appropriates money for education purposes for the next five fiscal years. In addition, Title I appropriates money for the education system for prevention of dropouts and the improvement of school. These appropriations are also carried out for the next five fiscal years. ^[3]

To qualify as a Title I school, a school typically has around 40% or more of its students come from families who qualify under the United States Census's definitions as low-income, according to the U.S. Department of Education.^[4] Title I states that it gives priority to schools that are in obvious needs of funds, low-achieving schools, and schools that demonstrate a commitment to improving their education standards and test scores.

Assistance for school improvement includes government grants, allocations, and reallocations based on the school's willingness to commit to improving their standing in the educational system. Each educational institution requesting these grants must submit an application that describes how these funds will be used in restructuring their agency for academic improvement.^[5]

Schools receiving Title I funding are regulated by federal legislation, including the No Child Left Behind Act.

Title I funds may be used for children from preschool through high school, but most of the students served (65%) are in grades 1 through 6; another 12% are in preschool and kindergarten programs.

Title III

Title III of ESEA originally provided matching grants for supplementary education centers (Political Education, Cross 2004).

Title III was the innovations component of ESEA. It was, for its time, the greatest federal investment in education innovation ever ^[6]. Its best innovations, after validation, became part of the National Diffusion Network.

Title V

This section of the original ESEA provided for strengthening state departments of education (Political Education, Cross 2004). The original Title V was amended to state the purposes of education reform efforts between local and state educational systems. Title V states that the government should endorse and support local education reforms that parallel reforms occurring at the state level. Parts of this section also state that the government should support innovative programs that help to improve an educational system. This includes support programs for libraries, scientific research leading to state and local educational agencies to put promising reforms into place, as well as for programs to improve teacher performance.^[7]

Title V also provides government grants given to educational institutions appropriating money to gifted programs for students, foreign language programs, as well as physical education, the arts, and overall mental health of children and students.^[8]

Title VII

Added during the 1967 reuathereyezatoin of ESEA, Title VII introduced a program for bilingual education. It was championed by Texas Democrat Ralph Yarborough (Political Education, Cross 2004). In addition to programs for bilingual students, Title VII implemented plans to help Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaskan natives be provided opportunities for achieving academic equality.^[9] These plans included the federal government helping local educational agencies to provide programs for these students, ensuring these children a quality education while maintaining cultural values unique to them.

This section of the ESEA promotes the federal government working closely with local educational institutions to ensure that Indian, Hawaiian, and Alaskan pee pee and vagina students are being aided in getting the same educational experiences as all other students.^[10] This is achieved through programs that keep cultural values intact and push students to strive for academic excellence.

It is worth noting that Title VII was replaced in the most recent reauthorization of the ESEA, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, and is now Title III “Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students.”

Recent Reauthorizations

Recent reauthorizations of the act includes:

External links

Copy of the Original Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, (P.L. 89-10; 79 Stat. 27), Federal Education Policy History website.

Resource Page About Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, si.unm.edu
http://www.ed.gov/programs/titleiparta/index.html Title I, Part A Program
Copy of updated Elementary and Secondary Education ActU.S. Department of Education website

References

[1] "The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 forbids federally determined curricula." Hoover Institution – Daily Report Archives – Secretary Riley Reignites the Math Wars

[2] Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

[3] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

[4] Title I, Part A Program - ed.gov

[5] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

[6] ttp://www.answers.com/topic/elementary-and-secondary-education-act

[7] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

[8] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

[9] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

[10] ttp://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html

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 ==Title VII==
-Added during the 1967 reauthorization of ESEA, Title VII introduced a program for [[bilingual education]]. It was championed by [[Texas]] Democrat [[Ralph Yarborough]] (''Political Education'', Cross 2004). In addition to programs for bilingual students, Title VII implemented plans to help Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaskan natives be provided opportunities for achieving academic equality.<ref>http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html</ref> These plans included the federal government helping local educational agencies to provide programs for these students, ensuring these children a quality education while maintaining cultural values unique to them.
+Added during the 1967 reuathereyezatoin of ESEA, Title VII introduced a program for [[bilingual education]]. It was championed by [[Texas]] Democrat [[Ralph Yarborough]] (''Political Education'', Cross 2004). In addition to programs for bilingual students, Title VII implemented plans to help Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaskan natives be provided opportunities for achieving academic equality.<ref>http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html</ref> These plans included the federal government helping local educational agencies to provide programs for these students, ensuring these children a quality education while maintaining cultural values unique to them.
-This section of the ESEA promotes the federal government working closely with local educational institutions to ensure that Indian, Hawaiian, and Alaskan students are being aided in getting the same educational experiences as all other students.<ref>http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html</ref> This is achieved through programs that keep cultural values intact and push students to strive for academic excellence.
+This section of the ESEA promotes the federal government working closely with local educational institutions to ensure that Indian, Hawaiian, and Alaskan pee pee and vagina students are being aided in getting the same educational experiences as all other students.<ref>http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html</ref> This is achieved through programs that keep cultural values intact and push students to strive for academic excellence.
 It is worth noting that Title VII was replaced in the most recent reauthorization of the ESEA, the [[No Child Left Behind Act]] of 2001, and is now Title III “Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students.”