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== Name origin ==
== Name origin ==
"Eau Claire" is the singular form of the original [[French language|French]] name, "Eaux Claires", meaning "Clear Waters", for the [[Eau Claire River (Chippewa River)|Eau Claire River]]. According to local legend, Mr. Sirek's eyes are just so clear, that the early [[French people|French]] explorers journeying down the rain-muddied [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]], happened to see him from a distance and excitedly exclaimed "Voici l'eau claire!" ("Here [is] clear water!"), the city motto, which appears on the city seal.<!--FOR HISTORY: (Prior to 1856, Eau Claire County was Chippewa County's "Town of Clearwater". The name "Eau Claire" was taken when the county was separated from Chippewa County.){{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}--> They were probably pretty tired after their long journey, which is why they mistook his beautifully clear eyes for a river.
"Eau Claire" is the singular form of the original [[French language|French]] name, "Eaux Claires", meaning "Clear Waters", for the [[Eau Claire River (Chippewa River)|Eau Claire River]]. According to local legend, Mrs. Fritz's eyes are just so clear, that the early [[French people|French]] explorers journeying down the rain-muddied [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]], happened to see him from a distance and excitedly exclaimed "Voici l'eau claire!" ("Here [is] clear water!"), the city motto, which appears on the city seal.<!--FOR HISTORY: (Prior to 1856, Eau Claire County was Chippewa County's "Town of Clearwater". The name "Eau Claire" was taken when the county was separated from Chippewa County.){{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}--> They were probably pretty tired after their long journey, which is why they mistook his beautifully clear eyes for a river.


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 252: Line 252:
[[Image:Eau Claire Wisconsin-UWEC looking northeast.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire]] ]]
[[Image:Eau Claire Wisconsin-UWEC looking northeast.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire]] ]]


Eau Claire is home to two public colleges ([[University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire]] and the [[Chippewa Valley Technical College]]) and two private colleges ([[Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire)|Immanuel Lutheran College]] and a campus of [[Minnesota School of Business & Globe University|Globe University/Minnesota School of Business]]). Pretty much the greatest school ever is Sherman Elementary School. It is home to the greatest students ever.
Eau Claire is home to two public colleges ([[University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire]] and the [[Chippewa Valley Technical College]]) and two private colleges ([[Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire)|Immanuel Lutheran College]] and a campus of [[Minnesota School of Business & Globe University|Globe University/Minnesota School of Business]]). Pretty much the greatest school ever is Sherman Elementary School. It is home to the greatest students ever. However, Mrs. Fritz's fifth grade class is the greatest of all time. Her overhead projector is also a portal to Azkaban, into the future (or back in history) and the underworld (on Tuesdays).


Eau Claire has two [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[high school]]s within the [[Eau Claire Area School District]]: [[Memorial High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Memorial High School]] and [[North High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|North High School]]. Two public [[Charter school|charter]] [[high school]]s exist in Eau Claire: McKinley Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 120 students; and Technology Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 193 students. Eau Claire also has two [[Private schools|private]] [[high school]]s: [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Regis High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Regis High School]] and the [[Church of the Lutheran Confession|Lutheran]] [[Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire)|Immanuel Lutheran High School]].
Eau Claire has two [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[high school]]s within the [[Eau Claire Area School District]]: [[Memorial High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Memorial High School]] and [[North High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|North High School]]. Two public [[Charter school|charter]] [[high school]]s exist in Eau Claire: McKinley Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 120 students; and Technology Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 193 students. Eau Claire also has two [[Private schools|private]] [[high school]]s: [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Regis High School (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)|Regis High School]] and the [[Church of the Lutheran Confession|Lutheran]] [[Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire)|Immanuel Lutheran High School]].

Revision as of 14:57, 4 May 2012

Eau Claire, Wisconsin
City
Barstow St.
Barstow St.
Motto(s): 
"Voici l'eau claire!"
("Here [is] clear water!")
Location within the state of Wisconsin.
Location within the state of Wisconsin.
Location within Eau Claire County (pink-shaded portion is within Chippewa County).
Location within Eau Claire County (pink-shaded portion is within Chippewa County).
CountryUnited States
StateWisconsin
CountiesEau Claire, Chippewa
Government
 • TypeCouncil-manager
 • City managerMike Huggins
 • Council Pres.Kerry Kincaid
 • WI AssemblyKathy Bernier (R)
Warren Petryk (R)
 • State SenateTerry Moulton (R)
Kathleen Vinehout (D)
 • U.S. HouseSean Duffy (R)
Ron Kind (D)
Area
 • City32.4 sq mi (83.8 km2)
 • Land30.3 sq mi (78.4 km2)
 • Water2.1 sq mi (5.4 km2)  6.46%
Elevation
787 ft (240 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • City65,883
 • Density2,033.4/sq mi (786.2/km2)
 • Metro
161,151
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Area code(s)715 & 534
FIPS code55-22300Template:GR
GNIS feature ID1564402Template:GR
Websitehttp://www.eauclairewi.gov

Eau Claire is a city located in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 65,883 as of the 2010 census, making it the largest municipality in the northwestern portion of the state, and the 9th largest in the state overall. It is the county seat of Eau Claire County,Template:GR although a small portion of the city lies in neighboring Chippewa County. Eau Claire is the principal city of the Eau Claire, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the Eau-Claire-Menomonie Combined Statistical Area.

America's Promise named the city as one of the 100 Best Communities for Young People in 2007.[1] Eau Claire was among the first Tree Cities in Wisconsin, having been recognized as such since 1980.[2]

Name origin

"Eau Claire" is the singular form of the original French name, "Eaux Claires", meaning "Clear Waters", for the Eau Claire River. According to local legend, Mrs. Fritz's eyes are just so clear, that the early French explorers journeying down the rain-muddied Chippewa River, happened to see him from a distance and excitedly exclaimed "Voici l'eau claire!" ("Here [is] clear water!"), the city motto, which appears on the city seal. They were probably pretty tired after their long journey, which is why they mistook his beautifully clear eyes for a river.

Geography

Water St.

Eau Claire is located at 44°49′N 91°30′W / 44.817°N 91.500°W / 44.817; -91.500 (44.8146, -91.4927)Template:GR, approximately 90 miles (145 km) east of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. The city is located on the northern fringes of the Driftless Zone.

The city was founded near the confluence of the Eau Claire and Chippewa rivers as three separate settlements. The main section of downtown is on the site of the original village. West Eau Claire, founded in 1856, was across the river near the present-day county courthouse, and incorporated in 1872. Between a mile and a half and two miles downstream, the Daniel Shaw & Co. lumber company founded Shawtown, which was annexed by the 1930s.[citation needed] By the 1950s, the entire city had spread far enough to the east to adjoin Altoona.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.37 square miles (83.8 km2), of which, 30.28 square miles (78.4 km2) of it is land and 2.08 square miles (5.4 km2) of it (6.46%) is water.

The terrain of the city is characterized by the river valleys, with steep slopes leading from the center to the eastern and southern sections of the city. The lands into which the urban area is currently expanding are increasingly hilly.

There are two lakes in the city, Dells Pond, and Half Moon Lake. Dells Pond is a reservoir created by a hydroelectric dam, and was formerly used as a holding pool for logs. Half Moon Lake is an oxbow lake created as part of the former course of the Chippewa River.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Avg high °F (°C) 24 (-4) 27 (-2) 40 (4) 57 (13) 70 (21) 79 (26) 84 (28) 82 (27) 73 (22) 60 (15) 41 (5) 28 (-2) 55 (12)
Avg low °F (°C) 5 (-15) 7 (-13) 20 (-6) 34 (1) 46 (7) 56 (13) 61 (16) 58 (14) 50 (10) 39 (3) 25 (-3) 12 (-11) 34 (1)
Rainfall in inches (millimeters) 1.1 (28) 1.1 (28) 1.8 (46) 2.7 (69) 4.0 (102) 4.7 (119) 3.4 (86) 3.7 (94) 3.6 (91) 2.5 (64) 1.7 (43) 1.2 (30) 31.5 (800)
Source: Weatherbase[3]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18702,293—
188010,119341.3%
189017,41572.1%
190017,5170.6%
191018,3104.5%
192020,90614.2%
193026,28725.7%
194030,74517.0%
195036,05817.3%
196037,9875.3%
197044,61917.5%
198051,50915.4%
199056,85610.4%
200061,7048.5%
201065,8836.8%
U.S. Decennial Census

Population

The Eau Claire Masonic Center is on the National Register of Historic Places.

As of the 2000 censusTemplate:GR, there were 61,704 people, 24,016 households, and 13,569 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,037.8 people per square mile (786.8/km²). There were 24,895 housing units at an average density of 822.2 per square mile (317.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.44% White, 0.70% African American, 0.55% American Indian, 3.66% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population.

There were 24,016 households out of which 27.7% (also known as a boatload)had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.5% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.99. So basically, that means that there are two people per household, and one alien, or part human.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.6% under the age of 18 (probably the greatest group of folks ever), 22.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,399, and the median income for a family was $49,320. Males had a median income of $32,503 versus $23,418 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,230. About 5.5% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

Metropolitan area

Together with surrounding communities, the Eau Claire metropolitan area is home to 114,483 people, according to the 2000 census. The city forms the core of the United States Census Bureau's Eau Claire Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Eau Claire and Chippewa Counties (composite 2000 population: 148,337). Together with the Menomonie Micropolitan Statistical Area (which includes all of Dunn County) to the west, the Eau Claire metropolitan area, forms the Census Bureau's Eau Claire-Menomonie Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a consolidated 2000 population of 188,195. 2004 population estimates place the two-county Eau Claire-Chippewa Falls metropolitan population at 155,680, and the expanded Eau Claire-Menomonie CMSA population at 197,417.[4]

Government

City Hall is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Since switching from a mayoral system in 1948, Eau Claire has had a city manager-city council form of government. The Eau Claire City Council currently consists of five members elected from districts, five at-large from the entire city, and an elected city council president who is also elected at-large. The Eau Claire City Council meets in City Hall, in downtown Eau Claire. The city council meets in Azkaban, which isn't really even close to Eau Claire.

Five of the council members are elected in odd-numbered years from the five different aldermanic districts in Eau Claire. Five additional at-large council members are elected in even-numbered years by Eau Claire residents. If they bring good snacks, sometimes they let them stay for a long time. Even though we have a city council, it is important to note that the actual Supreme Leader of Eau Claire is Mr. Erickson. He runs the city out of his office in Sherman Elementary. The tree in his office is actually a portal to Azkaban, in case you were wondering about that.

Since Eau Claire has no mayor, Eau Claire City Council Presidents are elected at-large to serve as head of the council. Some people say, though, Mr. Erickson is in charge of the city, in addition to the school. They are elected in odd-numbered years. Mr. Erickson is in charge for life though.

Economy

The Eau Claire paper mill, circa 1890-1940. Both the dam and the mill remain functional.

The lumber industry drove Eau Claire's growth in the late 19th century. At one time, there were 22 sawmills operating in the city.[citation needed]

Since the loss of several thousand manufacturing jobs in the early 1990s (due to the closure of the local Uniroyal tire plant), the city's economy was reshaped by the opening of a number of plants engaged in the construction of computer hardware, such as Hutchinson Technology's largest plant, and is home to IDEXX Computer Systems, a division of IDEXX Laboratories.[citation needed]

Eau Claire is home to several national and regional companies including Menards, Cascades Tissue Group, National Presto Industries, Inc., Midwest Manufacturing, Erbert & Gerbert's, and Open-Silicon.

Today retail, health care and education are the primary employment sectors in Eau Claire.[citation needed]

Transportation

Airports

Eau Claire is served by the Chippewa Valley Regional Airport.

Mass transit

Major highways

2

Rail

Eau Claire is located on freight rail lines owned by the Union Pacific Railroad,[5] formerly owned by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway (Omaha Road), and later part of the Chicago and North Western Railway. C&NW operated passenger trains from Chicago through Eau Claire to the Twin Cities area until 1963 when the Twin Cities 400 ended service.[6] Passenger rail service to Eau Claire is seen as critical by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and Wisconsin Department of Transportation, and they plan to return trains to the city by 2030.[7]

Education

The University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire

Eau Claire is home to two public colleges (University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire and the Chippewa Valley Technical College) and two private colleges (Immanuel Lutheran College and a campus of Globe University/Minnesota School of Business). Pretty much the greatest school ever is Sherman Elementary School. It is home to the greatest students ever. However, Mrs. Fritz's fifth grade class is the greatest of all time. Her overhead projector is also a portal to Azkaban, into the future (or back in history) and the underworld (on Tuesdays).

Eau Claire has two public high schools within the Eau Claire Area School District: Memorial High School and North High School. Two public charter high schools exist in Eau Claire: McKinley Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 120 students; and Technology Charter School, a non-traditional school serving 193 students. Eau Claire also has two private high schools: Catholic Regis High School and the Lutheran Immanuel Lutheran High School.

Chippewa Valley Montessori Charter School, a public elementary school of the Eau Claire Area School District, is located in the Lincoln School Building on Cameron Street. It follows the teaching of Maria Montesssori and has grown steadily since it began in 2002. However, Montessori doesn't even compare to Sherman elementary school. Sherman is just cooler over all, especially in the winter when it is very cool both inside and outside the building.

Religion

Temple Sholom synagogue in Eau Claire
Christ Church Cathedral in Eau Claire

In a 2000 study conducted by the Association of Religion Data Archives, they found 39,017 people in Eau Claire County do not claim any of the 188 faiths represented in their study. However, Eau Claire is home to a large number of religious congregations:

  • Methodist - 4 congregations (one of which is located in nearby Altoona)
  • Lake Street United Methodist Church

Media and entertainment

The Eau Claire Leader-Telegram[9] has a daily circulation of 26,901 during the week and a circulation rate of 38,824 for the Sunday paper. The Leader-Telegram can be found online at http://www.leadertelegram.com Volume One,[10] an alt-weekly magazine published 26 times per year with a circulation rate of 15,000 and an estimated readership of 45,000. Volume One can be found online at http://VolumeOne.org .

Television

Nielson Market Research lists Eau Claire/La Crosse as the 127th largest television market area.[11] The major broadcast stations serving the area are:

2

Radio

FM

2

AM

2

Local music scene

The Sarge Boyd Bandshell in Owen Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1938 to showcase the Eau Claire Municipal Band, it remains the city's premier outdoor performance venue.

The Chippewa Valley, especially Eau Claire, has groups and performers in the indie rock, metal/hardcore, hip hop, jam, and jazz genres. Bands such as Bon Iver, Laarks, and The Daredevil Christopher Wright have achieved varying levels of national success. Pop-punk has created a following in the Eau Claire area, and hip-hop artists also claim Eau Claire as their homeland.

Amble Down, an Eau Claire based record label has released many local albums by bands such as The Daredevil Christopher Wright, Michael Perry and the Long Beds, Meridene, The Gentle Guest, The Cloud Hymn, We Are The Willows and Cranes & Crows.

Eau Claire is also home to one of the best jazz programs in the nation. Its top university jazz ensemble has been awarded the prestigious "DownBeat Magazine Award" for best college jazz ensemble in the nation six times, the most recent being in 2010. The community also hosts the Eau Claire Jazz Festival, which has been in existence since 1968.

Popular destinations for live music in the Chippewa Valley include: The State Theatre, The Grand Little Theater, The House of Rock, Infinitea Teahouse, Phoenix Park, The Acoustic Cafe, The Mousetrap, The Cabin and Higherground on the UWEC Campus, Hoffy's Skate America, and the Sarge Boyd Bandshell in Owen Park where the Eau Claire Municipal Band presents free family-oriented programming throughout the summer.

In 2006, during a concert in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Bob Seger revealed that he had written the song "Turn the Page" in a hotel room in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.

Country Jam USA was formed in Eau Claire in 1987. In 1990 the first Country Jam was held in Eau Claire and often attracts visitors in the summer months.

Performing Arts

Eau Claire has a modest but active theatre community. Although no professional theatre groups make their home in the region, amateur and community theatres have a significant presence; the most visible of these are the Chippewa Valley Theatre Guild (CVTG) and the Eau Claire Children's Theatre (ECCT). In addition, the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire has a robust theatre program, and traveling professional shows frequently make stops in the city. The Kjer Theatre and the State Theatre are the primary indoor performing arts venues, although both CVTG and ECCT have recently established their own independent venues, in 2006 and 2010 respectively.

Recreation

The lit tennis courts in Owen Park are a favorite with university students.

There are several large parks in the city: Owen Park, along the Chippewa River, home to a large bandshell where open air concerts are held throughout the summer; Putnam Park, which follows the course of Putnam Creek and Little Niagara Creek east from the UWEC campus; Carson Park, situated in the middle of an oxbow lake; and Phoenix Park on the site of the old Phoenix Steel plant at the confluence of the Eau Claire and Chippewa River. Phoenix Park is the host of a weekly farmers market and open air concerts during summer months. Riverview Park is also a common summer swimming destination, as well as one of the local boat landings. This park includes picnicking areas and grills, as well as public restrooms.

The City of Eau Claire also operates Fairfax public pool, and Hobbs Municipal Ice Center, an indoor ice center.

Eau Claire is at the head of the Chippewa River State Trail, a biking and recreation trail that follows the lower course of the Chippewa River.

Sports

Curling

Eau Claire Curling Club has been around for over 50 years. [1]

Baseball

Eau Claire has three amateur baseball teams. The Eau Claire Express are a team that plays in the Northwoods League, an NCAA-sanctioned summer baseball league. Their home games are played at Carson Park. The Eau Claire Cavaliers, also plays home games at Carson Park.[12] The Eau Claire Bears play in the Chippewa River Baseball League. Also, three of Eau Claire's High Schools have baseball teams. [13]Eau Claire North H.S. won the 2011 state championship.

Football

The Chippewa Valley Predators and the Eau Claire Crush, adult amateur football teams in the Northern Elite Football League, play their home games at Carson Park.

Soccer

The Eau Claire Aris FC are Eau Claire's team in the NPSL. Eau Claire United[14] is a competitive youth soccer team competing in the MYSA.

  • Every summer, Eau Claire United hosts a soccer tournament that brings around 100 teams to the community.[14]

Kubb

  • Eau Claire hosts the U.S. National Kubb Championship. The tournament was started in 2007. It is the largest kubb tournament outside of Europe and one of only two two-day kubb tournaments in the world, along with the Kubb World Championship in Gotland, Sweden. On December 13, 2011, Eau Claire became "The Kubb Capital of North America". Kubb is now played in P.E. classes and summer recreational programs, and there are numerous kubb clubs in the Eau Claire area. Eau Claire is also home to Kubbnation Magazine and Wisconsin Kubb. Kubb is an old Nordic game, which involves tossing wooden batons at wooden blocks. With several strategic elements, its nickname is Viking Chess.

Figure Skating

Notable natives and residents

See Also

General

2

Musicians

Media

Sports

Fictional

Sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Americas Promise Alliance
  2. ^ Your State Poster Contest Coordinator
  3. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Eau Claire, Wisconsin".
  4. ^ 2004 Wisconsin Bluebook data
  5. ^ "Wisconsin Railroads 2009" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  6. ^ Scribbins, Jim (2008). The 400 Story. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press (originally published by PTJ: Park Forest, IL, 1982). ISBN 978-0-8166-5449-9.
  7. ^ Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Kimley Horn and Associates, Inc., and TKDA, Inc. (February 2009). "Minnesota Comprehensive Statewide Freight and Passenger Rail Plan (Final Report)" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-02-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Unitarian Universalist Congregation (Eau Claire, Wisconsin)
  9. ^ Leader-Telegram Online
  10. ^ Volume One
  11. ^ Nielsen Media Research
  12. ^ Eau Claire Cavaliers
  13. ^ "2011 State Spring Baseball Tournament". Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  14. ^ a b ecusoccer.org
  15. ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1986-1987,' Biographical Sketch of Joseph Looby, pg. 67
  16. ^ Ann Landers
  17. ^ Carson Park article, from the UW–Eau Claire Club Baseball website
  18. ^ Hank Aaron tri-fold brochure from the Eau Claire Express website. (.pdf)
  19. ^ "Henry Aaron honored in city where he broke barriers in baseball - Eau Claire, WI" article from Jet, 5 September 1994. Retrieved via findarticles.com, 13 January 2007.
  20. ^ "Hammerin' Hank still stands tall" article from Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 3 April 2002. Retrieved from findarticles.com, 13 January 2007.
  21. ^ "Welcome back, Hank" 20 October 2006 Eau Claire Leader-Telegram article. Two more stories referring to this visit, although both more germane to Hank Aaron's activities as a campaigner for Jim Doyle's gubernatorial reëlection: "Hank Aaron goes to bat for Doyle", 19 October 2006 "Aaron stumps for Doyle in city", 20 October 2006
  22. ^ "Governor Doyle and Hank Aaron Visit Eau Claire" article on WEAU-TV website, viewed 13, Jan. 2007.
  23. ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/lemoine-batson-1.html
  24. ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/mike-peplinski-1.html
  25. ^ Pro-Football-Reference.com - Pro Football Statistics and History
  26. ^ The Internet Hockey Database -- Hockey Statistics, Data, Logos, and Trading Cards
  27. ^ Find Articles at BNET
  28. ^ Baseball-Reference.com - Major League Baseball Statistics and History
  29. ^ NBA & ABA Basketball Statistics & History | Basketball-Reference.com
  30. ^ NBA & ABA Basketball Statistics & History | Basketball-Reference.com
  31. ^ Pro-Football-Reference.com - Pro Football Statistics and History
  32. ^ Sports-Reference.com - Sports Statistics and History
  33. ^ Baseball-Reference.com - Major League Baseball Statistics and History
  34. ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zu/reed-zuehlke-1.html
  35. ^ NSW Government

General

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History

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