Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
An erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (or EDWA) is a type of an optical amplifier enhanced with erbium. It is a close relative of an EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier, and in fact EDWA's basic operating principles are identical to those of the EDFA. Both of them can be used to amplify infrared light at wavelengths in optical communication bands between 1500 and 1600 nm. However, whereas an EDFA is made using a free-standing fiber, an EDWA is typically produced on a planar substrate, sometimes in ways that are very similar to the methods used in electronic integrated circuit manufacturing. Therefore, the main advantage of EDWAs over EDFAs lies in their potential to be intimately integrated with other optical components on the same planar substrate and thus making EDFAs unnecessary.
Early development
[edit]The early EDWA development was motivated by a promise (or a hope) that it can deliver smaller and cheaper components than those achievable with EDFAs. The development of waveguide amplifiers, along with other types of optical amplifiers, experienced a very rapid growth throughout 1990's. Several research labs, private companies and universities took part in this work by focusing on working out the basic material science necessary for their manufacturing. They included Bell Laboratories (Lucent Technologies, US), Teem Photonics (Meylan, France), Molecular OptoElectronics Corp. (New York, US) and a few others.[1] Each of them took a unique path in their research and experimented with different approaches. However, most of these efforts since then have been discontinued.
MOEC developed a unique micro-mechanical approach to producing channel waveguides that can be doped with rare-earth elements at high concentrations.[2] They were able to cut, polish and glue together straight sections of channel waveguides of varying lengths (typically few centimeters) and cross-sections (typically few tens of microns). These waveguides were usually characterized by relatively large cross-section areas and high index contrast. As a result, unlike single mode fibers, they were multi-mode and able to maintain multiple optical modes at the same wavelength and polarization. The primary way to couple light in and out of such a waveguide was by using bulk optical components, such as prisms, mirrors and lenses, which further complicated their use in fiber-optic systems.
Teem Photonics used an ion-exchange process to produce a channel waveguide in a rare-earth doped phosphate glass.[3] Resulting waveguides were typically single-mode waveguides, which could be easily integrated with other fiber-optic components. In addition, several different elements could be integrated in one circuit, including gain blocks, couplers, splitters and others.[4] However, due to a relatively low refractive index contrast between the core and the cladding in these waveguides, the selection of optical elements that can be produced on such a platform was rather limited and the resulting circuit size tended to be large, i.e. comparable to then available fiber-optic counterparts.
Bell Labs took yet another approach to making EDWAs by using a so-called "silicon optical bench" technology.[5] They experimented with different glass compositions, including aluminosilicate, phosphate, soda-lime and others, which could be deposited as thin layers on top of silicon substrates.[6] Different waveguides and waveguide circuits could be subsequently formed using photolithography and different etching techniques. Bells Labs successfully showed not only high gain amplification, but also the capabilities to integrate active and passive planar waveguide elements, e.g. a gain block and a pump coupler, in the same circuit.[7]
Later years
[edit]Commercial EDWA development efforts intensified in 2000's when Inplane Photonics joined the race.[8] In general, their approach was similar to that of Bell Labs, i.e. the silica-on-silicon technology. Inplane Photonics, however, was able to further improve and expand capabilities of this technology by integrating two to three different waveguide types on the same chip.[9] This feature allowed them to monolithically integrate gain blocks (active waveguides providing amplification) with different passive elements, such as couplers, arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG), optical taps, turning mirrors and so on. Some of advanced Inplane Photonics' photonic circuits containing EDWAs were used by Lockheed Martin in their development of new high-speed on-board communication systems for the US Air Force.[10] Inplane Photonics and its technology was later acquired by CyOptics.[11]
Comparison between EDWA and EDFA
[edit]EDWA and EDFA are difficult to compare without a proper context. At least three different scenarios or use cases can be analyzed: (1) stand-alone amplifiers, (2) stand-alone lasers and (3) integrated components.
Stand-alone amplifiers
[edit]EDWAs are typically characterized by higher erbium concentrations and background losses than those in regular EDFAs. Those lead to relatively higher noise figures and lower saturation powers, although the differences can be very small, sometimes amounting a fraction of dB (decibel).[12] Thus for demanding applications, where it is important to minimize noise and maximize output power, an EDFA may be preferred over an EDWA. However, if the physical size of a device is a constraint, than an EDWA or an EDWA array may be a better choice.
Stand-alone lasers
[edit]An optical amplifier may be used as a part of a laser, e.g. a fiber laser. Some parameters, such as the noise figure, are less relevant for this application and therefore using an EDWA instead of an EDFA may be advantageous. EDWA-based lasers can be more compact and more tightly integrated with other laser components and elements. This feature allows one to create very unusual lasers that are difficult to implement by other means, as demonstrated by an MIT research group, which produced a very compact femtosecond laser with a very fast repetition rate.[13]
Integrated components
[edit]An optical amplifier may be also used as a component in a larger system for compensating optical losses from other components in that system. The EDWA technology allows one to potentially produce a whole system using a single integrated optical circuit, as in a system-on-a-chip,[14] rather than an assembly of individual fiber-optic components. In such systems, EDWA may then hold an advantage over EDFA-based solutions, due to the smaller size and potentially lower cost.
References
[edit]- ^ "EDWA: the new contender for optical amplification". www.fiberopticsonline.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
- ^ "Optical channel waveguide amplifier". 1998-09-23.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "TEEM PHOTONICS | Home". www.teemphotonics.com. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
- ^ "Apparatus and method for integrated photonic devices having gain and wavelength-selectivity". 2001-11-27.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Blonder, G. E. (1990-11-01). "Silicon Optical Bench Research at AT&T Bell Laboratories". LEOS '90. Conference Proceedings IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1990 Annual Meeting. pp. 350–353. doi:10.1109/LEOS.1990.690603. ISBN 978-0-87942-550-0. S2CID 118002008.
- ^ Hehlen, Markus P.; Cockroft, Nigel J.; Gosnell, T. R.; Bruce, Allan J. (1997). "Spectroscopic properties of Er3+- and Yb3+-doped soda-lime silicate and aluminosilicate glasses". Physical Review B. 56 (15): 9302–9318. Bibcode:1997PhRvB..56.9302H. doi:10.1103/physrevb.56.9302.
- ^ Shmulovich, J.; Bruce, A. J.; Lenz, G.; Hansen, P. B.; Nielsen, T. N.; Muehlner, D. J.; Bogert, G. A.; Brener, I.; Laskowski, E. J. (1999-02-01). "Integrated planar waveguide amplifier with 15 dB net gain at 1550 nm". OFC/IOOC . Technical Digest. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 1999, and the International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber Communication. Vol. Supplement. pp. PD42/1–PD42/3 Suppl. Bibcode:1999OptPN..10Q..50S. doi:10.1109/OFC.1999.766203. S2CID 15101065.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Inc., Inplane Photonics. "Inplane Photonics Introduces the Industry's First Amplified Tunable Dispersion Compensator". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Frolov, S. V. (2006-03-01). "Waveguide amplifier design and integration". 2006 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. pp. 3 pp.–. doi:10.1109/OFC.2006.215353. ISBN 978-1-55752-803-2. S2CID 44189860.
- ^ "Inplane Photonics is Awarded Lockheed Martin Contract for Advanced Optical". www.businesswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2017-04-11.
- ^ "CyOptics acquires Inplane Photonics; expands photonic integrated circuits". www.militaryaerospace.com. January 2008. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
- ^ Shmulovich, Joseph; Muehlner, D. J.; Bruce, A. J.; Delavaux, J.-M.; Lenz, G.; Gomez, L. T.; Laskowski, E. J.; Paunescu, A.; Pafchek, R. (2000-07-12). "Recent progress in Erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers". Integrated Photonics Research (2000), Paper IWC4. Optical Society of America: IWC4. doi:10.1364/IPR.2000.IWC4. ISBN 978-1-55752-643-4.
- ^ Byun, H.; Pudo, D.; Frolov, S.; Hanjani, A.; Shmulovich, J.; Ippen, E. P.; Kartner, F. X. (2009-06-01). "Integrated Low-Jitter 400-MHz Femtosecond Waveguide Laser". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 21 (12): 763–765. Bibcode:2009IPTL...21..763B. doi:10.1109/LPT.2009.2017505. hdl:1721.1/52360. ISSN 1041-1135. S2CID 2746357.
- ^ "Acquisition of "Silica-on-Silicon" PLC Technology Expands CyOptics' Toolbox for Photonic Integrated Circuits".