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{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}} |
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[[File:DUNKIRK1940.jpg|thumb|220px|right|British troops evacuating Dunkirk's beaches. Many stood shoulder deep in water for hours, waiting to board the warships.]] |
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The '''Dunkirk evacuation,''' codenamed '''Operation Dynamo''' by the [[United Kingdom|British]], was the evacuation of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] soldiers from the beaches and harbour of [[Dunkirk]], France, between 27 May and the early hours of 3 June 1940, when British, French and Belgian troops were cut off by the German army during the [[Battle of Dunkirk]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/4/newsid_3500000/3500865.stm "1940: Dunkirk rescue is over – Churchill defiant."] ''BBC'', 2008. Retrieved: 25 July 2010.</ref><ref name="Longden 2009, p. 1">Longden 2009, p. 1.</ref> The evacuation was ordered on 26 May.<ref>Longden 2009, p. 48.</ref> In a speech to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], [[Winston Churchill]] called the events in France "a colossal military disaster", saying that "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his ("[[We shall fight on the beaches]]") speech, he hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".<ref>Safire 2004, p. 146.</ref> |
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On the first day, only 7,010 men were evacuated, but by the ninth day, a total of 338,226 soldiers (198,229 British and 139,997 French)<ref>Taylor 1965</ref> had been rescued by the hastily assembled fleet of 850 boats. Many of the troops were able to embark from the harbour's protective [[mole (architecture)|mole]] onto 42 British [[destroyer]]s and other large ships, while others had to wade from the beaches toward the ships, waiting for hours to board, shoulder-deep in water. Others were ferried from the beaches to the larger ships, and thousands were carried back to Britain by the famous "[[little ships of Dunkirk]]", a [[flotilla]] of around 700 [[merchant marine]] boats, [[fishing boat]]s, [[pleasure craft]] and [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] lifeboats—the smallest of which was the 15-foot fishing boat ''Tamzine'', now in the [[Imperial War Museum]] - whose civilian crews were called into service for the emergency. The "miracle of the little ships" remains a prominent folk memory in Britain.<ref>Knowles, David J. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/765004.stm "The 'miracle' of Dunkirk".] ''BBC News'', 30 May 2000. Retrieved: 18 July 2009.</ref><ref name=history>[http://www.adls.org.uk/ "History".] ''The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships''. Retrieved: 11 April 2008.</ref> |
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Operation Dynamo took its name from the [[dynamo]] room in the naval headquarters below [[Dover Castle]], which contained the dynamo that provided the building with electricity during the war. It was in this room that British [[Vice Admiral]] [[Bertram Ramsay]] planned the operation and briefed Winston Churchill as it was under way.<ref>Lord 1983, pp. 43–44.</ref> |
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==Evacuation== |
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[[File:British troops lifeboat dunkerque.png|thumb|right|British troops evacuating to ship via lifeboat bridge.]] |
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Due to war-time censorship and the desire to keep up the morale of the nation, the full extent of the unfolding "disaster" around Dunkirk was not publicised. However, the grave plight of the troops led [[King George VI]] to call for an unprecedented week of prayer. Throughout the country, people prayed on 26 May for a miraculous delivery.<ref>Miller 1997, p. 83.</ref> The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] led prayers "for our soldiers in dire peril in France." Similar prayers were offered in synagogues and churches throughout Britain that day, confirming the public suspicion of the desperate plight of the troops.<ref>Gelb 1990, p. 82.</ref> |
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Initial plans called for the recovery of 45,000 men from the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] within two days, at which time it was expected that German troops would be able to block further evacuation. Only 25,001 men escaped during this period, including 7,001 on the first day.<ref name="Liddell">Liddell Hart 1999</ref> Ten additional destroyers joined the rescue effort on 26 May and attempted rescue operations in the early morning, but were unable to closely approach the beaches, although several thousand were rescued. However, the pace of evacuation from the shrinking Dunkirk pocket steadily increased. |
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On 29 May, 47,000 British troops were rescued<ref>Keegan 1989</ref> in spite of the first heavy aerial attack by the [[Luftwaffe]] in the evening. The next day, an additional 54,000 men<ref>Liddell Hart 1999, p. 79.</ref> were embarked, including the first French soldiers.<ref>Murray and Millett 2000, p. 80.</ref> 68,000 men and the commander of the BEF, [[Lord Gort]], evacuated on 31 May.<ref>Keegan 1989, p. 81.</ref> A further 64,000 Allied soldiers departed on 1 June,<ref name="mm">Murray and Millett 2000</ref> before the increasing air attacks prevented further daylight evacuation.<ref name="Liddell"/> The British rearguard left the night of 2 June, along with 60,000 French soldiers.<ref name="mm"/> An additional 26,000 French troops were retrieved the following night before the operation finally ended.<ref name="Liddell"/> |
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Two French divisions remained behind to protect the evacuation. Though they halted the German advance, they were soon captured. The remainder of the rearguard, largely French, surrendered on 3 June 1940. The next day, the [[BBC]] reported, "Major-General [[Harold Alexander]] [the commander of the rearguard] inspected the shores of Dunkirk from a motorboat this morning to make sure no-one was left behind before boarding the last ship back to Britain."<ref>The inspection of the beaches had, however, taken place in the early hours of the previous morning.</ref><ref name="Longden 2009, p. 1"/> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Date !! Troops evacuated from beaches !! Troops evacuated from Dunkirk Harbour !! Total |
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|- |
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| 27 May || - || 7,669 || 7,669 |
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|- |
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| 28 May || 5,930 || 11,874 || 17,804 |
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|- |
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| 29 May || 13,752 || 33,558 || 47,310 |
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|- |
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| 30 May || 29,512 || 24,311 || 53,823 |
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|- |
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| 31 May || 22,942 || 45,072 || 68,014 |
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|- |
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| 1 June || 17,348 || 47,081 || 64,429 |
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|- |
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| 2 June || 6,695 || 19,561 || 26,256 |
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|- |
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| 3 June || 1,870 || 24,876 || 26,746 |
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|- |
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| 4 June || 622 || 25,553 || 26,175 |
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|- |
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| Totals || 98,780 || 239,446 || 338,226 |
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|} |
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[[File:British gunner ship dunkirk.png|thumb|right|Royal Navy gunner covering retreating troops at Dunkirk (1940).]] |
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===Little ships=== |
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{{Main|Little ships of Dunkirk}} |
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Most of the "little ships" were private fishing boats and pleasure cruisers, but commercial vessels also contributed, including a number from as far away as the [[Isle of Man]] and [[Glasgow]]. Guided by naval craft across the [[English Channel]] from the [[Thames Estuary]] and [[Dover]], these smaller vessels were able to move in much closer to the beaches and acted as shuttles between the shore and the destroyers, lifting troops who were queuing in the water, some of whom stood shoulder-deep for many hours to board the larger vessels. Thousands of soldiers were also taken in the little ships back to Britain. |
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Thirty-nine [[Holland|Dutch]] [[Coastal trading vessel|coasters]] which had escaped the occupation of the [[Netherlands]] by the Germans on 10 May 1940, were asked by the Dutch shipping bureau in London to assist. The Dutch coasters, able to approach the beaches very closely due to their flat bottoms, saved 22,698 men for the loss of seven boats.<ref>[http://www.wivonet.nl/operatiedynamo.htm "Operation Dynamo."{{nl}}] ''wivonet.nl.'' Retrieved: 27 July 2010.</ref> |
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==Losses== |
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Despite the success of the operation, all the heavy equipment and vehicles had to be abandoned, and several thousand French troops were captured in the Dunkirk pocket. Six British and three French destroyers were sunk, along with nine large boats. In addition, 19 destroyers were damaged.<ref name="mm"/> Over 200 of the Allied sea craft were sunk, with an equal number damaged.<ref name="HolmesOxford">Holmes 2001, p. 267.</ref> The [[Royal Navy]] claimed the destruction of 35 Luftwaffe aircraft from ship's gunfire during the period of May 27 to June 1, and damage to another 21 aircraft.<ref>Ramsey, B. H. ''The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches.'' Despatch published in the ''London Gazette,'' 17 July 1947, Apendix III.</ref> Winston Churchill revealed in his volumes on World War II that the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) played a most important role protecting the retreating troops from the ''[[Luftwaffe]].'' Churchill also said that the sand on the beach softened the explosions from the German bombs. ''"Between 26 May and 4 June the RAF flew a total of 4,822 sorties over Dunkirk, losing just over 100 aircraft in the fighting."''<ref>[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/operation_dynamo.html#6 ''Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk of 27 May-4 June 1940'']</ref> The RAF claimed 262 Luftwaffe aircraft destroyed over Dunkirk.<ref>Ramsey, B. H.''The Evacuation of the Allied Armies from Dunkirk and Neighbouring Beaches.'' Despatch published in the ''London Gazette,'' 17 July 1947, p. 3297.</ref> The RAF lost 177 aircraft from all causes from May 26 to June 4, while the Luftwaffe lost 240 aircraft, on the Western Front, from all causes during the same time frame.<ref>Oppenheimer, Peter. [http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v07/v07p133_Oppenheimer.html#ftnref150 "From the Spanish Civil War to the Fall of France: Luftwaffe Lessons Learned and Applied."] ''Institute for Historical Review.'' Retrieved: 1 September 2010.</ref> Fighter losses, from units based in France and the UK from May 10 to June 4 was 432, while total RAF losses from all causes during all of May and June was 959, of which 477 were fighters.<ref>Richards, Denis. [http://funsite.unc.edu/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-5.html "Royal Air Force 1939–1945, Volume I, The Fight at Odds", pp. 145, 150.] ''funsite.unc.edu.'' Retrieved: 1 September 2010.</ref> However, the retreating troops were largely unaware of this vital assistance, and many bitterly accused the airmen of doing nothing to help.<ref>Shirer, William L: ''Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', p. 736, footnote</ref> |
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===Major ships lost=== |
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The [[Royal Navy]]'s most significant losses in the operation were six destroyers: |
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* [[HMS Grafton (H89)|''Grafton'']], sunk by [[German submarine U-62 (1939)|''U-62'']] on 29 May; |
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* [[HMS Grenade (H86)|''Grenade'']], sunk by air attack off the east pier at Dunkirk on 29 May; |
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* [[HMS Wakeful (H88)|''Wakeful'']], sunk by a [[torpedo]] from the [[Schnellboot]] (E-boat) ''S-30'' on 29 May; |
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* [[HMS Basilisk (H11)|''Basilisk'']], [[HMS Havant (H32)|''Havant'']] and [[HMS Keith (D06)|''Keith'']], sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June. |
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The [[French Navy]] lost three destroyers: |
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* [[French destroyer Bourrasque|''Bourrasque'']], mined off [[Nieuport]] on 30 May; |
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* [[French destroyer Sirocco|''Sirocco'']], sunk by the Schnellboote ''S-23'' and ''S-26'' on 31 May; |
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* [[French ship Foudroyant (1929)|''Le Foudroyant'']], sunk by air attack off the beaches on 1 June. |
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==Aftermath== |
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[[File:British troops ship dunkerque.png|thumb|right|Rescued British troops gathered in a ship at Dunkirk.]] |
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[[File:Good to be alive dunkirk 1940.png|thumb|right|Dunkirk-rescued French troops disembarking at a port on the south coast of England.]] |
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Before the operation was completed, the prognosis had been gloomy, with Winston Churchill warning the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to expect "hard and heavy tidings". Subsequently, Churchill referred to the outcome as a "miracle", and the British press presented the evacuation as a "disaster turned to triumph" so successfully that Churchill had to remind the country, in a speech to the House of Commons on 4 June, that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations." Nevertheless, exhortations to the "Dunkirk spirit", a phrase used to describe the tendency of the British public to pull together and overcome times of adversity, are still heard in Britain today.<ref>Rodgers. Lucy. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8689964.stm "The men who defined the 'Dunkirk spirit'."] ''BBC'', 19 May 2010. Retrieved: 30 July 2010.</ref> |
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The rescue of the British troops at Dunkirk provided a psychological boost to British morale; while the [[War Cabinet]] had discussed in secret surrendering to Hitler (and voted against it),<ref>Marr, Andrew: ''A History of Modern Britain'' (2009 paperback), page xv to xvii</ref> to the country at large it was spun as a major victory. While the British Army had lost a great deal of its equipment and vehicles in France, it still had most of its soldiers and was able to assign them to the [[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II|defence of Britain]]. Once the threat of invasion receded, they were transferred overseas to the Middle East and other theatres and also provided the nucleus of the army that returned to France in 1944. |
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German land forces could have easily destroyed the British Expeditionary Force, especially when many of the British troops, in their haste to withdraw, had left behind their heavy equipment. For years, it was assumed that Adolf Hitler ordered the German Army to stop the attack, favouring bombardment by the Luftwaffe. However, according to the Official War Diary of Army Group A, Field Marshall [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], the Chief of the General Staff, ordered the halt. Hitler merely validated the order several hours after the fact. This lull in the action gave the British a few days to evacuate by sea. |
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Several high-ranking German commanders (for example, Generals [[Erich von Manstein]] and [[Heinz Guderian]], as well as Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]]) considered the failure of the German High Command to order a timely assault on Dunkirk to eliminate the British Expeditionary Force to be one of the major mistakes the Germans had made on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]. |
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The more than 100,000 evacuated French troops were quickly and efficiently shuttled to camps in various parts of southwestern England where they were temporarily lodged before quickly being repatriated.<ref>[http://www.francobritishcouncil.org.uk/publications.php/51/le-paradis-apres-lenfer-the-french-soldiers-evacuated-from-dunkirk-in-1940 "Le Paradis apres l'Enfer: the French Soldiers Evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940."] ''Franco-British Council,'' Publications. Retrieved: 26 Mar 2010.</ref> British ships ferried French troops to Brest, Cherbourg and other ports in [[Normandy]] and [[Brittany]], although only about half of the repatriated troops were deployed against the Germans before the armistice. For many French soldiers the Dunkirk evacuation was not a salvation, but represented only a few weeks' delay before being made POWs by the German army after their return in France.<ref>Mordal 1968, p. 496.</ref> |
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In France, the perceived preference of the Royal Navy for evacuating British forces at the expense of the French led to some bitter resentment. The French [[François Darlan|Admiral Darlan]] originally ordered that the British forces should receive preference, but Churchill intervened at a 31 May meeting in Paris to order that the evacuation should proceed on equal terms and the British would form the rearguard.<ref>Churchill 1959, p. 280.</ref> A few thousand French forces eventually surrendered, but only after the evacuation effort had been extended for a day to bring 26,175 Frenchmen to Britain on 4 June. |
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For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man was left behind as a [[prisoner of war]] (POW). The majority of these prisoners were sent on forced marches into [[Germany]]. Prisoners reported brutal treatment by their guards, including beatings, starvation, and murder. In particular, the British prisoners complained that French prisoners were given preferential treatment.<REF NAME=Longden2009>Longden 2009, p. 367.</ref> Another major complaint was that German guards kicked over buckets of water that had been left at the roadside by French civilians.<ref>Longden (2009) p. 361</ref> Many of the prisoners were marched to the town of [[Trier]], with the march taking as long as 20 days. Others were marched to the river [[Scheldt]] and were sent by barge to the [[Ruhr]]. The prisoners were then sent by rail to POW camps in Germany.<ref>Longden 2009, pp. 383–404.</ref> The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in German industry and agriculture for five years.<ref>Longden 2007</ref> |
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The very significant loss of military equipment abandoned in Dunkirk reinforced the financial dependence of the British government on the United States. Left behind in France were 2,472 guns, almost 65,000 vehicles and 20,000 motorcycles; also abandoned were 416,000 tons of stores, more than 75,000 tons of ammunition and 162,000 tons of petrol.<ref>Longden 2009, p. 11.</ref> |
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The [[St George's Cross]] flown from the [[Maritime flags#Jacks|jack staff]] is known as the Dunkirk jack and is only flown by civilian ships and boats of all sizes that took part in the Dunkirk rescue operation in 1940. The only other ships permitted to fly this flag at the bow are those with an Admiral of the Fleet on board. |
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==In popular culture== |
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*''[[The Snow Goose]],'' a 1941 novel by [[Paul Gallico]], related the story of a lonely artist who participates in the evacuation at the cost of his life. It was made into an award-winning 1971 film starring [[Richard Harris]] and [[Jenny Agutter]]. |
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* The [[Academy Award]]-winning 1942 movie ''[[Mrs. Miniver (film)|Mrs. Miniver]]'' also featured the evacuation. |
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* [[Katherine Kurtz]]'s thriller ''Lammas Night'' features a character caught up in the evacuation. |
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* The 1949 novel ''[[Week-end at Zuydcoote|Week-end à Zuydcoote]]'' by French author [[Robert Merle]] tells the story of a French soldier during the evacuation. It won the [[Prix Goncourt]] that year. It was adapted [[Weekend at Dunkirk|to film]] in 1964 by [[Henri Verneuil]]. |
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* The story was the subject of ''[[Dunkirk (film)|Dunkirk]],'' a 1958 [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] film (made in collaboration with British MGM). |
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* In the 1981 [[BBC television]] [[miniseries]] ''[[Private Schulz (TV series)|Private Schulz]]'', the title character (a reluctant German spy) escapes Britain by sailing one of the evacuation boats to the continent. |
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* The evacuation was featured prominently in [[Ian McEwan]]'s novel ''[[Atonement (novel)|Atonement]]'' (2001) and the [[Atonement (film)|film adaptation of the same name]] (2007). The film version contains a 4.5-minute continuous shot of Allied troops stranded on the beach of Dunkirk waiting to be evacuated (filmed on [[Redcar]] beach, North Yorkshire). |
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* The evacuation and the Battle of Dunkirk were re-enacted in the [[2004 in television|2004]] [[BBC television]] docudrama ''[[Dunkirk (TV series)|Dunkirk]]''. |
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* The novel ''Dunkirk Crescendo'' (2005) by [[Bodie Thoene]] features the miracle of Dunkirk starting in the beginning of May, before Churchill becomes Prime Minister, and ending on 4 June, when the evacuation ends. |
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* The evacuation is featured in the [[Doctor Who]] novel ''[[The Nemonite Invasion]]'' (2009). |
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* In [[Connie Willis]]'s 2010 novel ''[[Blackout (novel)|Blackout]]'', Mike Davies, one of the story's time-traveling protagonists, intends to observe the evacuation as an historian, but is unwittingly drawn into participating, causing him to worry he may have done something to alter the course of history. |
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* Television historian [[Dan Snow]]'s efforts to rescue Britons stranded in France following the [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|air travel disruptions due to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption]] was described as re-creating the Spirit of Dunkirk. French police in Calais halted their effort.<ref>Blitz, James. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/361e8990-4c14-11df-a217-00144feab49a.html "UK - Seaborne recovery missions recall Dunkirk spirit."] ''Financial Times (London),'' 20 April 2010. Retrieved: 4 June 2010.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Battle of Dunkirk]] |
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* [[Operation Cycle]] – the evacuation of 11,000 troops from [[Le Havre]], beginning on 10 June |
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* [[Operation Ariel]] – the later evacuation from Normandy and Brittany |
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* [[Battle of France]] |
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==References== |
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;Notes |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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;Bibliography |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* Churchill, Winston. ''Memoirs of the Second World War.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. ISBN 0-395-59968-7. |
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* Collier, Richard. ''The Sands of Dunkirk.'' New York: Dell Publishing Co. Inc. / E.P.Dutton & Co. Inc., 1961. |
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* [[Norman Franks|Franks, Norman]]. ''The Air Battle of Dunkirk.'' London: William Kimber, 1983. ISBN 0-7183-0349-0. |
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* Gardner, W. J. R., ed. ''The Evacuation from Dunkirk: 'Operation Dynamo' 26 May – 4 June 1940.'' London: Frank Cass, 2000. ISBN 0-7146-5120-6 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7146-8150-4 (paperback). ISSN 1471-0757. |
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* Gelb, Norman. ''Dunkirk: The Incredible Escape.'' London: Michael Joseph, 1990. ISBN 0-7181-32033. |
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* Hastings, Max. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content/displayPrintable.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/05/28/boseb14.xml&site=6 "A fine account of a triumphant defeat."] ''The Telegraph,'' Book Review, 28 May 2006. Retrieved: 3 June 2007. |
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* Holmes, Richard, ed. "Dunkirk evacuation." ''The Oxford Companion to Military History.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-866209-2. |
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* Keegan, John. ''The Second World War,'' New York: Viking Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-670-82359-7. |
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* [[Sean Longden|Longden, Sean]]. ''Dunkirk: The Men They Left Behind.'' London: Constable and Robinson, 2009. ISBN 978-1845299774. |
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* [[Sean Longden|Longden, Sean]]. ''Hitler's British Slaves: Allied POWs in Germany 1939–1945.'' London: Constable and Robinson, 2007. ISBN 978-1845295196. |
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* Lord, Walter. ''The Miracle of Dunkirk.'' London: Allen Lane, 1983. ISBN 185326685-X. |
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* Liddell Hart, B. H. ''History of the Second World War.'' New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. ISBN 0-30-680912-5. |
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* Miller, Nathan. ''War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II.'' New York: Oxford University Press (US), 1997. ISBN 0-19511-038-2. |
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* Mordal, Jacques. ''Dunkerque.'' Paris: Editions France Empire, 1968. |
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* Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett. ''A War to Be Won.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000. ISBN 0-674-00163-X. |
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* Overy, Richard. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content/displayPrintable.jhtml?xml=/global/2006/05/28/boseb28.xml&site=22 "A very British defeat."] ''The Telegraph,'' Book Review, 28 May 2006. Retrieved: 3 June 2007. |
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* Safire, William. ''Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History.'' New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004. ISBN 03-9304-005-4. |
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* [[Hugh Sebag-Montefiore|Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh]]. ''Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man.'' New York: Viking, 2006. ISBN 0-670-91082-1. |
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* Taylor, A.J.P. ''English History 1914–1945'' (Oxford History of England). London: Oxford, 1965. |
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* Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''A World at Arms.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-44317-2. |
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* Wilmot, Chester. ''The Struggle for Europe.'' New York: Carroll & Graf, 1986. ISBN 0-88184-257-5. |
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{{Refend}} |
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* Shirer, William L. ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.'' New York: Simon and Schuster Inc, 1959. ISBN 0-671-72869-5 |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Operation Dynamo}} |
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* [http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-dunkirk-operation-dynam.html Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo - A post-blog of the Battle of Britain 1940] |
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* [http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-spitfires-join-the-fighting.html Spitfires Join the Fighting - aerial battle over Dunkirk] |
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* [http://www.dynamo-dunkerque.com/ Site officiel du mémorial du souvenir de Dunkerque] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/dunkirk/ BBC Archive - Dunkirk Evacuation] |
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* [http://spitfiresite.com/2010/05/battle-of-britain-1940-dunkirk-operation-dynam.html Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo - A post-blog of the Battle of Britain 1940] |
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* [http://funsite.unc.edu/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38017.pdf Admiral B.H. Ramsey, ''THE EVACUATION OF THE ALLIED ARMIES FROM DUNKIRK AND NEIGHBOURING BEACHES.''] |
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* [http://ww2history.com/videos/Western/Nazis_invade_France Nazis invade France] Video analysis on WW2History.com examining why the British army was trapped at Dunkirk |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunkirk Evacuation}} |
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[[Category:Battle of France]] |
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[[Category:Evacuations]] |
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[[Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II (European theatre)]] |
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[[Category:Dunkirk|Evacuation]] |
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[[ar:انسحاب دانكرك]] |
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[[bg:Операция Динамо]] |
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[[ca:Evacuació de Dunkerque]] |
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[[cs:Operace Dynamo]] |
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[[da:Operation Dynamo]] |
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[[de:Operation Dynamo]] |
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[[es:Operación Dinamo]] |
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[[ko:다이나모 작전]] |
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[[id:Evakuasi Dunkerque]] |
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[[it:Operazione Dinamo]] |
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[[he:מבצע דינמו]] |
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[[nl:Operatie Dynamo]] |
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[[ja:ダイナモ作戦]] |
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[[no:Operasjon Dynamo]] |
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[[nn:Operasjon Dynamo]] |
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[[pl:Operacja Dynamo]] |
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[[pt:Operação Dínamo]] |
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[[ru:Дюнкеркская операция]] |
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[[simple:Dunkirk evacuation]] |
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[[sk:Operácia Dynamo]] |
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[[sr:Операција Динамо]] |
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[[sv:Operation Dynamo]] |
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[[ta:டைனமோ நடவடிக்கை]] |
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[[vi:Chiến dịch Dynamo]] |
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Revision as of 15:36, 6 October 2010
One the cow will rule the world and all will bow to COW FACE THE FLYING COW