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Birger Jarl

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For the ship, see MS Birger Jarl.

Birger Jarl
Birger, depicted in a corbel in Varnhem Church, wears a ducal coronet that fuses Norwegian and continental styles with English influences.[1]
Jarl of Sweden
Tenurec. 1248[2] – 1266[3]
Monarchs
PredecessorUlf Fase[2]
Bornc. 1210
probably in Östergötland
Died(1266-10-21)21 October 1266
Jälbolung, Västergötland
BuriedVarnhem Abbey, Västergötland
Spouse(s)
Issue
Parents

Birger Jarl (c. 1210 – 21 October 1266), also known as Birger Magnusson,[4] was a Swedish statesman and regent, jarl, and a member of the House of Bjälbo, who played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Sweden.[5] His first marriage was to Princess Ingeborg of Sweden, which created his base of power. Birger led the Second Swedish Crusade, which established Swedish rule in Finland. Additionally, he is traditionally attributed with the foundation of the Swedish capital, Stockholm, around 1250. Birger used the Latin title of dux sveorum et guttorum ("duke of Swedes and Geats").[6]

Biography

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Early life

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Birger, likely born around the time of the Battle of Gestilren in 1210, spent his childhood and adolescence in Bjälbo, Östergötland. The exact date of his birth is uncertain and historical sources are contradictory, but examinations of his remains suggest he was around 50 years old at his death in 1266, which would indicate a birth year around 1216.[7] However, since his father, Magnus Minnesköld, is believed to have died no later than 1210, Birger's birth may have occurred a few years earlier.[8]

Birger's mother Ingrid Ylva was, according to Olaus Petri, a daughter of Sune Sik and the granddaughter of King Sverker I of Sweden. His brothers or half-brothers—Eskil, Karl, and Bengt [sv]—were born well before 1200, suggesting they likely had a different mother. Birger was named after his uncle Birger Brosa, a jarl from the House of Bjälbo and one of the most powerful men of the era, who died in 1202.[8]

Birger married Ingeborg Eriksdotter, the sister of King Erik Eriksson in the mid-1230s, following intense competition with other suitors, as chronicled in Erik's Chronicle (Erikskrönikan). This combination of family ties and strategic marriage would prove vital in his ascent to power.[8] During the following 15 years, Birger consolidated his position and was probably one of the most influential men years before being formally given the title jarl in 1248 by King Erik.[citation needed]

Campaign to Neva

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According to some 15th and 16th century sources, Birger was responsible for a military campaign against the Novgorod Republic in 1240, which ended in a victory by Alexander Nevsky during what is known as the Battle of the Neva.[9] While Swedish sources give no information on the battle at all, a 16th-century Russian manuscript Life of Alexander Nevsky tells that the Swedish "king" was wounded in the face while dueling against Prince Alexander Nevsky. Although Birger Jarl saw many battles, some have speculated that traces of a sword blow in Birger's cranium might have originated from this battle.[10] However, the original 14th-century Russian record of the battle gives no information on this at all,[11] and the first sources that link Birger Jarl to the Neva campaign date from mid-15th century.[12]

Career

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Coat of arms of Birger jarl
Statue of Birger Jarl (1854) by Bengt Erland Fogelberg in Stockholm
The great Prince Birger Jarl as Erik Dahlberg depicted him in the 17th century.

When the papal diplomat William of Modena visited present Sweden around 1248, he urged the Swedish kings to fulfill the rules of the Catholic Church, an exhortation which Birger seems to have taken as a chance to strengthen his position by simply taking the side of the church against other members of his family (alternatively it's possible to interpret this as a manifestation of his pious side). This was a choice of historical importance as it was to make Birger a jarl powerful enough to ultimately wind up the office, thus making him the last Swedish jarl ever, even called as the "first true king of Sweden" by historians. As this happened during an era when the inherited concept Folkung became more of a political party, it also meant Swedish magnates lost most of their influence which paved the way for a consolidated Swedish kingdom supported by the Pope.[13]

In 1247, royal troops led by Birger at the Battle of Sparrsätra fought with Folkung forces led by pretender Holmger Knutsson, son of King Knut Långe. The Folkungs lost the battle and were unable to resist the central government and its taxes. Holmger Knutsson fled to Gästrikland and was captured there by Birger in the following year. Quickly brought to trial, he was beheaded.

In 1249, Birger succeeded in ending a decades-long period of hostilities with Norway. As a part of the Treaty of Lödöse, he also managed to marry off his daughter Rikissa, then only 11 years old, to Haakon Haakonsson the Young, the eldest son of King Haakon IV of Norway. Presumably later that year, Birger led an expedition to Finland, later dubbed as the Second Swedish Crusade, which permanently established the Swedish rule in Finland. On King Erik's death in 1250, Birger's son Valdemar was elected as the new king while Birger acted as regent, holding the true power in Sweden until his death.[14]

In 1252, a year after another victory over the folkungs at the Battle of Herrevadsbro [sv], Birger wrote two carefully dated letters, the first mention of Stockholm interpreted as the foundation of the city or at least some sort of special interest in the location. Neither of the letters give a description of the location, however, and while archaeological traces of older defensive structures have been found there, what did exist on the premises before the mid-13th century remains debated. It has been suggested Birger chose the location for several reasons: Partly to curb domestic magnates by isolating them with a "lock of Lake Mälaren", offering a defense to the lands around Mälaren from invading enemies in the process; and to create a commercial bridgehead to attract German merchants. While Birger's direct involvement in the foundation of the city remains speculative, it probably was no accident it was founded on the location at this time, as there were alternative passages into Mälaren during the preceding Viking Age; as Crusades, a kind of Viking raids in a Christian disguise, had proven increasingly unsuccessful; and as taking control over the location, traditionally where men supposedly gathered before the ledung, meant old offensive military traditions could be replaced by more "modern" commercial efforts directed towards Lübeck. Birger thus combined financial support from Germany with papal political support to consolidate his own position.[15]

Grave of Birger Jarl, his second wife Mechtilde and Birger's son Duke Erik.
Cenotaph of Birger Jarl at the Stockholm City Hall

Later life and burial

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Ingeborg died in 1254. In 1261, Birger married Queen Mechtilde of Holstein, the widow of the Danish king Abel, who had allied herself with the Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen to protect her sons' interitance against King Christopher I of Denmark.[16] The marriage produced no children. Birger died on 21 October 1266, at Jälbolung in Västergötland.[3] After Birger's death, Mechtilde returned to Denmark, where she died in 1288.[17]

Birger, his son Erik and Mechtilde were buried in Varnhem Abbey.[17] The grave was forgotten after a fire in the 16th century and was only rediscovered during restoration work in the 1920s. When opened, it was found to contain two male skeletons and one female skeleton. These findings were later questioned and the grave was reopened in May 2002. The remains were re-examined using modern methods, which confirmed the earlier conclusions. A DNA analysis [18]

Following Birger's death, the title of jarl was replaced with duke.[19]

Legacy

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There is a statue of Birger Jarl in his own square Birger Jarls Torg next to Riddarholm Church in Stockholm, erected by Bengt Erland Fogelberg at the expense of the Governor of Stockholm in 1854.[20] There is a cenotaph for him at the base of the tower of Stockholm City Hall. It was originally intended that his remains be removed there, but this was never done.[citation needed] Several other historical structures there are also named for him including the street Birger Jarlsgatan on Norrmalm and the tower Birger Jarls torn on Riddarholmen. The Hotel Birger Jarl is located in Stockholm's Norrmalm neighborhood. He is also the central figure of Bröllopet på Ulvåsa by Frans Hedberg (1865).[20]

Children

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Birger married Ingeborg Eriksdotter in mid-1230s. The marriage was contracted relatively near the time when Ingeborg's brother, the once-deposed Erik Eriksson, returned from exile in Denmark in 1234. Ingeborg and Birger had the following children:[21]

  1. Rikissa, born 1238, married firstly 1251 Haakon Haakonsson the Young, co-king of Norway, and secondly, Henry I, Prince of Werle
  2. Valdemar, born c. 1238, king of Sweden 1250–1275, lord of parts of Gothenland until 1278
  3. Kristina, married presumably several times, one of her husbands was lord Sigge Guttormsson
  4. Magnus Ladulås, born 1240, Duke (of Södermanland), then king of Sweden 1275–90
  5. Erik, born 1250, made Duke of Småland in 1275, shortly before his death
  6. Bengt, born 1254, Duke of Finland, bishop of Linköping

Hans Gillingstam has argued that Catharina (b. 1245), who married Prince Siegfried I of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1259, and Ingeborg (c. 1254 – 30 June 1302), who married Duke John I of Saxony in 1270, and are mentioned in German sources as "daughters of Swedish king" were daughters of Birger.[22][23]

Birger also had an illegitimate son, Gregers, whose mother is unknown.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Svanberg, Jan (1987). Furstebilder från Folkungatid (in Swedish). Skara: Skaraborgs länsmuseum. pp. 104–106. ISBN 91-85884-52-9.
  2. ^ a b Harrison 2002, pp. 257–58
  3. ^ a b Harrison 2002, p. 271
  4. ^ Helle, Knut (4 September 2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-521-47299-9.
  5. ^ Lindström & Lindström 2006, p. 267
  6. ^ Line, Philip (2007). Kingship and State Formation in Sweden: 1130 - 1290. BRILL. pp. 175–182. ISBN 978-90-04-15578-7.
  7. ^ Upon examination of his bones in 2002, it was determined that Birger would have been just around 50 at the time of his death, about 10 years younger than previously believed. See Kari, Risto. Suomalaisten keskiaika. WSOY 2004. ISBN 951-0-28321-5. See page 119.
  8. ^ a b c Lindström & Lindström 2006, pp. 191–193
  9. ^ Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1976). An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-28038-9.
  10. ^ Lindström & Lindström 2006, pp. 193–195. See also "Battle on the Neva", a 16th-century account of the battle, provided by the Slavic Interest Group of the Society for Creative Anachronism. In English.
  11. ^ "Description of the battle in the First Novgorod Chronicle". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.. Hosted by the National Archive of Finland Archived 15 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. in Swedish. See also original text; in Russian.
  12. ^ Suvanto, Seppo (23 June 2000). "Birger Jaarli (noin 1210 - 1266)". Finnish National Biography (in Finnish). Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  13. ^ Lindström & Lindström 2006, pp. 195–198
  14. ^ Kari, p. 149.
  15. ^ Lindström & Lindström 2006, pp. 201–206
  16. ^ Hørby, Kai; Olsen, Rikke Agnete (21 February 2012). "Jakob Erlandsens skæbne". Danmarkshistorien (in Danish). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  17. ^ a b Wilhelmsson, Caroline (14 October 2024). The Queens and Royal Women of Sweden, c. 970-1330. Routledge. Chapter: Mechtild of Holstein. ISBN 978-1-032-49117-2.
  18. ^ Malmström, Helena; Vretemark, Maria; Tillmar, Andreas; Durling, Mikael Brandström; Skoglund, Pontus; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Willerslev, Eske; Holmlund, Gunilla; Götherström, Anders (2012). "Finding the founder of Stockholm – A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1). Elsevier BV: 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.014. ISSN 0940-9602. PMID 21596538.
  19. ^ Larrea, Beñat Elortza (13 March 2023). Polity Consolidation and Military Transformation in Medieval Scandinavia: A European Perspective, c.1035–1320. BRILL. p. 287. ISBN 978-90-04-54349-2.
  20. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Birger" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 981.
  21. ^ Gillingstam, Hans (1964–1966). "Folkungaätten". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Vol. 16. National Archives of Sweden. p. 260. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  22. ^ Gillingstam, Hans. "Recensioner: Gorm den gamles ättlingar." Personhistorisk tidskrift 65 (1967): 3.
  23. ^ Gillingstam, Hans. "Utomnordiskt och nordiskt i de äldsta svenska dynastiska förbindelserna." Personhistorisk tidskrift 77 (1981): 17.
  24. ^ Hildebrand, Bengt; Gillingstam, Hans (1964–1966). "Folkungaätten (oäkta)". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

Bibliography

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