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Tourism in Savoie

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The shores of Lake Annecy as seen from the summit of La Tournette.

The Savoie region, which encompasses the French departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie, has a thriving tourism industry. The Savoie Mont Blanc brand represents the region in this sector.

The tourism industry first emerged in the 18th century, initially centered around the appeal of thermal springs, followed by mountains and landscapes. Since the 1970s, the winter season has been the region's primary focus, with 60% of France's tourism coming to the region's hundred or so winter sports resorts. However, the region's other assets include a rich past, with historical sites found in cities and remote valleys alike, numerous lakes (Annecy; Bourget; Léman; Aiguebelette), and a wide range of sporting activities (water sports, mountain sports, aerial sports).

History

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Birth of tourism

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Panoramic view of the north side of the Mont Blanc massif from left to right: Dent du Géant, Mer de Glace, Aiguilles de Chamonix, Mont Blanc, Dôme du Goûter and Aiguille du Goûter.

The geographer Jean Miège underlines the significance of water as the primary asset and driving force behind the emergence of tourism in the former duchy of Savoy.[1] Despite the Romans' early utilization of these resources, their potential was overlooked in subsequent centuries. However, the 16th and 17th centuries[1] saw a fascinating rediscovery of these resources. Initially, water was extracted from the shores of the Alpine lakes of Le Bourget and Léman, then transported more profoundly into the intra-Alpine valleys of Faucigny and Tarentaise.[1]

Many prominent authors have made use of the landscape in their descriptions. Notable figures referenced in the region include Montaigne, Montesquieu, Hugo, Dumas, Lamartine, Rousseau, Byron, and Shelley. From the 18th century onwards, Savoy became a popular destination for the Grand Tour of English aristocrats, a phenomenon traced back to Joseph Addison (1672-1719). A statesman, poet, and the founder of literary journalism, Addison was also a friend of Prince Eugène de Savoie-Carignan. In 1699, he embarked on a three-year tour of Europe, which undoubtedly inspired the Grand Tour. In particular, he visited the shores of Lake Geneva, which he described in detail and enthusiastically in his account, "Remarks on Several Parts of Italy". He was the driving force behind the trend of the Grand Tour among young Englishmen, a practice that young Americans later adopted. However, his assessment of the Savoyard shore of the Chablais region lake is that it is a place where there is "nothing but misery and poverty."[2]

In 1741, William Windham (1697-1761) and Richard Pococke (1704-1765) discovered the Chamouni glaciers.[1][3] Their accounts were disseminated through the salons of London and Paris. The Arve Valley and Chamonix, in particular, became the flagship destination for this nascent tourist industry. Despite the mountainous setting, the main attraction was the "glacières de Savoye",[4] and more specifically the "glacières de Chamonix".[1] It wasn't until 1786, however, that Chamonix became the mountaineering capital of the world, with the first ascent of Mont Blanc by Chamonix guide Jacques Balmat and his team.[5]

Apart from this passage to the very heart of the Alps, tourism remained limited to the valley bottoms and mainly to the lakeside towns and villages around Lake Geneva (Geneva, Yvoire, Excenevex, Sciez, Thonon-les-Bains, Évian-les-Bains, Meillerie, Saint-Gingolph), Le Bourget (Aix-les-Bains) and Annecy. The development of lake tourism, including activities such as strolls along the shore or by boat, began in the 1830s.[6] As time passed, tourists began to venture closer to the peaks, coinciding with the region's mountaineering development, particularly after 1850.[6] The appeal of the mountains prompted the growth of towns such as Chamonix, Brides, Salins, and Pralognan. In the 18th century, the spa town of Aix-les-Bains boasted eighteen hotels and guesthouses, while Chamonix had less than a dozen.[7] In 1895, these various resorts on the plains or at the bottom of the valley welcomed approximately 100,000 customers.[8] Following the installation of the Montenvers railroad in 1908 and the Mont-Blanc tramway in 1912, efforts were made to attract tourists other than those engaged in sports activities.[9] It was in the late 1950s that mass tourism reached the Savoyard valleys, including the summits.

Thermal baths

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Entrance to the Grand-Cercle casino in Aix-les-Bains

The spa phenomenon benefited from the medicalization of the late 20th century, which enabled Savoie to develop its potential.[6] The spa towns offered a range of activities that combined relaxation with discovering the mountain environment, appealing to the European elite. The number of visitors to Aix-les-Bains' thermal baths began to increase in 1876, following the opening of the rail link to France (1858) and, most notably, the Fréjus rail tunnel in 1871, which connected Aix-les-Bains to Italy.[10] In 1895, an estimated 100,000 tourists availed themselves of the therapeutic waters.[11] Initially, the towns situated in the Pre-Alps region benefited from these first visits.

The promotion of the various sites was mainly due to the patronage of the European aristocracy. Aix-les-Bains was honored by the visits of Queen Victoria (1886, 1890), Emperor Pedro II of Alcantara of Brazil (1888), George I of Greece (1889-1912), Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (1896), and Leopold of Belgium.[12] In 1865, Évian-les-Bains was granted permission to use the name "les Bains", formalizing a practice that had emerged a few decades earlier in connection with the development of transportation. Thonon-les-Bains also saw a boost from this trend, as did the smaller resort of Challes-les-Eaux on the outskirts of Chambéry.[11] Subsequently, spa visitors became more forthcoming as they explored towns inland closer to the mountains. Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, on the road to Chamonix and Mont Blanc, was the first to benefit from these tourists. Saint-Gervais-les-Bains has been a developing destination since 1806 when notary Joseph-Marie Gontard[13] discovered the springs. The Tarentaise Valley also boasts several other sites, including Brides-les-Bains (established in 1819),[14] Salins-les-Thermes, and La Léchère (which opened its first establishment in 1897).[15]

These towns rapidly developed their infrastructure, including theaters and casinos, to attract the European elite. For instance, the Evian-les-Bains casino, designed by architect Ernest Hébrard, prompted J.-M. Marquis to describe it as "a perplexing reproduction of Constantinople's Sainte-Sophie [...] the lavish expanded structure of its dome, with its ribs accentuated by garlands of foliage, evokes the grandeur of a Byzantium adapted to the freshness of Lake Geneva."[11]

Winter sports

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La Vanoise before the development of tourism, from the village of Tignes (postcard 1896).

Alpine tourism originated from the mountaineering movement in Chamonix at the end of the 19th century. Several hotel chalets were constructed, including the Col de la Vanoise, inaugurated by Félix Faure in 1897.[16] Additionally, several refuges were built, such as the Vallot observatory, which was associated with a shelter in 1892,[17] and the Grands Mulets hut, which was completed in 1897. The actual surge in winter tourism commenced with the advent of skiing. It is important to note that the presence of slopes and snow does not guarantee the existence of a skiing industry. As with any social phenomenon, the development of skiing was dependent on the actions of a few external or local players. The railroads and spa resorts have ensured a steady stream of tourists. The development of skiing in the late 1880s and the creation of the first ski slopes in the Alps (Saint-Moritz in Switzerland) led to the development of the first ski resorts based in villages such as Chamonix, Megève (a resort launched by a sports journalist and Baroness Noémie de Rothschild in 1921) and Pralognan-la-Vanoise.

The inaugural Winter Olympics were held in Chamonix in 1924, although downhill skiing still needed to be featured. However, the first winter resorts were already emerging. The development of Savoyard Resorts unfolded in four distinct phases, each marked by the significant involvement of different entities: local entrepreneurs, the state, or private developers.[18] This underscores the crucial role played by these stakeholders in shaping the Alpine tourism landscape. Local authorities recognized the potential of the new winter tourism boom and regional authorities initiated programs to develop new ski resorts at higher altitudes (1,600-1,800 m). These are referred to as second-generation resorts. In 1945, the Savoie General Council initiated the Courchevel 1800 project in the commune of Saint-Bon-Tarentaise. It was based on a report launched by the Vichy government in 1943.[19] The departmental road leads to the departmental chalet, to which hotels and chalets are added without accurate urban planning. Courchevel is the only example in Savoie. Chamrousse and L'Alpe d'Huez, in neighboring Isère, are other French examples.

From 1975 onward, a new concept emerged in the resort industry: the so-called 4th-generation or "village resorts." While not a homogenous group, these villages were created from scratch or built around existing towns. They emphasized traditional uses and complemented existing activities while striving to integrate better into the surrounding area and restore the human dimension.[20] Examples from Savoie include Montchavin (1972), Valmorel (1975), Les Karellis, and Bonneval-sur-Arc.

Economy

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Promoting the region

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The two Savoyard departments collaborate to promote their shared territory. As early as the 1930s, the Comité Regional Savoie-Mont-Blanc, based in Aix-les-Bains, established a Maison de Savoie in Paris. The premises were inaugurated on Avenue des Champs-Élysées on May 12, 1934.[21]

The two departmental tourism agencies work together to promote the Savoie region and the "Savoie Haute-Savoie"[22] brand under the impetus of the Assemblée des Pays de Savoie (APS), created in 2001. The agreement between the two agencies involved the dissolution of the Maison de Savoie in Paris and the implementation of a new marketing strategy by forming a new association under the French law of 1901. Following a study carried out in 2005, the choice was made to adopt the Savoie Mont Blanc and Savoie Mont Blanc Tourisme (SMBT)[22] structure as the destination brand for the region. The APS approved the plan on March 27 of the following year. The two vice-presidents of the General Councils of the two departments in charge of tourism assume the role of presidents of the Savoie Mont Blanc Tourisme Association.[22] The new brand was launched in the last quarter of 2006.[22][23] Operating budgets are estimated at €1.7 million and €4 million for communications for the first two years.[23] The brand is headquartered on Avenue du Parmelan in Annecy. However, the structure is completed by two other reception areas in Chambéry and Paris, at 20 rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs (1st arrondissement).[23]

Local heritage is also promoted around the Association des Guides du Patrimoine des Pays de Savoie, which divides the region into six tourist areas based on provincial boundaries. These are: to the north, in Haute-Savoie, the French Chablais with Lake Geneva and the Chablais massif; the Faucigny with the Arve Valley; the Genevois with Lake Annecy; and to the south, in Savoie, the Savoie Propre with the Savoyard Avant-Pays, Lac du Bourget and Combe de Savoie; and the Maurienne and Tarentaise Art and History regions. The region encompasses the Mont-Blanc and Giffre valleys, the Genevois with Lake Annecy, and the Savoie Propre with the Savoyard Avant-Pays, Lac du Bourget, and Combe de Savoie, as well as the Maurienne and Tarentaise Art and History regions, all of which are located to the south. The group of Savoie guides was initially known as "Guides de Conflans", established in 1964 by Abbé Marius Hudry.[24] The name was subsequently changed to "Guides du Patrimoine des Pays de Savoie" in 1985.

Tourism in numbers

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Savoie's accommodation capacity makes it one of France's most popular tourist regions, offering various accommodation options to suit different needs and budgets. In 2015, this Alps region had a gross capacity of over one million beds (including second homes), with 80% in the mountains.[25] The figures are as follows: over 300,000 in Tarentaise, 200,000 in the Mont-Blanc region, over 100,000 in Haut-Chablais and Maurienne, and 70,000 in Giffre and on the shores of Lake Geneva.

Evolution of winter nights in Savoie, since 1994 (in millions)
Winter 94-95 Winter 95-96 Winter 96-97 Winter 97-98 Winter 98-99 Winter 99-00 Winter 00-01 Winter 01-02 Winter 02-03 Winter 03-04
38,8 36 36,5 39 37,6 38 39,5 38,2 39,5 39,3
Winter 04-05 Winter 05-06 Winter 06-07 Winter 07-08 Winter 08-09 Winter 09-10 Winter 10-11 Winter 11-12 Winter 12-13 Winter 13-14
38,5 38,3 37,5 39 38,3 38,3 38,3 39,5 40,1 39,1
Winter 14-15 Winter 15-16 Winter 16-17 Winter 17-18
39,4 39,9 39,1 39,9
Source: Savoie-Mont-Blanc Tourism Observatory[26]
Evolution of summer nights in Savoie, since 1998 (in millions)
Summer 98 Summer 99 Summer 00 Summer 01 Summer 02 Summer 03 Summer 04 Summer 05 Summer 06 Summer 07
24,7 24,3 24,9 25 24,7 25,5 24,6 23,5 23,4 22,7
Summer 08 Summer 09 Summer 10 Summer 11 Summer 12 Summer 13 Summer 14 Summer 15 Summer 16 Summer 17
22,1 22,6 22,7 22,4 22,3 22,1 21,4 21,9 22,0 22,4
Source: Savoie-Mont-Blanc Tourism Observatory[26]

The figures show that summer visitor numbers in Haute-Savoie are approximately 70% higher than those in Savoie. In the winter season, the ratio is reversed, particularly in the Tarentaise Valley and its major ski areas of Les Trois Vallées, La Plagne, Les Arcs, and Espace Killy (Tignes: 1.5 million overnight stays).[26]

Tourism is a significant economic driver, contributing approximately 4.5 billion euros to the region's wealth, which is 50% of the department's total (2001). This thriving industry also accounts for 28% of the department's workforce, a significant portion of which is due to the development of winter tourism. In Haute-Savoie, this sector employs 12% of the workforce, reflecting the region's robust economic diversity compared to its neighbor. The 2012-2013 winter season saw overnight stays exceed 40 million.[27]

In 2016, the tourism sector was estimated to have created 46,655 jobs in the region: 23 774 in Savoie and 22 881 in Haute-Savoie. It is estimated that spin-offs from ski areas are worth 5.8 billion euros, representing 19% of the region's GDP.[28] According to the CCI, the Savoie department accounts for 3.9 billion euros of this figure.[28] Sales from ski areas in the department are estimated at €589 million (2014-2015 season),[28] representing 45% of the results in this activity for France.[28]

Tourist accommodations

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In 2017, Savoie Mont Blanc reported a total capacity of 1,424,500 tourist beds across all communes in the two Savoie regions, distributed across 215,117 establishments. This figure was estimated in 2014 at 1,065,093 tourist beds for winter sports resorts, spread across 159,547 establishments.[25] Notably, 80% of these beds are in the mountains.[25] In 2008, tourist accommodation in Savoie represented 418,496 establishments, with an additional 8,370 tourist beds in non-approved market accommodation.

Accommodation for registered merchants, number of beds in 2017
Savoie Haute-Savoie
Hospitality industry 40 437

38 690

39 354

31 496

Camping 21 285

36 348

36 783

34 848

Shared accommodation 36 702

29 967

29 654

32 858

Mountain hut and lodges 5 673 5 464
Vacation rental 53 070

70 461

53 905

97 600

Cottages

Gîtes de France / Clévacances

841 760
Apartment hotel 109 676

44 595

35 239

15 719

Observatory Savoie Mont Blanc (2017)[25]

Source: Observatoire du Tourisme Rhône-Alpes (2008).

Tourist attractions

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Environmental heritage

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The Grand Bec seen from Champagny le Haut.

In 2011, the Parc Naturel du Massif des Bauges was awarded the Geopark label.[29] In 2015, the Massif des Bauges and the Chablais region were awarded the new UNESCO Global Geopark label.[30]

Touristic towns and villages

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Certified towns and resorts

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Lac du Bourget and Aix-les-Bains.

Several communes in Savoie have been granted the official[31] "commune touristique" and even "station classée de tourisme" labels. The town of Aix-les-Bains (Savoie),[31] situated on the shores of France's largest natural lake (Lac du Bourget) and the Massif des Bauges, was designated a direct tourist resort in September 2013 before obtaining the "commune touristique" label. Chambéry, the department's capital and former capital of the Dukes of Savoy, also received this designation.[31]

The castle of the Dukes of Savoy in Chambéry.

Many of the classified communes in the Savoie department are winter sports resorts. The communes belonging to the Grande Plagne area (La Plagne resort) – Aime, Bellentre, Champagny-en-Vanoise, and Macôt-La Plagne – have been classified, as have the communes of the Trois Vallées area – Les Allues. The communes of Méribel, Brides-les-Bains (also a spa resort), Saint-Martin-de-Belleville (Val Thorens, Les Menuires), La Perrière (La Tania), and Villarembert (Le Corbier) have also been classified.[31]

City of Conflans.

The French government has designated four Savoyard towns and two Savoyard provinces as "Villes et Pays d'art et d'histoire" (Cultural and Historical Towns and Regions). Savoie remains the most prosperous region, with the towns of Aix-les-Bains, Albertville-Conflans (2003) and Chambéry (1985), as well as the Pays des Hautes vallées de Savoie (1991), which encompasses the high valleys of Maurienne and Tarentaise, all meeting the criteria for the label. In Haute-Savoie, only Annecy and the Val d'Abondance, with the appellation Pays de la Vallée d'Abondance, in the province of Chablais, have been designated as "Villes et Pays d'art et d'histoire."[23]

Savoie and Haute-Savoie are the holders of the Trophée National des Départements Fleuris, an award bestowed upon only 20 departments in France. In 2006, 53 communes were awarded the label, comprising 3 Four Flowers/Grand Prix, 13 Three Flowers, and 17 Two Flowers. In the department of Savoie, 33 communes were awarded the label, including one Grand Prix, two Quatre Fleurs, five Trois Fleurs, and nine Deux Fleurs. Five of the 197 French communes have been awarded four flowers and one Grand Prix: Annecy, Évian-les-Bains, Yvoire, and Aix-les-Bains. The village of Nances (population: 330) has just been awarded its fourth Fleur.[32] The town of Aix-les-Bains was awarded the Fleur d'Or in 2012, the highest distinction for flowering.

Casinos

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Savoie operates twelve casinos, primarily located in the Haute-Savoie region.

Gross product of the Casinos de Savoie (in thousands €)
Casinos Communes Group 2004-2005 (rank) 2005-2006 (rank)
Casino Grand-Cercle Aix-les-Bains Casino d'Aix-les-Bains 25,8 (24e) 26,2 (27e)
Nouveau Casino Aix-les-Bains 4,2 (155e) 4 (157e)
Poker Bowl Aix-les-Bains – –
Impérial Palace Annecy 16,6 (52e) 17,2 (51e)
Casino d'Annemasse Annemasse Groupe Partouche 33,7 (15e) 34,2 (14e)
Casino de Brides-les-Bains Brides-les-Bains 3,2 (166e) 3,2 (170e)
Casino de Challes-les-Eaux Challes-les-Eaux 7,1 (110e) 7,1 (115e)
Casino de Chamonix Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Groupe Lucien Barrière 8,9 (90e) 9,4 (90e)
Casino d'Évian - Domaine du Royal Club Evian Évian-les-Bains 29,6 (18e) 28 (20e)
Casino de Megève Mont-Blanc Megève Groupe Tahoe 5,8 (130e) 6,7 (121e)
Casino de Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Groupe Tranchant 4,8 (143e) 5,5 (137e)
Casino de Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Groupe Partouche 10,5 (81e) 12,3 (73e)

Hotels & Restaurants

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Listed restaurants

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In 2017, Savoie received 51 stars (2/3 macaroons) for 32 restaurants in the Michelin Guide.[33] The Savoie department has 54 macaroons, while Haute-Savoie has 42. There are five new-starred restaurants (four in Savoie and one in Haute-Savoie), including Yannick Alléno's three-star Le 1947 in Courchevel. The Courchevel resort holds the record with 14 macaroons shared between eight establishments.[33]

In 2014, 33 establishments received two or three stars, with 19 in Savoie and 14 in Haute-Savoie.[34] In the 2012 promotion, 31 restaurants in the Savoie region were awarded a Michelin star,[35] with the Savoie department, which includes 19 classified establishments, receiving 27 stars.

Michelin Three-Stars Restaurants
Year Chef Establishment Locality Department
2012 Emmanuel Renault Flocons de Sel Megève 74 Haute-Savoie
2015 René Meilleur La Bouitte Saint-Martin-de-Belleville 73 Savoie
2017 Yannick Alléno & Denis Fétisson Cheval Blanc Courchevel Courchevel 73 Savoie
Michelin Two-Stars Restaurants
Year Chef Establishment Locality Department
2013 Nicolas Sale La Table du Kilimandjaro Courchevel 73 Savoie
2010 Pierre Gagnaire Les Airelles Courchevel 1850 73 Savoie
2017 Gatien Demczyna Les Airelles Courchevel 1850 73 Savoie
1984 Michel Rochedy & Stéphane Buron Le Chabichou Courchevel 1850 73 Savoie
2017 Nicolas Sale Le Kintessence Courchevel 1850 73 Savoie
2012 Jean-André Charial, Sylvestre et Jonathan Walid Le Strato Courchevel 1850 73 Savoie
2016 Pierre Maillet Hameau Albert 1er Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 74 Haute-Savoie
2016 Julien Gatillon Four Seasons Megève Megève 74 Haute-Savoie
2013 Yoann Conte Restaurant Yoann Conte Annecy 74 Haute-Savoie
2007 Laurent Petit Le Clos des Sens Annecy-le-Vieux 74 Haute-Savoie
2017 Marc Veyrat La Maison des Bois Manigod 74 Haute-Savoie
2000 Jean-Pierre Jacob Le Bateau Ivre Le Bourget-du-Lac 73 Savoie
2012 Mickaël Arnoult Auberge Les Morainières Jongieux 73 Savoie
2015 Benoît Vidal L'Atelier d'Edmond Val-d'Isère 73 Savoie
2010 Jean Sulpice L'Oxalys Val Thorens 73 Savoie

Luxury hotels

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There are numerous luxury hotels in Savoie, including:

  • The Park Hôtel du Casino in Aix-les-Bains.
  • The Hôtel Impérial Palace, which opened in 1913, features a casino in Annecy.
  • La Maison de Marc Veyrat, Veyrier-du-Lac.
  • Les Airelles, Courchevel.
  • Le Byblos, Courchevel.
  • The Evian Royal Resort, comprising the Evian Royal Palace and the Evian Royal Ermitage, was constructed in 1907 in Évian-les-Bains.
  • Four Seasons Megève, located on the Domaine du Mont d'Arbois.

Additionally, there is a 5-star hotel with the palace label, the Cheval Blanc in Courchevel.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Miège (1933, p. 756)
  2. ^ Nicolas (2004, p. 566)
  3. ^ Guichonnet (1980, p. 206)
  4. ^ Fournier (2005, p. 3)
  5. ^ Boyer (2005, p. 149)
  6. ^ a b c Miège (1933, p. 757)
  7. ^ Comby (1977, p. 146)
  8. ^ Edighoffer (1992, p. 94)
  9. ^ Comby (1977, pp. 146–147)
  10. ^ Jamot (1988, p. 381)
  11. ^ a b c Palluel-Guillard (1986, p. 260)
  12. ^ Leguay & Leguay (2005, p. 128)
  13. ^ Jarrassé (1992, p. 154)
  14. ^ Jarrassé (1996, p. 41)
  15. ^ Boyer (1955)
  16. ^ Boyer (2005, p. 240)
  17. ^ Richalet, Rathat & Larmignat (1991, p. 4)
  18. ^ Knaffou (1978, p. 16)
  19. ^ Dreyfus-Signoles (2002, p. 42)
  20. ^ Acloque-Desmulier, Delpirou & Bonnet-Pineau (2012, pp. 279–280)
  21. ^ Raymond (1983, p. 422)
  22. ^ a b c d Blanc-Eberhart (2012, pp. 28–32)
  23. ^ a b c d Lamb, Vanessa. "Savoie Mont Blanc, une nouvelle marque pour une destination unique". TourMaG.com, le média spécialiste du tourisme francophone (in French).
  24. ^ Germain (2007, p. 308)
  25. ^ a b c d "LE TOURISME EN SAVOIE". Observatoire des Territoires de la Savoie (in French).
  26. ^ a b c "LES CHIFFRES CLÉS - SAVOIE • HAUTE-SAVOIE" (PDF). Observatoire du Tourisme Savoie-Mont-Blanc (in French).
  27. ^ "ES CHIFFRES CLÉS DU TOURISME SAVOIE - HAUTE-SAVOIE" (PDF). Savoie Mont Blanc (in French).
  28. ^ a b c d "Les chiffres clés de la Savoie". CCI SAVOIE (in French).
  29. ^ "Géoparc : le parc des Bauges rejoint la liste du patrimoine géologique mondial". Actu-Environnement (in French). 2011-09-19.
  30. ^ "Massif des Bauges Geopark – FRANCEMassif des Bauges Geopark – FRANCE – European Geoparks Network" (in French).
  31. ^ a b c d "LISTE DES COMMUNES OU GROUPEMENTS BENEFICIANT DE LA DENOMINATION DE COMMUNE TOURISTIQUE OU DE GROUPEMENT DE COMMUNES TOURISTIQUES" (PDF) (in French).
  32. ^ "Site officiel du label Villes et Villages Fleuris". www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com (in French).
  33. ^ a b "51 étoiles pour 32 restaurants en Pays de Savoie dans l'édition 2017 du guide Michelin - France Bleu". ici par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). 2017-02-09.
  34. ^ "La consécration du Guide Michelin pour trois restaurants de Haute-Savoie - France Bleu". ici par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). 2014-02-25.
  35. ^ "Le Michelin 2012 consacre la Savoie avec 31 restaurants étoilés". L'Express (in French). 2012.

Bibliography

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See also

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