Pflaumentoffel
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Pflaumentoffel (probably etymologically related to Toffel, meaning 'stupid, clumsy person')[1][2] is a traditional German edible sweet in the shape of a human figure made from dried or baked prunes and produced by bakeries, pastry shops and gingerbread makers for children for Christmas.
The sweet became known through its sale at the Dresden Striezelmarkt.[3]
History
[edit]The origins of Pflaumentoffel may go back to the seventeenth century. In 1653, the Elector of Saxony decreed that chimney sweeps (Essenkehrermeister) were allowed to employ children to assist with cleaning of chimneys from the inside. This practice usually involved young boy orphans who often went on to die of chimney sweeps' carcinoma.[4][5] The children's task was to crawl through and clean the high and narrow chimney flues and stacks of municipal civic buildings, and is an early example of state-tolerated child labor.[4] The chimney sweep assistants were sometimes called "fire ruffians", and one suggestion is that the word Pflaumentoffel derived from the words plum and fire devil.[3]
Pflaumentoffel were first mentioned by the painter Philip Otto Runge, who lived in Dresden and described the "little prune men" around Christmas 1801.[6][7] In the 19th century, it was children, the "Striezelkinder", who, equipped with a tray, sold homemade Pflaumentoffel at Christmas markets in Saxony and the Ore Mountains.[8] In 1910, children were prohibited from selling at markets.[9]
The Pflaumentoffel is regarded as a symbol of good luck and is maintained as a Christmas tradition.[8] It is reminiscent of the idea that chimney sweeps are symbols of good luck, and of the parallel tradition that in some parts of Europe, St. Nicholas also comes down the chimney or that stockings are hung on the fireplace to be filled with sweets at Christmas time.[10]
Construction
[edit]The Pflaumentoffel is modeled after a chimney sweep. It consists of about 14 dried or baked prunes, wooden sticks, a painted paper sphere as a head, a cardboard cylinder as a head covering, as well as a shoulder cape and a ladder made of paper covered with metal foil.[11][12][13]
Zwetschgenmännla
[edit]In Franconia, similar figures, called Zwetschenmännla (lit. 'small prune man') or Zwetschenweibla (lit. 'small prune woman'), are traditionally sold at Christmas markets, for example at the Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg.[14][15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ tuffel, tüffel. In: Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): Deutsches Wörterbuch. Band 22: Treib–Tz – (XI, 1. Abteilung, Teil 2). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1952, Sp. 1547 (woerterbuchnetz.de).
- ^ Pflaumentoffel. In: Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): Deutsches Wörterbuch. Band 13: N, O, P, Q – (VII). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1889, Sp. 1731–1732 (woerterbuchnetz.de).
- ^ a b "Der Dresdner Pflaumentoffel auf dem Striezelmarkt". Dresden Online (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ a b Eisenbeiß, Ralf (14 November 2024). "Pflaumentoffel". Regionale Originale (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ Dronsfield, Alan (1 March 2006). "Percivall Pott, chimney sweeps and cancer". Education in Chemistry. Vol. 43, no. 2. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 40–42, 48. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Allow me to introduce myself, Pflaumentoffel". 6 December 2018.
- ^ "Dresdner Pflaumentoffel". regionales.sachsen.de (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ a b Kolbe, Hans-Jürgen (29 October 2020). "Eine Geschichte aus dem 17. Jahrhundert". Berlin.de (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ "Striezelmarkt Geschichte". besuchen-sie-dresden.de (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ "Warum wird Nikolaus gefeiert? Ursprung und Tradition des Nikolaus-Tages". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (in German). 6 December 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ Janicke, Gudrun (4 December 2006). "Brauchtum: Brauchtum: Auf dem Striezelmarkt grüßt der "Pflaumentoffel"". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ "Pflaumentoffel". Stadtwiki Dresden (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ "Das Striezelmarkt-Maskottchen: Pflaumentoffel selbst gemacht". DNN – Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten (in German). 1 December 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ "Die Welt der Zwetschgenmännle". christkindlesmarkt.de (in German). 26 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- ^ "Zwetschgenmännla". Quartiere Nürnberg (in German). 20 September 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Köpke, Hannelore (2019). Die Geschichte vom Pflaumentoffel (in German). Dresden: Dresdner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-933109-54-5.
- Hanusch, Roland (2011). Sächsische Pflaumentoffel (in German). Husum, Nordsee: Husum Dr.- und Verl.-Ges. ISBN 978-3-89876-582-4.
- Hiss, Corinna (7 November 2013). "Quetschemännchen aus Langstadt sind kleine Glücksbringer aus Pflaumen". op-online.de (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2024.