Draft:Mixed Argentines
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Argentinos Mixtos (Spanish) | |
---|---|
Total population | |
Unknown % of the Argentina's population There are no official data in the censuses | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Mainly in the Argentine Northwest and in South American immigration areas. | |
Languages | |
Predominantly Spanish | |
Religion | |
Majority: Catholicism Minority: Protestantism · Irreligion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Pardo Brazilians · Mixed Americans · Mixed Mexicans · Mixed Colombians · Mixed Dominicans · Mixed Venezuelans · Others |
Mixed Argentines (Spanish: Argentinos Mixtos), are Argentines who do not have a predominant ancestry. These originated due to the mix of origins that occurred during the viceregal and post-independence period, this was classified under the colonial caste system, some terms used are Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European ancestry), Mulatto (mixed European and Sub-Saharan ancestry ), Zambo (mixed Amerindian and Sub-Saharan ancestry), Pardo (mixed Amerindian, European and Sub-Saharan ancestry), among other.[1]
History
[edit]Argentina had, like the rest of the viceroyalties, a mix between spaniards, amerindians and sub-saharan africans. Within the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the only region that had real value for the Spanish crown was Upper Peru due to the Potosí Mines, the current Argentine territory was mainly livestock so it did not have a strong economic interest and there was no important arrival of black slaves as in the rest of America, it was also always the least populated region of the Spanish Empire.
Mainly between 1880 and 1930 there was a great wave of immigration from Europe and the Levant, many of the Mixed Argentines married and had children with the millions of immigrants who quickly became the majority, this caused much of the country to have a predominantly Spanish and Italian ancestry. Similar to Uruguay and White Brazil, the current face of Argentina has become overwhelmingly western in culture and tradition, although a few native traditions persist.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg/220px-Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg)
Mixing of Amerindians and Caucasians in the viceregal era
[edit]Casta | Spanish blood | Amerindian blood | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predominantly Caucasian | |||||||
Criollo | 87.5% - 100% | 12.5% - 0% | |||||
Castizo | 75% | 25% | |||||
No predominant ancestry (Mixed) | |||||||
Harnizo | 62.5% | 37.5% | |||||
Mestizo | 50% | 50% | |||||
Coyote | 37.5% | 62.5% | |||||
Predominantly Amerindian | |||||||
Cholo | 25% | 75% | |||||
Indigenous | 12.5% - 0% | 87.5% - 100% |
Mixing of Sub-Saharans and Caucasians in the viceregal era
[edit]Casta | Spanish blood | Sub-Saharan blood | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predominantly Caucasian | |||||||
Criollo | 100% | 0% | |||||
Octavon | 87.5% | 12.5% | |||||
No predominant ancestry (Mixed) | |||||||
Morisco | 75% | 25% | |||||
Terceron | 62.5% | 37.5% | |||||
Mulatto | 50% | 50% | |||||
Black Terceron | 37.5% | 62.5% | |||||
Predominantly Sub-Saharan | |||||||
Galfarro | 25% | 75% | |||||
Black | 12.5% - 0% | 87.5% - 100% |
Although they have the same amount of Spanish blood, the castizos were lighter skinned and had more Spanish features, while the moriscos had more mixed features and brown skin so they were not considered to have a predominant ancestry.
South American immigration
[edit]After the return to democracy in 1983, there was an increase in South American immigration (mainly Bolivian, Paraguayan and Peruvian) that settled mainly in the Villas Miseria (squatter settlement), around large cities and border cities such as Buenos Aires, Salta, Mendoza, San Salvador, Posadas, Córdoba, Formosa, Rosario, etc. These immigrants have a higher birth rate than the national average and over time brought cultural customs foreign to Argentina, such as cumbia villera (based on peruvian cumbia).
Due to the cultural shock and social problems generated by new immigrants and their descendants, such as crime, a feeling of xenophobia and rejection towards this group arose in Argentine society. A common term to refer to the descendants of Bolivians born in Argentina is "Boligaucho".
Demographics
[edit]There is no official census data on the number of people in the Argentine Republic who do not have a predominant ancestry.
In 1778 a census was taken to find out the number of people who lived in the current Argentine area of the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. According to this census, Argentina only had 185,920 people, of which 3.31% (about 6,134 people) were mestizos (mixed Amerindians and Spaniards), the mulattoes, zambos and pardos despite also being mixed people, were not taken into account and were included as "Blacks" to simplify.[2]
It is estimated that the percentage of argentines without a predominant ancestry increases in provinces that did not receive such notable immigration from Europe and the Levant, between 1880 and 1930 during the great immigration, these are mainly some of the provinces of the Argentine Northwest.
Genetics studies
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inmigrantes_europeos_llegando_a_Argentina.jpg/220px-Inmigrantes_europeos_llegando_a_Argentina.jpg)
Large comprehensive studies across Argentina's many regions in order to characterize the genetic admixture have been lacking. Small sample size studies give the following composition. It is estimated that because in the mix between European and Levantine immigrants who were the majority and Argentines from that time who became a minority, it caused modern Argentines to have a predominantly Caucasian Mediterranean ancestry (mainly Spanish, Italian, Arab and South French) in the criollo or castizo range.
A team led by Daniel Corach conducted a study in 2009, analyzing 246 samples from eight provinces and three different regions of the country. The results were as follows: the analysis of Y-Chromosome DNA revealed a 94.1% of Caucasian contribution, and only 4.9% and 0.9% of Native American and Black African contribution, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis again showed a great Amerindian contribution by maternal lineage, at 53.7%, with 44.3% of Caucasian contribution, and a 2% African contribution. The study of 24 autosomal markers also proved a large Caucasian contribution of 78.5%, against 17.3% of Amerindian and 4.2% Black African contributions.[3]
Several studies found out that the Caucasian ancestry in Argentina comes mainly from the Iberian Peninsula and Italian Peninsula with a much lower contribution from Central Europe, Northern Europe and West Asia.[4][5] The Italian component appears strongest in the East and Center-West, while the Spanish influence dominates in the North East and North West.[6]
Notable Mixed Argentines
[edit]-
La Mona Jiménez, a important cuarteto singer and composer.
-
Carlos Tevez, a former player and current football coach.
-
María Remedios del Valle, the Mother of the Homeland was pardo.
-
Carlos Monzón, a historic argentine professional boxer.
-
Nahuel Molina, world champion footballer with the national team.
See also
[edit]- Ethnic groups of Argentina
- Colonial caste system
- Pardo
- Mestizo
- Mulatto
- Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Multiracial people
- History of colonialism
- European emigration
- Asian emigration
- African emigration
References
[edit]- ^ Giraudo, Laura (14 June 2018). "Casta(s), 'sociedad de castas' e indigenismo: la interpretación del pasado colonial en el siglo XX". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.72080. hdl:10261/167130.
- ^ "Censo 1778" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Gaag, Kristiaan Van Der; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Duijn, Kate Van; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M.; Parson, Walther; Knijff, Peter De (2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. hdl:11336/14301. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 20059473. S2CID 5908692. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ Luisi, Pierre; García, Angelina; Berros, Juan Manuel; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Demarchi, Darío A.; Alfaro, Emma; Aquilano, Eliana; Argüelles, Carina; Avena, Sergio; Bailliet, Graciela; Beltramo, Julieta; Bravi, Claudio M.; Cuello, Mariela; Dejean, Cristina; Dipierri, José Edgardo (2020-07-16). "Fine-scale genomic analyses of admixed individuals reveal unrecognized genetic ancestry components in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0233808. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533808L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233808. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7365470. PMID 32673320.
- ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon; Alarcón-Riquelme, Marta E.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2015-12-04). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
- ^ Muzzio, Marina; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Sepulveda, Paula B. Paz; Yee, Muh-ching; Cooke, Thomas; Santos, María R.; Ramallo, Virginia; Alfaro, Emma L.; Dipierri, Jose E.; Bailliet, Graciela; Bravi, Claudio M.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E. (2018-05-01). "Population structure in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0196325. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1396325M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196325. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5929549. PMID 29715266.