Id Nostri Cordis
| Id Nostri Cordis Latin for 'Our Hearty Desires' Papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII | |
|---|---|
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| Signature date | April 27, 1487 |
| Subject | Extermination of the Waldenses |
| Original language | Latin |
| Text | |
Id Nostri Cordis ("Our Hearty Desires") was a papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII promulgated in Rome on April 27, 1487, which was the 5th Kalends of May 1487 on the Julian Calendar.[1][2][3][4] It was later repeated and signed again in the convent of St Laurence in June 26, 1487.[5] The bull outlined a plenary indulgence (forgiveness) for anyone who joined the crusades against the Waldensians. His commands extended to religious and secular powers and threatened excommunication for those who did not join. A copy of the original bull was kept in the Library at Cambridge for many years and is currently held in the unpublished medieval manuscripts Ms Dd.3.25.[6][7][8] However, Trinity College Dublin in March 2023 has since published the Waldenses Prose document Processus Contra Waldenses which contains a copy of the bull in MS 266.[9][10]
The bull was given to Albertus de Capitaneis (Alberto Cattaneo) who was the pope's legate and commissioner general for the employment in that same year and to the Dominican Friar Blaise Berra.[11] The bull intended to strike at a group located in Lyons known as the Waldenses and specifically authorized a crusade in the regions of Dauphiné, Savoy, and Piedmont.[12] Following the bull's publication, a Crusade was led into the valleys of the Waldenses and many were killed in the subsequent crusade prompting John Milton to write his sonnet On the Late Massacre in Piedmont.
Background
[edit]Leading up to the promulgation of the bull, Rome had implemented inquisition for many years against the Waldenses in the northern regions of Italy. Dominican Inquisitor Reinerius Saccho had identified the Waldenses as the most dangerous of all the heretical groups for three reasons:
- "First, because it is older; some say that it has existed from the time of Sylvester and others from the time of the apostles."
- "Second, because it is more general; for there is scarcely any country in which this Sect is not."
- "The third, because, while all other Sects excite the abhorrence of their hearers by the outrageousness of their blasphemies against God, this (namely of the Leonists) has a great appearance of piety; and they believe all things concerning God, and which are contained in the creed, rightly only they blaspheme the Romish Church which blasphemy a great multitude of the Laity are easily induced to believe. And, as we read in the Book of Judges, that Samson's foxes had different faces, but their tails tied together, so the heretics are divided into Sects among themselves, but in attacking the Church they are united. When there are, in one house, heretics of three Sects, of which each condemns the other, each one at the same time attacks the Romish Church and thus these crafty little foxes destroy the vineyard of the Lord, that is the Church, by their errors."[13][14]
There were concerns about the Waldenses being taught to read the bible freely and Reinerius had remarked how some could recite the entire New Testament "word for word".[15] The promulgation of the Bible in the vulgar tongue so widely, along with views contrary to the church of Rome which were deemed heretical, prompted the pope to launch a crusade against the Waldenses.[16]
Content
[edit]The chief call in the bull was for the "extermination and dispersion" of the heretics known as the Waldenses or the poor people of Lyons. Goods and possessions of the heretics were ordered to be seized and a dispensation was given for those who seized and distributed those goods.[17][18][19]
Summary of the Bull
[edit]The bull opened with a call to root out heresy summarizing the "displeasure that certain sons of iniquity inhabitants of the province of Evreux" were teaching heresy. The bull called to "extirpate such like and all other errors" whatsoever having transported himself unto that province. The inquisitors were ordered to overthrow the houses of habitation and plunder the goods of those heretics. A order was given to the "execution thereof against the forenamed Waldenses and all other heretics whatsoever to rise up in arms against them and by a joint communication of processes to tread them under foot as venomous adders". A joint cooperation with the civil and ecclesiastical powers was arranged for the carrying out of the decree. Absolution was promised to those who took "up the cross fighting or contributing or consenting thereunto from all".
The bull was ultimately signed off "and enacted in the foresaid convent of St Laurence without the walls of Pinerolo in the year from the nativity of our Lord one thousand four hundred and eighty seven on the fifth indiction and on the twenty sixth day of the month of June and in the third year of the popedom of the fore named our most holy lord Pope Innocent there being in the same place present the eminent men Heustanus Nomelli of Otzapio Bonifacius Bellini of Briceyrapio treasurers of the diocese of Ambelis the notaries as witnesses to the premises being called desired and joined to assist to the end that no innovation should be made by any body."[20][21]
Results
[edit]Following the release of the bull, commissioner Albert Cattaneo led the crusade against the Waldensians into the mountains and many were displaced or killed.[22] On one occasion Cattaneo's commander La Palud had observed some Waldenses go into a nearby cave and ordered a fire be built at its entrance. After the fire was extinguished, the inside of the cave was examined and there was found to be 400 children dead in their mother's arms and about three thousand individuals perished from the smoke.[23][24][25][26][27]
Those Waldenses who were taken captive were brought to a mass absolution at Embrun on April 27, 1488. Despite the return of some to Catholicism, their property was not returned as it had already been confiscated.[22] Subsequent massacres prompted by the same policies included later piedmont massacres such as those 200 years later in 1655 which prompted the famous poet John Milton to pen his poem on the massacre at Piedmont.[28]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Benedetti, Marina; Cameron, Euan (2022-06-27). A Companion to the Waldenses in the Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-42041-0.
- ^ Schaff, Philip (1924). History of the Christian Church: The middle ages, by David S. Schaff. Pt. 1, 1049-1294. 1926. Pt. 2, 1294-1517. 1924. C. Scribner's Sons.
- ^ d'Aubigné, Jean Henri Merle (1847). History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. American Tract Society.
- ^ Baronio, Cesare (1663). Annales ecclesiastici (in Latin). Mascardus.
- ^ Comba, Emilio; Comba, Teofilo Ernest (1889). History of the Waldenses of Italy: From Their Origin to the Reformation. Truslove & Shirley. ISBN 978-0-7905-4332-1.
- ^ Morland, Samuel (1658). The history of the Evangelical churches of the valleys of Piemont : containing a most exact geographical description of the place, and a faithfull account of the doctrine, life, and persecutions of the ancient inhabitants; Together, with a most naked and punctual relation of the late bloudy massacre, 1655 ; And a narrative of all the following transactions, to the year of Our Lord, 1658 . Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London: Printed by Henry Hills for Adoniram Byfield. p. 274.
- ^ d'Aubigné, Jean Henri Merle (1847). History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. American Tract Society. p. 327.
- ^ Benedetti, Marina; Cameron, Euan (2022-06-27). A Companion to the Waldenses in the Middle Ages. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-42041-0.
- ^ "Processus contra Waldenses. IE TCD MS 266". digitalcollections.tcd.ie (in French). p. Folio 19r. Retrieved 2023-03-28 – via N. Gebaude, N. Paris, Vincent Gobaud, Sponsor Carnegie Corporation of New York.
- ^ "Processus contra Waldenses. IE TCD MS 266". digitalcollections.tcd.ie (in Latin). Retrieved 2024-06-19 – via Vincent Gobaud, N. Paris, Sponsor Carnegie Corporation of New York, N. Gebaude.
- ^ Benedetti, Marina; Cameron, Euan (2022-06-27). A Companion to the Waldenses in the Middle Ages. Brill. p. 447. ISBN 978-90-04-42041-0.
- ^ Buck, Lawrence (2014-02-22). The Roman Monster: An Icon of the Papal Antichrist In Reformation Polemics. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-1-61248-107-4.
- ^ Maitland, Samuel Roffey (1832). Facts and documents illustrative of the history, doctrine and rites, of the ancient Albigenses & Waldenses. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London : Rivington. p. 406.
- ^ de Tuy, Lucas (1613). Lucae Tudensis Episcopi scriptores aliquot succedanei contra sectam Waldensium: nunc primum in lucem editi cum prolegomenis et notis ... (in Latin). excudebat Andreas Angermarius. p. 54.
- ^ de La Bigne, Marguerin (1644). Magna bibliotheca veterum patrum et antiquorum scriptorum ecclesiasticorum, primo quidem a Margarino de La Bigne,... composita, postea studio... coloniensium theologorum ac professorum aucta, nunc vero additione ducentorum circiter authorum tam Graecorum, qui in editione coloniensi, quam Latinorum qui in Parisiensibus desiderabantur locupletata... (in Latin). Aegidij Morelli. p. 747.
- ^ Wylie, James Aitken (1880). History of the Waldenses. (A repr. of the 16th book of the History of Protestantism). p. 28.
- ^ Gilly, William Stephen (1824). Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piemont, and Researches Among the Vaudois, Or Waldenses ... With Maps, Plates, [facsimiles] and an Appendix, Containing Copies of Ancient Manuscripts, Etc.
- ^ Gilly, William Stephen (1824). Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piemont, and Researches Among the Vaudois, Or Waldenses ... C. and J. Rivington.
- ^ Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins (in German). W. Kohlhammer. 1852.
- ^ Gilly, William Stephen (1824). Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piemont, and Researches Among the Vaudois, Or Waldenses ... With Maps, Plates, [facsimiles] and an Appendix, Containing Copies of Ancient Manuscripts, Etc.
- ^ The History of the Evangelical Churches in the Valleys of Piemont: Containing a Most Exact Geographical Description of the Place, and a Faithfull Account of the Doctrine, Life, and Persecutions of the Ancient Inhabitants. Together, with a Most Naked and Punctual Relation of the Late Bloudy Massacre, 1655. And a Narrative of All the Following Transactions, to the Year of Our Lord, 1658. All which are Justified, Partly by Divers Ancient Manuscripts ... and Partly by Other Most Authentick Attestations ... Henry Hills. 1658. p. 197.
- ^ a b Visconti, Joseph (September 2003). The Waldensian Way to God. Xulon Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-59160-792-2.
- ^ Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c. H. Colburn. 1858. p. 179.
- ^ The Protestant Magazine. Review and Herald Pub. Assn. 1913. p. 81.
- ^ The Quarterly review. Murray. 1826. p. 161.
- ^ Worsfold, William Basil (1899). The Valley of Light: Studies with Pen and Pencil in the Vaudois Valley of Piedmont. Macmillan. p. 33.
- ^ Sketches of the Waldenses. Religious Tract Society. 1846. p. 71.
- ^ Burt, Stephen; Mikics, David (2010). The Art of the Sonnet. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04814-0.