ILC Dover seamstresses
The ILC Dover seamstresses were a group of women who worked for the International Latex Corporation (now ILC Dover). The seamstresses played a key role in the construction of the space suits for the Apollo program. Employed as skilled garment workers, these women were responsible for sewing along with executing the complex cutting, glueing, molding, and latex processes that went into the construction of the Apollo space suit.[1]
Some of the women had been recruited from the Playtex division of ILC, while other came from nearby clothing and luggage manufacturers. Many had learned the sewing trade from their mothers or in high school home economics classes.[2] However to succeed at ILC, the women had to be willing to learn new sewing techniques, perform their tasks at a slow pace, work with novel textiles, and perform to exacting standards.[2][3]
The space suits functioned as individual, personalized space crafts designed to keep a human alive in the environment of space or the lunar surface. The production line at ILC followed NASA-mandated engineering guidelines that were significantly stricter than typical clothing manufacturing processes. Tolerance for variation in the stitches were less than 1/64 of an inch from the seam.[3]
Women known to have worked on the Apollo space suits
[edit]- Iona Allen[4][5][6][7][8]
- Delema Austin[9][4]
- Julia Avery[10]
- Doris Boisey[4]
- Velma (or Thelma) Breeding[11][12]
- Julia Brown[4]
- Francine (Fran) Burris[13]
- Jane Butchin[14]
- Ethel Collins[9]
- Delema Comegys[14][4]
- Henrietta Crawford[15]
- Lillie Elliott[16]
- Ruth Embert[17]
- Evelyn Everett[9]
- Hazel Fellows[4]
- Eleanor Foraker[18][19][5][8]
- Madeline Ivory[20][5]
- Evelyn Kibler[12]
- Beverly Killen[9]
- Anna Lee Minner[16]
- Roberta Pilkenton[3][5][21][22]
- Ruth Anna Ratledge[16]
- Sue Roberts[23]
- Gail Smith[6][24]
- Arlene Thalen[11]
- Joanne Thompson[4][16][25][26][27]
- Mary Todd[14]
- Michelle Trice[4]
- Ceil Webb[5]
- Jeanne Wilson[4][25][26]
- Clyde Wosylkowski[5][20]
- Delores Zeroles[4]
References
[edit]- ^ De Monchaux, Nicholas (2011). Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. MIT Press. pp. 193, 208–214. ISBN 978-0-262-01520-2.
- ^ a b Ayrey, Bill (2020). Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. University of Florida Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-8130-8043-7.
- ^ a b c De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 209.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dr. Emily A. Margolis Recognizes Women in STEM". Smithsonian American Women's History Museum. May 10, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "Apollo Space Suit: A Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark" (PDF). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. September 20, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ a b "ILC Industries NASA Spacesuit Project Oral Histories (collection)". Hagley Digital Archives. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. pp. 67, 124.
- ^ a b Lantry, Douglas N. (Winter 1995). "Man in Machine: Apollo-Era Space Suits as Artifacts of Technology and Culture". Winterthur Portfolio. 30 (4): 223–224, see notes.
- ^ a b c d De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 193.
- ^ De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 213.
- ^ a b De Monchaux, Nicolas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 212.
- ^ a b Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. p. 125.
- ^ Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. pp. 121–22.
- ^ a b c De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 208.
- ^ Photograph with caption "Henrietta Crawford, seated at sewing machine, assembling suit pieces on the Apollo A7L space suit production line at International Latex Corporation (ILC), Frederica (Dover), Delaware. Released may 14, 1968." Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Object ID: NASA-68-H-441.
- ^ a b c d "The Seamstresses Who Helped Put a Man on the Moon". CBS News. July 14, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ Eyrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. pp. 126–127.
- ^ De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 211.
- ^ Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Spacesuit. pp. 113, 119–121, 211, 280.
- ^ a b Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. p. 111.
- ^ Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. pp. 125–128.
- ^ Lantry, Douglas N. "Man in Machine: Apollo-Era Space Suits as Artifacts of Technology and Culture". Winterthur Portfolio: 223.
- ^ De Monchaux, Nicholas. Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo. p. 322.
- ^ "Gail Smith Obituary". Delaware State News. August 27, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ a b Nelson, Sue (December 19, 2019). "The Women Who Sewed the Suits for the Space Race". BBC.com. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ a b Peabody, Lizzie (March 4, 2020). "Outer Space & Underwear". Sidedoor: A Smithsonian Podcast. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
- ^ Ayrey, Bill. Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit. p. 299.
Collections
[edit]"ILC Industries NASA Spacesuit Project Oral Histories (collection)." Hagley Digital Archives. See interviews with Roberta Pilkenton, Gail Smith, Eleanor Foraker, and Iona Allen.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Archives Division. See photographs of women working on the Apollo A7L spacesuit at the International Latex Corporation (ILC) Federica (Dover), Delaware that were released in 1968.
Further reading
[edit]- "Apollo Space Suit: A Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark." American Society of Mechanical Engineers. September 20, 2013.
- Chaikin, Andrew. "Neil Armstrong's Spacesuit Was Made by a Bra Manufacturer." Smithsonian Magazine, updated March 11, 2020.
- "Dr. Emily A. Margolis Recognizes Women in STEM." Smithsonian American Women's History Museum. May 10, 2021.
- NASA. Moon Spacewear (video). 1971. National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAID 4148157.
- Nelson, Sue. "The Women Who Sewed the Suits for the Space Race." BBC.com, December 19, 2019.
- Peabody, Lizzie, host. "Outer Space & Underwear." Sidedoor: A Smithsonian Podcast. March 4, 2020.
- "The Seamstresses Who Fashioned Apollo's Spacesuits." CBS Morning News. July 14, 2019.
- Way, Elizabeth. "Designing Spacesuits" in Expedition: Fashion from the Extreme. Fashion Institute of Technology, November 15, 2017.