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GASPACS
The completed GASPACS CubeSat
Mission typeTechnology demonstration
OperatorUtah State University Get Away Special Team
COSPAR ID1998-067TB Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.51439
Websitehttps://www.usu.edu/physics/gas/projects/gaspacs
Mission duration4 months
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type1U CubeSat
Launch mass1.17 kilograms (2.6 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateDecember 21, 2021, 10:07 UTC
RocketFalcon 9 B1069.1, Cargo Dragon C209-2
Launch siteKennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A
ContractorNASA
Deployed fromInternational Space Station
Deployment dateJanuary 26, 2022, 12:00 (2022-01-26UTC12Z) UTC
End of mission
Last contactMay 21, 2022, 17:23 UTC
Decay dateMay 22, 2022 (2022-05-23)[1]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Periapsis altitude416 kilometres (258 mi)
Apoapsis altitude428 kilometres (266 mi)
Inclination51.6 degrees
Period90.5 minutes
Payload
Experimental AeroBoom
Transponders
Frequency437.365 MHz

GASPACS (Get Away Special Passive Attitude Control Satellite)[2] was a NASA sponsored 1U CubeSat developed entirely by undergraduate members of Utah State University's Get Away Special (GAS) team. The primary mission objective of GASPACS was to deploy a 1-meter inflatable aerodynamic boom to passively stabilize its attitude.[3][4] GASPACS was the world's first CubeSat to be developed entirely by undergraduate students, and was also the world's first CubeSat to utilize a Raspberry Pi Zero as its flight computer.[5][6][7][8]

Overview

[edit]

GASPACS was a 1U CubeSat, meaning it measured 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters by 10 centimeters (3.9 in).[9][10] GASPACS's primary mission objective was to deploy and photograph a 1-meter (39 inches) inflatable aerodynamic boom.[3] This custom first of its kind "AeroBoom" was designed by the undergraduate members of the USU GAS team.[11][4] The AeroBoom was designed as an alternative to Gravity-gradient stabilization for spacecraft using passive attitude control in Low Earth orbit, or other active forms of attitude control such as magnetorquers or reaction wheels.[4][12] The AeroBoom worked similarly to the feathers on an arrow. Molecules of air in the Earth's upper atmosphere struck the AeroBoom, causing a stabilizing torque.[13][10] The secondary objective of GASPACS was to measure and analyze attitude behavior to verify the AeroBoom was providing passive attitude control.[12]

GASPACS was selected and sponsored by NASA through the CubeSat Launch Initiative program in 2014.[14] The CSLI contract provided launch services for GASPACS.

GASPACS moments after deployment from the International Space Station

GASPACS was delivered to Nanoracks on September 23, 2021.[15] On December 21, 2021, GASPACS was launched to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX CRS-24, as part of NASA mission ELaNa 38.[13][16][17] One month later, on January 26, 2022, GASPACS was deployed from the ISS via a Nanoracks CubeSat Deployer by U.S. astronauts Raja Chari and Thomas Marshburn.[18][19][20]

NASA requires all CubeSats deployed from the ISS to wait a minimum of 30 minutes after deployment to begin booting up and starting their mission. After this required lapse of time, GASPACS autonomously booted up and deployed its antennas.[9] 47 minutes after deployment a ground station in Tokyo, Japan recorded the first successful observation of GASPACS's beacons.[21][22][9] These beacons included an AX.25 identifier, as well as an audio beacon. The audio beacon consisted of the satellite's N7GAS callsign in Morse code, followed by a digitalized rendition of "The Scotsman'', USU's spirit song.[18][23][24]

18 hours after deployment from the ISS, GASPACS passed over the mission control ground station located on USU's campus and transmitted a photograph of the satellite's inflated boom, confirming primary mission success.[6] In the weeks following deployment, several sections of attitude data from the onboard accelerometer were downlinked, confirming the effectiveness of the AeroBoom mechanism.[6]

GASPACS construction

[edit]

GASPACS was constructed utilizing the following components:[6]

Raspberry Pi Zero W

[edit]

GASPACS was the world's first CubeSat to use a Raspberry Pi as its flight computer.[13][6] The Pi was responsible for running all onboard computing, running the Python scripts developed by the team.[25][7] A secondary mission of the satellite was to test the viability of cheap commercial microcontrollers such as the Raspberry Pi.[26][27][28]

Raspberry Pi Camera Module 2

[edit]

The Pi Camera was used to confirm successful deployment of the AeroBoom. 18 hours after deployment, GASPACS transmitted the first photograph taken by the camera, confirming the successful deployment of the boom. GASPACS has taken several additional photographs, many including Earth in the background.[29][30]

Custom Interface Board

[edit]

The USU GAS team designed their own custom Printed circuit board. This 3 level PCB held all of the major electrical components. Sensors include an accelerometer, magnetometer, and a UV sensor.[6] The PCB also included a DF Robot Beetle.[31] This Beetle acted as a watchdog to ensure the Raspberry Pi functioned properly. The Beetle monitored the Pi at 0.25 Hz to detect malfunctions due to radiation. In the case of a malfunction, the Beetle automatically turned the Pi off, and then back on. This process was designed to revert any upsets due to radiation back to normal.[32] Another component included on the interface board was a custom burn wire mechanism used to deploy the AeroBoom.[33]

EnduroSat components

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GASPACS incorporated many EnduroSat components in its bus. The EnduroSat electrical power system included a battery, and was charged by solar panels, which included Sun sensors and temperature sensors. GASPACS also contained an EnduroSat transceiver and antenna for communications, and their 1U structure.[30][6]

AeroBoom payload

[edit]

GASPACS's payload was the AeroBoom.[10] The AeroBoom consisted of a layer of Polyvinylidene fluoride plastic, pressurized with 2.2 psia of air. This tube was encased in a sleeve of braided fiberglass. The outermost layer of the AeroBoom was a final sleeve of Fluorinated ethylene propylene plastic.[15] The air inside the AeroBoom pressurized upon reaching the vacuum of space, and was held inside of a custom designed AeroBoom box by fishing line until AeroBoom deployment.[33] To deploy its AeroBoom, GASPACS ran a current through its Nichrome burn wire circuit. The Nichrome heated up, burning through the fishing line, releasing the AeroBoom.[33][34]

Mission status

[edit]

The North American Aerospace Defense Command designated GASPACS as NORAD ID 51439.[35]

Three days after deployment, on January 29, 2022, GASPACS faced a major setback when power was lost on the Y-channel. This caused a significant reduction in the available power. GASPACS entered a perpetual charge cycle, charging up for approximately six hours on its remaining solar panels before reaching the power required to turn back on. Once booted up, GASPACS would stay powered on for approximately an hour before shutting off due to low power, and repeating the cycle. This continuous power cycle greatly reduced the quantity of data GASPACS was able to transmit to Earth.[6]

On May 6, 2022, loss of the Z-channel was confirmed. This once again drastically reduced GASPACS's available power. Despite this, GASPACS continued to power on when possible, and ground operators were able to receive several packets of telemetry data, photo data, and AX.25 beacons.

The satellite decayed from orbit on 22 May 2022.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b "GASPACS". N2YO.com. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  2. ^ University, Utah State. "GASPACS CubeSat | Projects | GAS | Physics". www.usu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  3. ^ a b "ELaNa 38 CubeSats: Small Satellites Making a Big Impact – Kennedy Space Center". blogs.nasa.gov. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  4. ^ a b c Zollinger, Jessica; Sojka, Jan (2015-05-12). "High Altitude Payload for CUBESAT Aeroboom Development (HAPCAD)". Utah Space Grant Consortium.
  5. ^ "World's first Raspberry Pi-powered CubeSat celebrates record-making orbit". Raspberry Pi. 2022-06-22. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h SHS (2022-03-15). "World's First Raspberry Pi Powered Satellite". SmartHomeScene. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  7. ^ a b "'Borg Cube' Raspberry Pi journeys into space". pocketmags.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  8. ^ Stefanich, Logan; June 5, KSL com | Posted-; P.m, 2022 at 5:49. "'That's insane': Satellite built by USU undergraduates completes space mission". www.ksl.com. Retrieved 2022-06-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c University, Utah State (2022-01-26). "Utah 'Space' University: GAS Team's Satellite Successfully Deployed from ISS". Utah State Today. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  10. ^ a b c Student-Built: USU Students Complete NASA-Sponsored Small-Satellite Project, retrieved 2022-05-22
  11. ^ Sojka, Jan; Team, Get Away Special (2017-05-08). "HAPCAD, Prototype for the GASPACS Aeroboom Deployment". Utah Space Grant Consortium.
  12. ^ a b "GASPACS". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  13. ^ a b c Stefanich, Logan; Dec. 23, KSL com | Posted-; A.m, 2021 at 7:16. "'Sky's the limit' for USU undergrad team that sent satellite into space". www.ksl.com. Retrieved 2022-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "CUBESAT LAUNCH INTIATIVE [sic] SELECTION RECOMMENDATIONS" (PDF).
  15. ^ a b University, Utah State. "GASPACS CubeSat | Projects | GAS | Physics". www.usu.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  16. ^ "CSLI – SpaceX Cargo Resupply Mission 24". blogs.nasa.gov. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  17. ^ "Fourteen Customer Payloads from Around the World Reach ISS". Nanoracks. 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  18. ^ a b "Satellite built by USU students deployed from International Space Station". KSLTV.com. 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  19. ^ Crabtree, Matt (2 February 2022). "Satellite built by team of USU undergrads successfully deployed into space". The Herald Journal. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  20. ^ Aggies in Space: USU's Get Away Special Satellite Deployed From the International Space Station, retrieved 2022-05-22
  21. ^ "SatNOGS Network - Observation 5364832". network.satnogs.org. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  22. ^ "Raspberry Pi Zero powers CubeSat space mission". Raspberry Pi. 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  23. ^ "USU student-built satellite deploys from the International Space Station and orbits earth". UPR Utah Public Radio. 2022-01-31. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  24. ^ GASPACS CubeSat Communications Information, USU "Get Away Special", 2022-03-18, retrieved 2022-04-08
  25. ^ CubeWorks, USU "Get Away Special", 2022-03-17, retrieved 2022-04-08
  26. ^ Mojica Decena, Jonh (2018-04-12). "Radiation Damage Threshold of Satellite COTS Components: Raspberry Pi Zero for OPAL CubeSat". Student Research Symposium.
  27. ^ Tung, Liam. "A tiny Raspberry Pi Zero is powering this mini satellite mission". ZDNet. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  28. ^ "World's First Pi-Powered Satellite Completes Its Mission – Review Geek". www.reviewgeek.com. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  29. ^ "USU satellite deploys from International Space Station after 10 years of development". ABC4 Utah. 2022-04-16. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  30. ^ a b "Congrats to Utah State University". CubeSat by EnduroSat. 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  31. ^ "World's First Pi-Powered Satellite Shows the Resilience of Raspberry Pi - DFRobot". www.dfrobot.com. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  32. ^ "CubeWorks/watchdog at master · SmallSatGasTeam/CubeWorks". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  33. ^ a b c Gardiner, James (May 4, 2015). "Suitability of Nickel Chromium Wire Cutters as Deployable Release Mechanisms on CubeSats in Low Earth Orbit".
  34. ^ Bhattarai, Shankar; Go, Ji-Seong; Oh, Hyun-Ung (2021-07-16). "Experimental CanSat Platform for Functional Verification of Burn Wire Triggering-Based Holding and Release Mechanisms". Aerospace. 8 (7): 192. Bibcode:2021Aeros...8..192B. doi:10.3390/aerospace8070192. ISSN 2226-4310.
  35. ^ "Technical details for satellite GASPACS". N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
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