Kökbayraq
![]() | A request that this article title be changed to Flag of East Turkestan is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
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Use | National flag ![]() ![]() |
---|---|
Proportion | 2:3 |
Adopted | 12 November 1933 |
Design | A blue field charged with a white star and crescent slightly left-of-centre |
A number of flags have been used to represent the cultural and geographical region of East Turkestan in Central Asia, particularly by states that broke away from China during rebellions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nearly all the flags feature a star and crescent, a symbol of the region's Turkic and Islamic identity.
The most well-known flag is the Kök Bayraq (Uyghur: كۆك بايراق, lit. 'blue flag'), introduced by the government of the short-lived First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934). It is a blue field charged with a white star and crescent slightly left-of-centre. It is identical to the flag of Turkey, albeit with a blue background instead of red. The Kök Bayraq remains a prominent symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement and the Uyghur diaspora. The Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1946) introduced a similar star-and-crescent flag but with a green background, as well as a white flag with the Shahada written in gold. All symbols associated with the former East Turkestan republics, including the Kök Bayraq, are banned in China by the government's anti-extremism and anti-separatism laws.
Construction of the Kök Bayraq
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Uyghur_flag_construction.svg/440px-Uyghur_flag_construction.svg.png)
Letter | Measure | Size[a] |
---|---|---|
G | Width | G |
A | Distance between the centre of the outer crescent and the seam of the white band | 1⁄2 G |
B | Diameter of the outer circle of the crescent | 1⁄2 G |
C | Distance between the centres of the inner and outer circles of the crescent | 1⁄16 G |
D | Diameter of the inner circle of the crescent | 2⁄5 G |
E | Distance between the inner circle of the crescent and the circle around the star | 1⁄3 G |
F | diameter of the circle around the star | 1⁄4 G |
L | Length | 1+1⁄2 G |
M | Width of the white hem at the hoist | 1⁄30 G |
History
[edit]Kashgaria (Yettishar)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png)
![Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png)
The breakaway state of Kashgaria (Yettishar) flew the flag of the Ottoman Empire from 1873 to 1877.[1][2] A large Muslim revolt against Qing rule erupted in East Turkestan in 1862. The Kokandi military leader Yakub Beg conquered several oases in the region's west and proclaimed an emirate centered around Kashgar in 1864.[1] Seyyid Yaqub Khan Töre, an official Kokandi envoy, made four trips to Istanbul from 1865 to 1875 to request Ottoman support for Yakub Beg.[3] By the time of his last trip in April 1875, the Ottoman flag had already been flying over Kashgar for two years.[1] In August 1875, the Ottoman sultan bestowed upon Yakub the title of emir and the Sancak-ı Şerif (the sultan's holy flag), and sent military advisors and weapons to assist Yakub Beg's army.[4] An expeditionary army sent by the Qing reconquered the area after Yakub Beg's sudden passing in 1877.[1] Töre petitioned the Ottoman sultan to persuade the Qing emperor to withdraw his forces from Kashgaria, citing Kashgar's raising of the Ottoman flag as evidence of Ottoman sovereignty over the area. Töre's request was ignored.[4]
First East Turkestan Republic
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hoja-Niyaz.jpg/180px-Hoja-Niyaz.jpg)
The Kök Bayraq was adopted as the flag of the First East Turkestan Republic, officially the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, upon its proclamation of independence on 12 November 1933.[5] Pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic sentiments among the Turkic population of East Turkestan culminated in local resistance against Chinese rule and the foundation of the republic in Khotan.[6][7] A government with a constitution and legislature was established, with the Kök Bayraq specifically defined in the former.[8] The design of a blue field with a white star and crescent, nearly identical to the Turkish flag, was meant to symbolise the republic's cultural and political ties to Turkey.[2][9] While the Turkish public expressed enthusiasm at the republic's founding, the Turkish foreign ministry exercised caution. The Turkish foreign minister acknowledged Turkey's "feelings for a people which speaks her language" and reasserted the right of every nation to self-determination, but immediately denied any connection to the republic.[9] Soviet diplomatic pressure kept Turkish political influence out of Central Asia in general, and the republic collapsed with the capture of Kashgar by the Hui Muslim forces of the Ma clique on 6 February 1934.[2][8][9]
Second East Turkestan Republic
[edit]![Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png)
On 7 November 1944, uprisings against Chinese rule erupted in the three northern districts of Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay. Five days later, the Second East Turkestan Republic (officially just the East Turkestan Republic or ETR) was proclaimed in Ghulja (Yining).[10] The new state was covertly supported by the Soviet Union, but its leadership was dominated by religious conservatives who saw it as a restoration of the First East Turkestan Republic.[10][11] A green flag charged with a star and crescent was adopted as the national flag of the ETR, with the green symbolising Islam.[12]
Seypidin Azizi, a member of the ETR government who would later become the first chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, described an additional flag in his biographical work The Eagle of Tengri Tagh – The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas. In it, he describes a meeting he had with other Uyghur political leaders the day after the ETR's founding. He was the first to speak, expressing his confusion at the sudden turn of events in Ghulja: "Early this morning, many flags appeared on the street. One was a green field with a white star and crescent, and the other was a white field with 'There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God', written with gold powder. What is going on?"[13] The exact design and dimensions of the flag are not described by Azizi in his work.
Contemporary usage
[edit]The Kök Bayraq is frequently used by supporters of the East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalists, and Turkic diaspora communities to represent East Turkestan or the Uyghur people in particular.[8][9] The East Turkestan Government in Exile claims the Kök Bayraq as its national flag in its constitution.[14] The flag has also been flown at numerous anti-Chinese government protests, including demonstrations held in Istanbul, Washington D.C., New York City, Hong Kong, and Taipei.[15] On 22 December 2019, Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters held a rally in solidarity with East Turkestan independence supporters, amid wider anti-government protests. Many demonstrators waved the Kök Bayraq or wore face masks with the flag on it.[16]
During the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, Turkish ski jumper Fatih Arda İpcioğlu competed with light-blue skis featuring a star and crescent. Uyghur activists praised İpcioğlu, believing his skis deliberately depicted the Kök Bayraq. However, İpcioğlu later declined interview questions about the Kök Bayraq, insisting that his skis were meant to depict the Turkish flag and that he was merely a sportsman. The Turkish National Olympic Committee echoed İpcioğlu's statements, commenting to Reuters: "This was not a political statement. As you may know, the official Turkish flag includes a white crescent and a star on it."[17]
Legality
[edit]The East Turkestan Government in Exile has stated that the Kök Bayraq is banned by the Chinese government.[18] The Kök Bayraq was previously banned in Turkey during the tenure of prime minister Mesut Yılmaz.[19]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Measurement relative to G
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d Rudelson 1997, p. 27.
- ^ a b c Zoubir 2023, p. 279.
- ^ Shichor 2009, pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b Shichor 2009, p. 6.
- ^ Klimeš 2014, p. 167.
- ^ Dillon 2003, p. 20.
- ^ Rudelson 1997, p. 28.
- ^ a b c Dillon 2003, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Shichor 2009, p. 8.
- ^ a b Evans 2017, p. 53.
- ^ Hasanli 2020, p. 125.
- ^ Wang 2020, p. 148: "... a crescent moon and star design in the color green, symbolising Islam, was adopted for the national flag of the East Turkestan Republic."
- ^ Azizi 1987, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of East Turkestan 2004, Section I, Article 3.
- ^ Istanbul: AFP 2019a, Washington D.C.: Ghayrat 2024, New York City: Tu 2022, Hong Kong: AFP 2019b, Taipei: Wang & Chung 2022.
- ^ AFP 2019b.
- ^ Grohmann & Phillips 2022.
- ^ East Turkestan Government in Exile 2021.
- ^ Asian News International 2023.
Sources
[edit]Books
[edit]- Azizi, Seypidin (December 1987). 天山雄鹰——阿布杜克力木·阿巴索夫生平 [The Eagle of Tengri Tagh – The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas] (PDF) (in Chinese). Chinese Literature and History Press. ISBN 9787503400254. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- Dillon, Michael (23 October 2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-36096-3. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- Hasanli, Jamil (3 December 2020). Soviet Policy in Xinjiang: Stalin and the National Movement in Eastern Turkistan. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-7936-4127-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10787-7.
- Shichor, Yitzhak (2009). Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center.
- Wang, Ke (15 March 2020). The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s. Translated by Fletcher, Carissa. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-996-769-7.
- Zoubir, Yahia H. (16 May 2023). Routledge Companion to China and the Middle East and North Africa. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-83531-1.
Journal articles
[edit]- Klimeš, Ondřej (3 November 2014). "Nationalism and modernism in the East Turkestan Republic, 1933–34". Central Asian Survey. 34 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1080/02634937.2014.976947. S2CID 144960375. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Theses
[edit]- Evans, Michael P. (July 2017). A Nearly Perfect Storm: The Rise and Fall of the Eastern Turkistan People's Revolutionary Party (PhD thesis) – via ProQuest.
News articles
[edit]- "1,000 protest in Istanbul over China's treatment of Uygurs". Agence France-Presse. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via South China Morning Post.
- Ghayrat, Shahrezad (8 April 2024). "Uyghurs remember 1990 Baren Uprising over China's forced abortions". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- Grohmann, Karolos; Phillips, Mitch (6 February 2022). "Athlete hailed by Uyghur advocates for 'East Turkestan' flag". Reuters. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- "Hong Kongers take to streets in support of Uighurs". Agence France-Presse. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2024 – via New Straits Times.
- Tu, Shing-Cheng (5 December 2022). "Protesters demand freedom in China". Washington Square News. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- "Turkish govt banning activities of East Turkestan Turks: Report". Asian News International. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- Wang, Chien-hao; Chung, Jake (13 November 2022). "Uighur rights advocated at rally for East Turkestan". Taipei Times. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
Websites
[edit]- "National Flag". East Turkestan Government in Exile. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Other
[edit]- "Constitution of the Republic of East Turkestan". East Turkestan Government in Exile. 25 November 2004. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
External links
[edit]Media related to Flags of East Turkestan at Wikimedia Commons