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Counterman v. Colorado
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued April 19, 2023
Decided June 27, 2023
Full case nameBilly Raymond Counterman, Petitioner v. Colorado
Docket no.22-138
Citations600 U.S. 66 (more)
ArgumentOral argument
Opinion announcementOpinion announcement
Questions presented
Whether, to establish that a statement is a "true threat" unprotected by the First Amendment, the government must show that the speaker subjectively knew or intended the threatening nature of the statement, or whether it is enough to show that an objective "reasonable person" would regard the statement as a threat of violence.[1]
Holding
The State must prove in true-threats cases that the defendant had some subjective understanding of his statements' threatening nature, but the First Amendment requires no more demanding a showing than recklessness.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Clarence Thomas · Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch · Brett Kavanaugh
Amy Coney Barrett · Ketanji Brown Jackson
Case opinions
MajorityKagan, joined by Roberts, Alito, Kavanaugh, Jackson
ConcurrenceSotomayor (in part and in judgment), joined by Gorsuch (Parts I, II, III-A and III-B)
DissentThomas
DissentBarrett, joined by Thomas
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

Counterman v. Colorado, 600 U.S. 66 (2023), is a case of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the line between true threats of violence punishable as crimes and free speech protected by the First Amendment. The states and lower courts were divided over how to define the line. By a 7-2 majority, the court decided that statements are not free speech if the defendant recklessly disregarded a substantial risk that their statements would be viewed as threatening violence.

Beginning in 2010, Billy Counterman sent thousands of messages to singer-songwriter Coles Whalen that foreboded her death and followed her activities. Counterman was convicted of stalking in Colorado, with his conviction left intact by the Colorado Court of Appeals and Colorado Supreme Court. Under Colorado law, statements are not free speech if a reasonable person would view the statements as threatening, with no need to prove that the speaker had subjective intent to threaten. Writing for the majority, Justice Elena Kagan wrote that there must be some subjective understanding of the threatening nature of the statements, but that a mental state of recklessness is sufficient, with no need for any more demanding form of subjective intent. Although the decision left Counterman vulnerable to conviction on retrial, some criticized it for declaring that stalking was protected by the First Amendment.[2]

Background

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State of the law

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Although the First Amendment protects free speech, there are exceptions for incitement, defamation, obscenity, fighting words, and true threats.[3] Before the Supreme Court ruling, there were conflicting standards in different states as well as in different federal courts of appeal over how to determine whether a threatening statement is not protected by the First Amendment. Some standards were based on whether a "reasonable person" would interpret the statement as threatening, known as an "objective" standard. Others were "subjective" standards based on the speaker's recklessness as to their statement's threatening nature, knowledge that their statement will be seen as a threat, or intent that their statement be a threat.[4][1] Colorado uses the reasonable-person standard.[5]

Lower court history

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Beginning in 2010, Billy Counterman sent thousands of Facebook messages to singer-songwriter Coles Whalen over a six-year period.[6] "You're not being good for human relations. Die. Don't need you," Counterman wrote. "Was that you in the white Jeep?" She blocked him several times, but he created new accounts and continued sending messages.[7] "Staying in cyber life is going to kill you," Counterman wrote. "Seems like I'm being talked about more than I'm being talked to. This isn't healthy."[8] Counterman was arrested in 2016 and prosecuted for stalking[Note 1] under Colorado law[Note 2] based only on the text messages he sent.[9] Counterman was convicted and sentenced to four-and-a-half years of prison.[10][6] Colorado did not present any evidence of physical stalking acts, such as following, at the trial; the lack of a proven physical act exposed the case to First Amendment review under the true threats doctrine because the proven criminal act involved only speech.[9] The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction in 2021 under the standard that a person could "reasonably perceive" that the threats were serious.[5][8] The Colorado Supreme Court denied review.[11]

Supreme Court

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On January 13, 2023, the Supreme Court granted his petition for a writ of certiorari.[12] The Biden administration submitted an amicus brief, warning that "Threats of violence against public officials in particular have proliferated in recent years, including threats against Members of Congress, judges, local officials, and election workers".[7]

Oral arguments

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Oral arguments were held on April 19, 2023. Justice Clarence Thomas said, "We are more hypersensitive about different things now, and people can feel threatened in different ways."[13] Justice Neil Gorsuch said, "We live in a world in which people are sensitive, and maybe increasingly sensitive. As a professor, you might have issued a trigger warning from time to time when you had to discuss a bit of history that's difficult or a case that's difficult. What do we do in a world in which reasonable people may deem things harmful, hurtful, threatening? And we're going to hold people liable willy-nilly for that?"[14] Justice Amy Coney Barrett asked what if a professor gives a lecture "about just how vicious it was to be in a Jim Crow South and puts up behind them on a screen a picture of a burning cross and reads aloud some threats of lynching that were made at the time" and Black students interpret the lecture as a physical threat "because they don't understand it"?[14] Chief Justice John Roberts made light of Counterman's messages, prompting laughter from other justices and the audience.[14] Justice Elena Kagan said that from Whalen's perspective, Counterman's actions "can be objectively terrifying".[13]

Opinion of the court

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The case was decided on June 27, 2023. Justice Elena Kagan delivered the opinion of the court. In a 7–2 decision, the court ruled that the Court of Appeals erred in interpreting that the burden on the government to establish the statement being a "true threat" is to prove that a reasonable person would understand his statements as threats. The majority stated that for "true threat" cases, the government must prove that the speaker was reckless in their comments, but it does not need to prove that the speaker intended harm with their comments.[8][15] "The State must show that the defendant consciously disregarded a substantial risk that his communications would be viewed as threatening violence," Kagan wrote. "The State need not prove any more demanding form of subjective intent to threaten another."[16] She explained that the recklessness standard involves "insufficient concern with risk, rather than awareness of impending harm".[17]

The court vacated the judgment of the Colorado Court of Appeals and remanded the case back down, which means the lower court will reconsider the case and could still convict Counterman if he's found guilty of stalking under the new standard set forth by the court.[15]

Concurrence

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Justice Sonia Sotomayor concurred in the judgement but wrote, "There is simply no need to reach out in this stalking case to determine whether anything more than recklessness is needed for punishing true threats generally." Justice Gorsuch agreed to her concurrence in part.[16]

Dissent

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Justice Amy Coney Barrett dissented, writing that the decision "unjustifiably grants true threats preferential treatment"[8] and that, because the majority decided it as a First Amendment matter, the standard would apply to civil cases as well as criminal. Justice Thomas joined her dissent and separately wrote to address the majority's "surprising and misplaced reliance" on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, the landmark 1964 Supreme Court case that raised the requirement for public figures to claim libel.[18]

Reaction

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Law specialists said the messages would probably still lead to reconviction under the recklessness doctrine.[19] Rhonda Saunders, a prosecutor specializing in stalking law, said many states already had the recklessness doctrine in their laws but added, "I'm afraid police agencies and prosecutors are going to use [the Supreme Court decision] as an excuse not to do the job they are supposed to do."[19] Annie Seifullah, a civil litigator and cyberbullying survivor, said, "As the dust settles, I believe we'll find that a lot of egregious behavior will still fall under this new standard. But some won't...We need something more tailored to the actual harm here."[19]

Law professor Mary Anne Franks, whose focus is cyberbullying, wrote: "The court ignores the reality that many stalkers fervently believe that their actions are or should be welcomed by their victims; indeed, the court's holding means that the more delusional the stalker, the more the stalking is protected."[19] She wrote that "the Supreme Court has declared stalking to be protected by the First Amendment" and that the decision "elevates stalkers into free speech heroes".[2] Victims' rights advocate Lenora Claire said, "My phone is blowing up with victims who are absolutely terrified. If you even get as far as prosecution, you've already been through the gauntlet, navigating the restraining order process, convincing law enforcement to take you seriously."[19]

Brian Hauss, senior staff attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union's Speech, Privacy, & Technology Project said, "We're glad the Supreme Court affirmed today that inadvertently threatening speech cannot be criminalized. In a world rife with misunderstandings and miscommunications, people would be chilled from speaking altogether if they could be jailed for failing to predict how their words would be received."[8]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The law's definition included repeatedly sending messages that caused serious emotional distress.
  2. ^ Section 18-3-602(1)(c), C.R.S. 2020

References

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  1. ^ a b "PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Mary Anne Franks (July 6, 2023). "The Supreme Court Just Legalized Stalking". slate.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  3. ^ Liptak, Adam (February 20, 2023). "When Do Creepy Facebook Messages Cross a Constitutional Line". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2023. There are exceptions for libel, incitement, obscenity and fighting words, and one for "true threats," which is at issue in Mr. Counterman's case.
  4. ^ Sherry, Allison (February 10, 2023). "The latest free speech battle from Colorado going before the US Supreme Court will test the state's stalking laws". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Karlik, Michael (July 23, 2021). "Appeals court finds man's online threats to Denver musician not protected by First Amendment". Colorado Politics. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Kyle Wagner (January 25, 2023). "U.S. Supreme Court Will Hear Colorado Social Media Stalking Case Involving Musician". Westword. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Gresko, Jessica (June 27, 2023). "The Supreme Court makes it more difficult to convict someone of making a threat". AP News. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e Fritze, John (June 27, 2023). "Is that a threat? Supreme Court backs man who sent 'creepy' Facebook messages". USA Today. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  9. ^ a b Counterman, slip op. at 1 n.1-2.
  10. ^ Harris, Kyle (October 25, 2017). "How Singer Coles Whalen Stopped a Stalker in Denver's Music Scene". Westworld. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  11. ^ "Supreme Court Report: Counterman v. Colorado, 22-138". National Association of Attorneys General. January 30, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  12. ^ "Docket for 22-138". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Hurley, Lawrence (April 19, 2023). "Supreme Court weighs 'true threats' in online stalking case". NBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  14. ^ a b c Franks, Mary Anne (April 21, 2023). "Chief Justice John Roberts' Mockery of Stalking Victims Points to a Deeper Problem". Slate. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Supreme Court Overturns Stalker's Conviction In First Amendment Case Over 'True Threats'". Forbes. June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Schonfeld, Zach (June 27, 2023). "Supreme Court vacates Colorado man's stalking conviction in 'true threat' First Amendment decision". The Hill. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  17. ^ Nolan Brown, Elizabeth (June 28, 2023). "Supreme Court Refuses To Expand the 'True Threats' Exception for Free Speech". Reason. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  18. ^ Cole, Devan (June 27, 2023). "Justice Thomas renews attacks on landmark First Amendment decision in fiery dissent". CNN. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e Gumbel, Andrew (June 28, 2023). "'Victims are terrified': supreme court ruling on stalking cases sparks alarm". The Guardian. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
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